The Situation in Rwanda

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Rwanda
Country: Slovenia
Delegate Name: Paarth Sharma

In the past few years, the situation regarding violence within the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and the nation of Rwanda has drastically increased. Attacks on civilians and UN-sanctioned operations have garnered international attention, sparking debate over the stability, or lack thereof, in this region. Specifically with the United Nations, regional armed groups in the North Kivu region of the DRC, specifically the group M23, have increased their violence, and in recent months, have attached UN staff, striking down a MONUSCO helicopter with personnel in it. It has become evident that the United Nations Security Council needs to seek a dynamic solution to the rising tensions in this area.

The Republic of Slovenia strongly condemns these armed attacks against both civilians and UN personnel, noting that a solution must be reached that omits the use of military force. The nation acknowledges that there are a plethora of valuable natural resources present in the region that are critical to the maintenance of the economy of both the DRC and Rwanda. In recent years, the Republic of Slovenia and Rwanda have fostered and maintained a healthy diplomatic relationship, as two nations at the heart of their region, and have preserved strong cultural ties. Noting that the North Kivu region and Central Africa region as a whole are among the up-and-coming areas of the world, the country of Slovenia hopes that the United Nations Security Council will go forward in the de-escalation of the conflict.

Moving forward, the Republic of Slovenia calls on both the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Rwanda, as well as other large, developed nations, to provide extensive humanitarian aid to the UN peacekeeping forces and civilians of the area. Furthermore, the United Nations Security Council needs to deploy extended peacekeeping operations in the country of Rwanda as they have done with the Democratic Republic of the Congo and ensure their safety. Even though Slovenia condemns the recent attacks on peacekeeping operations in the DRC, increased involvement and effort in these areas is needed, rather than pulling out of them, to ensure civilian safety as well. The delegation of Slovenia is eager and ready to find a solution that the involved groups of the area will all agree on and cherish for many decades to come, recognizing the importance of global cooperation.

Works Cited
https://buildingtrust.si/statement-on-the-situation-in-the-democratic-republic-of-the-congo/
https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/monthly-forecast/2024-06/democratic-republic-of-the-congo-25.php
https://press.un.org/en/2024/sc15760.doc.htm

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Rwanda
Country: United Kingdom
Delegate Name: Harry Cornell

The heart of Africa is being torn apart by the conflict in Rwanda and the Democratic People’s Republic of the Congo (DRC). Over 7 million people have been displaced by the conflict, posing a refugee crisis to neighboring nations. On November 25th, Angola released a statement that key progress had been made between the two nations. Conditions have been set for Rwandan troops to pull out of the DRC. This means that the scope of this committee has now shifted to making sure that those conditions (though not yet known) are met and that Rwandan troops follow the agreement. Additionally, the United Nations must monitor the committee made by both parties to monitor ceasefire violations back in August. Human rights abuses are on the rise. Food insecurity is on the rise as the World Food Programme estimates that 5.4 million people in North Kivu, South Kivu, and Ituri are currently experiencing food insecurity. Additionally, almost 2% of women in North Kivu reported an experienced history of rape, according to the United States’ National Institute of Health. These issues are only becoming more prominent, according to the most recent MONUSCO report to the Secretary-General.

The United Kingdom (UK) has not taken a strong stance on the matter. The previous Tory government constructed a plan to deport asylum-seekers from varying nations to Rwanda, which has since been repealed by new Prime Minister Keir Starmer. The refugee crisis is of great concern to the UK as demonstrated by Prime Minister Starmer’s investment of£84 million into Central Africa and the Middle East. Moreover, the Starmer regime has been heavily invested in renewing the commonwealth’s commitment to human rights and protecting humanitarian interests worldwide. The cancellation of the so-called “Rwanda Plan” exemplifies this. With regards to the March 23 Movement (M23) and the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR), the United Kingdom is in favor of a deescalation of conflict.

The UK would be in favor of increasing MONUSCO peacekeeper forces and expanding the mandate of the mission to include a focus on preventing humanitarian abuses. However, Britain is not currently in a position to supply any of its forces as peacekeepers, especially given any lasting sentiments in Rwanda regarding the Tory “Rwanda Plan.” Additionally, the UK would support food aid being delivered to the nation, and would suggest an airdrop given the central location of Rwanda. Specifically, an airdrop targeted at the provinces of Ituri in addition to both North and South Kivu, to address the areas of the most acute need.. The UK would also support the continuation of peace talks between both Rwanda and the DRC via the mediator of Angola. These peace talks have only progressed and any deviation from this path may risk a collapse in talks. Finally, the UK would be in favor of sanctioning any nation or group that sells arms from either M23 or the FDLR, as a means of discouraging sales of weapons to both parties. It should be noted that this may require a change in the mandate of MONUSCO to include monitoring of any arms deals within the region.

Works Cited
Agence France Presse. “DR Congo And Rwanda Advance Peace Process.” Barron’s, Dow Jons & Company, Inc, 25 Nov. 2024, www.barrons.com/news/dr-congo-and-rwanda-advance-peace-process-7b7d7214.
“Democratic Republic of the Congo.” World Food Programme, www.wfp.org/emergencies/drc-emergency.
Fraser, Euan. “Promising beginnings as new UK Government commits to tackle human rights and labour abuses.” Hope For Justice, 26 July 2024, hopeforjustice.org/news/promising-beginnings-as-new-uk-government-commits-to-tackle-human-rights-and-labour-abuses/.
Morton, Becky. “UK pledges £84m to stop illegal migration ‘at source’.” British Broadcasting Corporation, 18 July 2024, www.bbc.com/news/articles/czvxp9d5lrko.
Peterman, Amber, et al. “Estimates and Determinants of Sexual Violence Against Women in the Democratic Republic of Congo.” National Library of Medicine, National Institute of Health, June 2011, pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3093289/#bib16.
U.N. Secretary General. “Implementation of the Peace, Security and Cooperation Framework for the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Region.” United Nations Digital Library, United Nations, 30 Sept. 2024, digitallibrary.un.org/record/4062966/files/S_2024_700-EN.pdf.

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Rwanda
Country: Mozambique
Delegate Name: Amyah Kantz

Currently, there is a rise in conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). This is specifically regarding the rebel group: the March 23 Movement (M23). It is claimed and confirmed by a group of United Nations experts that Rwanda supports the group, regardless of Rwanda’s denial. The support stems from the 1994 genocide in Rwanda, with several months of mass violence. Tensions between the Tutsi and the Hutu people have grown throughout history, leading to violence and aggression. In recent years, the M23 movement has been making devastating advances against the DRC, causing the Congolese people terror and instability. Rwanda’s support is being brought to the world’s attention, regarding their enablement of the rebel group. With the severity of M23, it is essential to disable any support from external factors.

Mozambique is not directly related to this conflict, but it is in Mozambique’s best interest to find a resolution. Mozambique is geographically near Rwanda and the DRC and does not want to see this dispute affect neighboring countries. Mozambique is facing severe issues with the Jihadist rebel group, who is also affiliated with the Islamic State. M23 and other rebel groups have recently been aligning with the Jihadist group, and are fleeing to Cabo Delgado, the location in Mozambique the Jihadist rebel group is. Mozambique does not want the M23 members in the country and wants to prevent issues with M23 in the DRC. The conflict is destabilizing the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Mozambique does not condone M23’s terrorist activities. There must be an end to the brutality and violence, and Mozambique believes Rwanda must end all support for the group.

Mozambique is not fully in favor of large foreign intervention in the matter but believes there must be an end to the support Rwanda has for the group. Mozambique wants the United Nations to promote peace talks and meetings between the two nations and come to the correct solution peacefully. Mozambique would like to encourage more regional intervention, such as the African Union, to deescalate the situation. While peace talks occur, Mozambique encourages able nations to provide support to the DRC and help provide resources that allow more stability. Mozambique also recommends the usage of peacekeepers within the Democratic Republic of the Congo and urges nations to provide military support against the rebel groups. It is essential to address the state of the DRC while enforcing Rwanda to end support. If Rwanda does not respond to peaceful, regional matters, Mozambique urges the UN to enforce international laws against Rwanda. Mozambique believes in the rule of law and firmly believes that will be the best solution to resolve the conflict. There must be a timely response, to end the violence, and to protect the innocent people that are affected by this conflict.

Works Cited
Lemarchand, René. “History of Rwanda.” Encyclopædia Britannica, 2019, www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Rwanda.
“Rwanda Backing M23 Rebels in DRC: UN Experts.” Www.aljazeera.com, www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/8/4/rwanda-backing-m23-rebels-in-drc-un-experts.

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Rwanda
Country: China
Delegate Name: Nathaniel Jernberg-Johnson

As the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has insisted for years, unpopular peacekeeping forces have inadvertently worsened some of the DRC’s internal and external conflicts. So, in a unanimous December 2023 vote, the UN Security Council (UNSC) agreed that by the end of 2024 (at the latest), all peacekeeping forces will be withdrawn from the DRC, including those of MONUSCO and the SAMIDRC. This transition has already begun: since June 25, 2024, MONUSCO has not been present in the South Kivu region. Bintou Keita, head of MONUSCO, expressed graciousness for the Chinese peacekeeping contingent’s parting gift of engineering tools and medical equipment, emphasizing that in the absence of peacekeepers in the DRC, such supports for infrastructure are “crucial […] in maintaining and consolidating peace and security.” Since then, the withdrawal has seen steady success — an indefinite ceasefire is still in effect, and diplomatic negotiations between the two States have progressed towards a nigh-inevitable agreement to “neutralize the FLDR” and “disengage” M23–Rwandan forces.
Even beyond the scope of the conflict, China’s investment-based economic strategy has been an instrumental force in the sustainable development of Rwanda and the DRC. Professor Pacifique Malanga (former Rwanda chief of state protocol, and ex-advisor to the UNHCR chief of mission in Rwanda) wrote in an opinion article in 2021 that Chinese programs such as the Belt and Road initiative and Huawei’s Seeds for the Future project have been invaluable for Rwandan economic modernization and development. Our relationship with the DRC is built on the same principle of “win-win” investment: in his 2016 paper on China-DRC relations, director of Southern Africa Resources Watch Claude Kabemba, concluded that “there is no doubt that China and the DRC are [both] benefitting from established commercial relations.” Kabemba, often a critic of China, still admitted that China’s investment strategies prioritize “mutual benefit and win-win outcomes at the continental and bilateral levels,” in contrast to Western strategies of using foreign investment as their incentive to hegemonically “[impose] Western democratic values in Africa.”
In any resolution that is to pass, we should commend the current upholding of the June ceasefire, and encourage continuation of the ongoing meetings between both nations, to agree on a solution capable of eliminating the threats to peace posed by the FLDR and M23. However, a very recent French summit’s attempt at 3-way talks fell apart (French president Emmanuel Macron remarked that “the situation is still too tense”). To allow these tensions to ease, China suggests a more bilateral strategy, modeled on President Xi’s Global Security Initiative (GSI), which succeeded in restoring diplomatic relations between Saudi Arabia and Iran in 2023. A UNSC member state speaking on the body’s behalf, (e.g. France), would host one-on-one dialogues with Rwanda, and separately with the DRC, until an agreement is reached or tensions lower to the point where a 3-way meeting becomes possible. Furthermore, several studies by groups such as the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health and the Barcelona Institute of Economics find that the increased presence of parks and green spaces in cities can greatly reduce rates of crime and violence. To translate this promising information into action, this body should outline goals for the UNGA and ECOSOC to incentivize state and non-state actors to invest in sustainable development projects in Rwanda and the DRC. Ultimately, this pairing of pragmatic diplomacy and economic investment will improve quality of life and economic opportunity while also curtailing future violence.

WORKS CITED:

Al Jazeera. “All UN Peacekeepers to Leave DR Congo by End of 2024.” Al Jazeera, 13 Jan. 2024, www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/13/un-says-all-peacekeepers-will-leave-dr-congo-by-end-of-2024. Accessed 27 Nov. 2024.
Kabemba, Claude. China-Democratic Republic of Congo Relations: From a Beneficial to a Developmental Cooperation. African Studies Quarterly, 2016, asq.africa.ufl.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/168/v16a6.Kabemba.HD_.pdf. Accessed 27 Nov. 2024.
Malonga, Pacifique. “50 Years of Rwanda-China Relations.” News.cgtn.com, CGTN, 25 Oct. 2021, news.cgtn.com/news/2021-07-17/50-years-of-Rwanda-China-relations-11WFbdEXEFG/index.html.
Montolio, Daniel. “The Effects of Local Infrastructure Investment on Crime.” Labour Economics, vol. 52, June 2018, pp. 210–30, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2018.02.006. Accessed 27 Nov. 2024.
NEWS WIRES. “Congo, Rwanda Sign Key Agreement to Advance Peace Process in Eastern DRC.” France 24, France 24, 26 Nov. 2024, www.france24.com/en/africa/20241126-congo-rwanda-peace-drc.
Ratiu, Andrea. “How Beijing’s Newest Global Initiatives Seek to Remake the World Order.” Atlantic Council, 21 June 2023, www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/issue-brief/how-beijings-newest-global-initiatives-seek-to-remake-the-world-order/.
Rolley, Sonia. “Congo Says Rwanda Creating Obstacles in Talks to Ease M23 Conflict.” Reuters, 9 Oct. 2024, www.reuters.com/world/africa/congo-says-rwanda-creating-obstacles-talks-ease-m23-conflict-2024-10-09/. Accessed 27 Nov. 2024.
—. “Rwandan Foreign Minister Says Congo Refused to Sign Deal to Ease M23 Conflict.” Reuters, 5 Oct. 2024, www.reuters.com/world/africa/rwandan-foreign-minister-says-congo-refused-sign-deal-ease-m23-conflict-2024-10-05/. Accessed 27 Nov. 2024.
Secretariat of The Chinese Follow-Up Committee on the Forum On China-Africa Cooperation. “Chinese Peacekeeping Contingent Makes Donation to DR Congo.” Focac.org.cn, FOCAC, 2024, www.focac.org.cn/eng/zfgx_4/hpaq/202405/t20240506_11293026.htm. Accessed 27 Nov. 2024.
Shepley, Mardelle, et al. “The Impact of Green Space on Violent Crime in Urban Environments: An Evidence Synthesis.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Healthh, vol. 16, no. 24, Dec. 2019, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245119. National Institute of Heatlh. Accessed 27 Nov. 2024.
World Bank. “Belt and Road Initiative.” World Bank, 29 Mar. 2018, www.worldbank.org/en/topic/regional-integration/brief/belt-and-road-initiative.

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Rwanda
Country: Ecuador
Delegate Name: Madelynn Fraaza

I.
The resurgence of the M23 movement has exacerbated tensions between the Democratic Republic of Congo and Rwanda, leaving an even more dire humanitarian crisis within the Great Lakes region than we have previously seen. This threat has caused the exploitation of natural resources to fund armed groups, the displacement of hundreds of thousands of people, and large governmental strains on neighboring countries that are already without strong leadership. Ecuador is deeply concerned for the humanitarian safety of citizens in these areas, and believes that this is one of the most urgent signed to reinstate diplomacy within these regions and their allies.

II.
Ecuador, while wanting to find the best and most peaceful solution, believes that a key point here is to respect the rule of law in each individual country. We as a whole can advocate for inclusive diplomacy and encourage countries such as Rwanda and DRC to work with us, but we must not directly intervene otherwise. Ecuador recognizes the key roles that the African Development Community Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo and the United Nations security mission have played in attempting to stabilize the situation in Rwanda, and encourages the rest of the committee to keep going down a path of enhanced cooperation. Additionally, Ecuador would like to see additional mechanisms in place in the North Kivu area to prevent exploiting illicit resources and maintain state sovereignty. The humanitarian needs of these countries have also grown exponentially since the resurgence in FDLR and M23 inter-country attacks, and we need to increase the aid we send to displaced demographics and the refugees these military groups create.

III.
To keep all parties at the table and willing to negotiate, Ecuador suggests that the UN Security Council appoints a specialized Envoy specifically for the region these conflicts take place in. This would allow the facilitation of continued negotiations between the militant groups in the DRC and Rwanda. Additionally, we should reference the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region’s Certification Mechanism and scale is as needed to ensure that countries can ethically souce their resources, rather than solely using those that come North Kivu. This would lower the amount of resource pilfering militant groups engage in to self fund their arms and facilities. Ecuador believes that part of the scalar should involve tracing supply chains through the area for increased accountability, which would also help in the humanitarian issue of worker exploitation. On the topic of humanitarian efforts, Ecuador also advocates for independent investigations into human rights violations committed by all parties in the conflict to encourage accountability, and additional funding to help communities displaced as a result of the international conflicts. Ecuador also supports the continuation of MONUSCO and SAMIDRC, but would also be in favor of additional cross-border observation mechanisms to monitor the movement of armed groups and prevent further escalations.

Ecuador is committed to fostering international collaboration to address the conflict in North Kivu and its regional implications. We believe that only through inclusive diplomacy, strengthened mechanisms for resource governance, and unwavering support for human rights can sustainable peace and stability be achieved in the Great Lakes region. Ecuador urges all member states of the UNSC to work collectively in addressing this crisis, ensuring a future of safety and security for the region.

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Rwanda
Country: Algeria
Delegate Name: Nikhil Talla

The ongoing conflict in Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) results from historical grievances, ethnic tensions, and resource competition. After the Rwandan genocide and following civil war in 1994, the conflict between ethnic groups has evolved into a regional crisis involving groups such as the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR) and the March 23 Movement (M23). These groups operate primarily within the DRC and are each speculated by the other of being supported by the DRC and Rwanda, respectively. The eastern DRC border contains precious metals like cobalt, but the M23 militant group also attacks the DRC border for political power and to destroy the FDLR.

The People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria emphasizes the importance of preserving national sovereignty and regional autonomy when resolving conflicts across the African continent, including the conflict in Rwanda and the DRC. Algeria suggests that the involvement of foreign powers in African conflicts undermines the principle of national sovereignty and Africa’s ability to resolve its own issues. For example, in response to regional conflicts, Algeria supports mechanisms that emphasize regional ownership of peace initiatives, such as the African Union’s “Silencing the Guns” initiative. Algeria acknowledges use of precious materials to fund illicit arms operations, but Algeria urges that all international engagement in African crises must respect African sovereignty and prioritize support for frameworks developed by the African Union and regional organizations. This approach aligns with Algeria’s commitment to ensuring sustainable peace and stability while preventing undermining external influence on African affairs.

Algeria firmly believes that resolutions to the conflict within Rwanda and the DRC must be led by African nations. Algeria also suggests that nations should focus on reinforcing the African Union’s Peace and Security Architecture and fostering collaboration with regional actors instead of invoking external overt military force like peacekeeping missions. To achieve this, the United Nations can promote regional dialogue between Rwanda, the DRC, the FDLR, and the M23 groups. Algeria also encourages the United Nations to address the root causes of the conflict like economic development and resource management. Direct external intervention risks exacerbating political unrest and undermining African sovereignty, but the collaborative effort of external nations in generating conflict resolution strategies is indispensable.

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Rwanda
Country: Russian Federation
Delegate Name: Tristan Gerville-Reache

During a recent reporting period starting mid-June and ending mid-September this year, MONUSCO has recorded 663 casualties in North Kivu, including more than 100 women and half as many children. This conflict emerged 30 years prior, during the Rwandan Civil War, of which the majority Hutu government lost while they attempted to target and attack the minority Tutsi people. The result is two militant insurgents: the M23 group who oppose the current Hutu rule in DRC and consist of Tutsi, and the FDLR, consisting of Hutu who oppose the overturn of power since the war. The North Kivu province’s people are at the mercy of these terrorist groups, who have raped, executed, and massacred whoever stands in their path. The conflict recently led to a peace treaty for a ceasefire. However, this only applies to each country’s government military, not the militia in the North Kivu region. This crisis has displaced almost three million individuals, and affects more than 6.5 million, leading it to be one of UNSC’s greatest current concerns.

The Russian Federation endorses the peace talks between the DRC and Rwanda government officials. We support the DRC government’s action to counter any threats posed by any illegal militia. We plan to continue supporting SAMIDRC aegis from Malawi, Tanzania, and South Africa to spread peace throughout eastern DRC. Russia continues to support the DRC by deploying military personnel to support MONUSCO, passing Resolution 2746 which endorses further MONUSCO and SAMIDRC support to the displaced families and affected individuals, and meeting with DRC delegates to discuss further action to ensure peace for the citizens. The Russian Federation believes the intervention in war by MONUSCO and SAMIDRC will prevent insurgent groups from gathering resources to fund their arsenals. The valuable resources that can be pilfered will be protected by UN-endorsed organizations.

A step in the right direction is currently underway. The Russian Federation hopes to see a continuance of peaceful negotiations between DRC and Rwanda, as well as a continuation of the ceasefire treaty currently taking place. With the continuance of intervention by MONUSCO and SAMIDRC, we believe there is no need for extensions or additional missions to be deployed to North Kivu. This crisis will continue without international support, and the Russian Federation is in full agreement with ceasing the violence between not just the countries’ governments, but also eliminating the threats created by M23 and FDLR.

Works cited:
United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Report of the Secretary-General. https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n24/260/62/pdf/n2426062.pdf
Security Council. https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n24/234/33/pdf/n2423433.pdf

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Rwanda
Country: Guyana
Delegate Name: Neel Grover

Guyana
Neel Grover
Situation in Rwanda

The ongoing conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo represents a complex humanitarian security crisis with profound implications for regional stability in Central Africa. Rooted in historical tensions dating back to the 1994 Rwandan genocide, the conflict involves multiple armed groups, including M23 and the FDLR, operating primarily in the resource-rich North Kivu province. The persistent violence has resulted in massive population displacement, with hundreds of thousands of people forced from their homes, creating a significant humanitarian challenge that threatens regional peace and economic development. The continued presence of multiple militant groups, coupled with the strategic importance of North Kivu’s natural resources, has transformed this conflict from a localized dispute into a matter of international concern requiring comprehensive diplomatic intervention.

As a developing nation with a commitment to international peace and security, Guyana approaches the complex conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo with careful diplomatic consideration. Guyana recognizes the multifaceted nature of the conflict, which extends beyond simple territorial disputes to encompass deep-rooted ethnic tensions, resource competition, and the lasting traumatic legacy of the 1994 Rwandan genocide. Drawing from experiences navigating challenging international relations, Guyana understands the delicate balance required in addressing conflicts with such profound historical and humanitarian implications. Guyana has consistently advocated for comprehensive approaches that prioritize diplomatic dialogue, respect for international law, and humanitarian protection. Through its active participation in international organizations, including the United Nations and the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), Guyana has developed a nuanced perspective on conflict resolution that emphasizes multilateral cooperation, peaceful negotiation, and addressing the underlying socio-economic factors that perpetuate regional instability. Of particular concern to Guyana is the humanitarian impact of the conflict, particularly the displacement of hundreds of thousands of people and the potential for escalation that could destabilize the broader Central African region. Guyana supports international efforts to create sustainable peace mechanisms that not only address immediate security concerns but also provide long-term pathways for reconciliation and economic development.

Guyana emphasizes the critical importance of established international legal mechanisms in addressing the complex conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Guyana strongly supports the role of international judicial bodies and multilateral institutions in providing a structured approach to resolving regional tensions. Drawing from the principles of the United Nations Charter and the International Court of Justice, Guyana reaffirms the fundamental importance of international law in managing complex regional conflicts. Guyana believes that adherence to established international legal principles provides the most stable foundation for addressing the multifaceted challenges in the region. By prioritizing diplomatic dialogue, respect for territorial integrity, and commitment to peaceful resolution through existing international mechanisms, the global community can work toward ensuring that conflicts are resolved in a manner that preserves regional peace and upholds the rules-based international order that protects the interest of all states, regardless of size or economic capacity.

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Rwanda
Country: United States of America
Delegate Name: Alayna Mack

Topic: The Situation in Rwanda
Representing: US
Delegate: Alayna Mack
School: Francis W Parker
The March 23 Movement (M23) is a group consisting of mostly Tutsi people, an ethnic group originating in Rwanda, that was previously known as the National Congress for the Defense of the People (CNDP). It emerged in 2012 with the goal of protecting ethnic Tutsi people in the DRC. In conjunction with this goal, M23 also aimed to address the corruption within the DRC’s government and implement the 2009 March 23 Peace agreement. The point of this contract is to specifically outline ways to recognize the CNDP as a political party. Despite these efforts, the M23 group has been accused of many human rights violations, including execution and rape. They have displaced thousands of people within the DRC and abroad. In 2012, the M23 gained control over the North Kivu province and the capital Goma. However in 2013, just one year later, the group was defeated by UN peacekeepers and the surviving M23 members were pushed towards Rwanda and Uganda. Despite this, the M23 rebanded in 2021 with the help of the Rwanda Defence Force (RDF). As of 2023, clashes between them and the DRC government have increased dramatically. M23 also works with the Congo River Alliance (Alliance Fleuve Congo (AFC)). The AFC is another political military group who recruits from the Congo military. They do public outreach for M23 and seek to expand M23.
It is vastly believed that Rwanda offers much support to M23. Reports produced by the UN claim that Rwanda currently supports M23. These reports suggest that Rwanda provides the M23 with weapons and ammunition along with military assistance. UN experts speculate that there are around 3,000 to 4,000 Rwandan soldiers fighting with M23. Some of the suspected reasoning for the Rwandan support of M23 stems from the presence of ethnic Hutu people in the DRC. Many of these ethnic Hutu’s were a part of the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR) which is the group responsible for the 1994 Rwandan genocide of Tutsi people. M23 denies Rwanda’s involvement in the organization saying that the “obsession with establishing a connection between M23 and Rwanda participates in fuelling the hate ideology which is the root cause of the violence” in the DRC.
In February of 2024, a US state department official called on Rwanda to remove their military from within the Congo and condemned the recent escalation of the conflict which has caused thousands to flee to Goma. However, they also criticized the DRC for their support of the FDLR. On July 25, 2024, the US imposed sanctions on the M23. The reasoning being “fueling this deadly conflict and exacerbating a humanitarian crisis in eastern DRC” said Under Secretary of the Treasury for Terrorism and Financial Intelligence Brian E. Nelson

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Rwanda
Country: Japan
Delegate Name: Jonah Mechtenberg-Berrigan

Jonah M.B.
Security Council
Rwanda Situation

As a large supporter of humanitarian efforts, Japan believes a simple, militaristic approach should be taken to the situation in Rwanda. Both the M23 and FDLR groups do not have the authority to operate in the DRC or Rwanda, and must be stopped to prevent an international threat. M23 has been operating since 2012, and has broken international law by raping women amd forcefully recruiting extremely young boys. M23 is not a harmless group- they have robbed villages and traded for arms and military assistance. FDLR, even more aggressive, was formed in 2000, and killed almost 100 people in the 10 following years. FDLR has also received military support. Although neither group poses much threat at the moment, the situation in Rwanda has grown to an international issue because of their weaponization by home countries.
There is some United Nations precedent on this matter. Agreements have been suggested to disarm, reintegrate, and demobilize the M23 and FDLR groups. Japan supports any definitive plans that help take these actions. However, Japan also cautions against use of local groups for disarmament. It is important to remove weapons fully from the area, and it is best for all parties that an international group is present to ensure complete peace is achieved.
The root conflicts, however, should also be addressed. The resources of Rwanda and the DRC should be kept under stronger guard, reflecting on their usage by these groups for conflict. Also, both Rwanda and DRC should be kept under supervision and held to transparency; both governments have supported these groups by giving them national military supplies, a dangerous practice.
A significant supporter of other humanitarian efforts (Japan donated 10 million USD towards Lebanon), Japan is willing to invest money into this situation, if it ensures a clear solution will be reached. Transparency of funds, efficient usage, and an emphasis on disbanding these groups are required for Japan’s support of any directives.

Works Cited
“Armed Groups’ Activities in Democratic Republic of Congo Intensifying Conflict, Worsening Humanitarian Crisis, Special Envoy Tells Security Council | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases.” Meetings Coverage and Press Releases, 8 October 2024, https://press.un.org/en/2024/sc15845.doc.htm. Accessed 26 November 2024.
“M23 | Security Council.” the United Nations, https://main.un.org/securitycouncil/en/sanctions/1533/materials/summaries/entity/m23. Accessed 26 November 2024.

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Rwanda
Country: Republic of Korea
Delegate Name: Isaac Webb

Honorable Chair, Distinguished Delegates,
The Republic of Korea expresses deep concern over the renewed conflict between the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and Rwanda, which has been exacerbated by the resurgence of the M23 insurgency and the presence of armed groups like the FDLR. This prolonged conflict has caused severe humanitarian consequences and threatens regional stability. As such, the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) must take swift and balanced action to foster dialogue, curb the illicit exploitation of resources, and ensure peacekeeping efforts are aligned with the evolving situation.
The Republic of Korea Stresses the importance of diplomatic efforts to ensure the continuation of the August 2024 ceasefire agreement between the DRC and Rwanda. The UNSC should: Enhance Diplomatic Engagement: Support direct talks between the DRC and Rwanda, facilitated by UN envoys and regional actors like the African Union and Southern African Development Community (SADC). Promote confidence-building measures: establish mechanisms to monitor ceasefire compliance, protect vulnerable populations, and hold violators accountable. Strengthen regional cooperation: encourage greater collaboration among neighboring states to address regional security concerns, involving entities like the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region (ICGLR).
The exploitation of North Kivu’s valuable resources by armed groups such asM23 and FDLR remains a critical driver of conflict. The UNSC must: strengthen resource control: enhance oversight of resource extraction and impose sanctions on those profiting from illicit trade. Promote sustainable resource management: support economic alternatives to reduce dependency on resource extraction for arms funding, through investments in local development and infrastructure.Encourage International Cooperation: Foster collaboration with organizations like INTERPOL to combat smuggling networks fueling the conflict.
Republic of Korea Believes that, for now, the situation in Rwanda does not necessitate direct peacekeeping deployment. However, the UNSC should:Support Cross-Border Security Cooperation: strengthen border security forces through logistical support and early warning systems to prevent cross-border violence. Maintain flexibility for future interventions: reassess the situation should it escalate further, and consider the deployment of peacekeepers if necessary. The Republic of Korea remains committed to the UN’s efforts to promote peace and security in the Great Lakes region. The UNSC must take a balanced approach, focusing on diplomacy, resource regulation, and multilateral peacekeeping to address the root causes of this ongoing conflict and protect the lives of millions affected by the crisis.
Thank you.

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Rwanda
Country: France
Delegate Name: Braden Longstreth

Great Lakes Model United Nations Conference
Delegation: France
Committee: Security Council
The Situation in Rwanda

Conflict in the DRC has been an issue for over 30 years now, but recently the government of Rwanda has been sending support to the March 23 (M23), a rebellion party of the Tutsi people in the DRC. This conflict started with the genocide of the Tutsi people, caused by the Hutu government. The genocide caused the DRC to be flooded with Tutsi people, which is also how the M23 was created (DRC). In opposition to this, the Democratic Forces of the Liberation for Rwanda (FDLR) was created, by mainly Hutu people. This rebellion group had collaborated with the Congolese army, to help combat the flare up of M23. The M23 is committing many violations against basic human rights to the people of the DRC, stemming from unlawful killings of the people to rape. This major conflict, led to the governments of Rwanda and DRC to agree toa ceasefire in August of 2024. This ceasefire, however, is only abided by governmental militia, so the rebellion groups are still in full conflict. These crimes against humanity and the major conflict have been causing people to flee the area, creating one of the biggest human displacement issues there has been in recent history.
France is fully against all conflict in the area and is looking to be ending the violence as quickly as possible. Although no physical action has taken place by France, the nation condemns the M23 offensive and is expecting Rwanda to retract their support of M23. Although France is against Rwanda’s position in the conflict, the government has a history of working with Rwanda. These ties with Rwanda have helped France to have a louder voice in the negotiations made by Rwanda in the Luanda Process (Ministère). France hopes to move towards a diplomatic resolution of the conflict, by ending governmental support of the rebellion groups, and maintaining to sovereignty in the DRC.
As the two countries’ militaries have followed the ceasefire, most of the violence is seen from the two rebellion parties of M23 and FDLR. To undermine these two parties, two main matters must be put into practice. The first is the end of governmental support of these two parties; to help limit their access to weapons and manpower. Rwanda is currently supporting the M23 with weapons, which is giving the Congolese army a major reason to retaliate. Second, investigations must be placed onto the Rwandan government, to pinpoint the members of the government that are supporting the M23 with funds and weapons. If these members of the government can be eliminated, there will be no outside funding for the rebel group, which will end up eliminating the conflict . The Human Rights watch has recorded many cases of a violation of human rights by the M23 leaders. More support should be brought to the organization so that martial law can be placed in DRC. After the conflict is resolved, UN, and other humanitarian rights groups can be brought into DRC and Rwanda to protect the citizens and aid to the humanitarian needs created by the conflict.

Work Cited :
“Conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo | Global Conflict Tracker.” Council on Foreign Relations, Council on Foreign Relations, www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/violence-democratic-republic-congo. Accessed 15 Nov. 2024.
Ministère de l’Europe et des Affaires étrangères. “France and Rwanda.” France Diplomacy – Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs, www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/country-files/rwanda/france-and-rwanda/. Accessed 15 Nov. 2024.
“DRC – North Kivu: M23 Crisis Analysis (16 October 2024).” DRC – North Kivu: M23 Crisis Analysis (16 October 2024) | Displacement Tracking Matrix, dtm.iom.int/reports/drc-north-kivu-m23-crisis-analysis-16-october-2024. Accessed 15 Nov. 2024.

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Rwanda
Country: Malta
Delegate Name: Lucas Chesebrough

Committee: Security Council
Topic Area: The situation in Rwanda
Country: Malta
School Name: Fishers High School
Delegate Name(s): Lucas Chesebrough

Malta is greatly concerned over the escalation of tensions in Rwanda and the bordering Great Lakes region, which stemmed from allegations of cross-border support for armed groups that include the March 23 movement and the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda. This instability is rooted in the aftermath of the Rwandan genocide of 1994, that saw the Hutu-led exiled to what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo, this gave rise to multiple decades of regional conflict in the region. Ongoing allegations of Rwandan support for the March 23 movement and counterclaims of the Democratic Republic of the Congo backing of the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda’s risk intensifying violence and undermining regional stability. Additionally, Malta recognizes the urgent matter of fostering dialogue to help de-escalate tensions while also addressing the humanitarian crises thats come from this conflict.
While distant from the region, Malta has stayed committed to helping address conflicts like the one in Rwanda, recognizing and expressing the broad implications for human rights and global security. As a committed member of the United Nations, Malta has consistently supported peacekeeping goals and missions and also contributed to humanitarian aid efforts in the regions affected by the situation in Rwanda. On the international level Malta has helped call for larger accountability when considering the exploitation of resources that are fueling armed conflicts. Malta has also supported United Nation initiatives, like MONUSCO, thats aimed at restoring stability in the Great Lakes region. Through these many actions, the nation of Malta underscores the great importance of multilateral approaches to addressing main causes of instability and promoting reconciliation.
In order to help with the ongoing crisis, Malta advocates for solutions that are rooted in economic development, and diplomatic security. Malta supports peace talks mediated by unbiased entities like the African Union, thus ensuring the inclusion of all parties that are relevant. These parties would include state actors, FDLR, M23, and civil society organizations. This inclusive idea and approach is necessary and essential in addressing historical grievances and maintaining mutual trust. Malta also greatly recommends an expansion of the mandate of MONUSCO, which would enhance border monitoring and security, along with greater collaboration with regional initiatives such as SAMIDRC. Additionally, the delegates of Malta emphasize the need for international mechanisms to help regulate and confirm the trade of all natural resources, which would severe the financial lifelines of the armed groups. Lastly Malta would like to assist displaced populations and help foster sustainable development in the affected areas and regions through humanitarian support. All of these ideas and solutions expressed by the delegates and nation of Malta align with Malta’s strong commitment to peace and the belief that collective, clear efforts can help bring long lasting stability to Rwanda and the regions surrounding it.

United Nations Security Council, “The Role of MONUSCO in Stabilizing the DRC,” 2024.
Group of Experts on the DRC, “Report to the President of the United Nations Security Council,” 2024.
Southern African Development Community (SADC), “Overview of SAMIDRC Operations in the DRC,” December 2023.

Position papers for GLIMUN 2024 will appear above this line, with the newest being at the top.