The Situation in the South China Sea

Topic: 2024-The Situatin in the South China Sea
Country: Slovenia
Delegate Name: Paarth Sharma

One of the premier maritime disputes of the 20th and 21st century has been in the South China Sea, with the 7 countries of China, Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei, and Taiwan all vying for control of the region’s valuable economic zone. Over the years, countries like China have both created arbitrary agreements and violated them regarding control of this land, and the region remains a hotspot for tension. This has become an increasing liability to the global economy, and it has become increasingly clear that a dynamic solution be reached, or else the global economy and the sanctity of countless nations is at risk.

The Republic of Slovenia recognizes the importance of maintaining strong and healthy relations with nations in the South China Sea, noting that over 5 trillion dollars in shipping trade pass through the region every year. However, the country believes that no meaningful decision will be reached without the implementation of an arbitral tribunal into the provisions of a treaty. A peace treaty in the South China Sea with all 7 seven countries will set a precedent for other maritime disputes across the world, and the country of Slovenia believes that it is necessary specifically within the bounds of the European Union, regarding the country’s current dispute in the Adriatic Sea with Croatia. Furthermore, Slovenia urges that a dynamic solution be reached as soon as possible, due to the inexplicably important trade connections that the European Union maintains to this day with Southeast Asia, specifically the country of China.

Going forward, the Republic of Slovenia seeks that the United Nations ensure the peace of all countries that have claimed to own parts of the South China Sea, understanding that repercussions of violence and war will be felt worldwide. Slovenia urges the United Nations to enforce the treaties and rules that the nations have upheld for decades, noting Beijing’s recent violations of these treaties. The UNSC needs to look towards a dynamic solution that ensures the satisfaction of both everyday citizens and international government.

Works Cited
https://total-croatia-news.com/news/politics/croatia-and-slovenia-at-war-over-south-china-sea/
https://www.reuters.com/article/world/eus-statement-on-south-china-sea-reflects-divisions-idUSKCN0ZV1TS/

Topic: 2024-The Situatin in the South China Sea
Country: United Kingdom
Delegate Name: Harry Cornell

Seven nations have laid claims to the South China Sea due to its extensive resources and untapped oil reserves. Article 56 of The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) states that a nation’s boundaries extend to within 200 nautical miles of its borders, to create its “exclusive economic zone” (EEZ). China’s claims to its “nine-dash line” were clearly nullified in 2016, when the Philippines brought China to a tribunal – based on international maritime law established in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). The Hauge declared “that the Convention [on the Law of the Sea] superseded any historic rights [such as the “nine-dash line”], or other sovereign rights or jurisdiction, in excess of the limits imposed therein.” China refuses to accept the decision, despite being a signatory to the petition. Furthermore, UNCLOS article 58 ensures the freedom of navigation for all civilian ships within an EEZ.

The United Kingdom (UK), under the new Labour government, seeks for a more stable Indo-Pacific region. The UK believes that China has made no valid claim to the South China Sea with respect to the “nine-dash line.” In 2018, when the Royal Navy’s HMS Freedom sailed through international waters in the South China Sea, the Chinese military strongly considered retaliation. British interests require that His Majesty’s ships can sail through international waters without fear of retaliation. This is especially true given the significance of the South China Sea to foreign trade routes. Moreover, the Philippines are a valued ally of the United Kingdom, in January both nations signed an agreement to aid each other in defense, research, and humanitarian aid. The United Kingdom will ensure that its allies, such as the Philippines, may not be harmed by any Security Council resolution.

The (UK) sincerely hopes that detente can be encouraged within the Indo-Pacific. Thus far, the UK has not significantly increased its presence, hoping that relations between nations in the region will cool. However, as Beijing is unwavering in its military presence in zones that are not in accordance with UNCLOS, the UK will ensure that British interests and allies are protected in the region. The delegation from the UK hopes this body can agree to maintain the international boundaries established by UNCLOS. To maintain the safety of foreign trade through the South China Sea, the United Kingdom would like to see the Security Council call upon the Association of Southeast Asian Nations to pass a more expansive code of conduct for nations regarding the South China Sea. Additionally, should any crisis arise in the area, the United Kingdom would like to see the establishment of a UN Peacekeeping Mission to the South China Sea with the goal of protecting civilian ships. Finally, this body should pass a resolution to sanction any nation that violates Article 58 of UNCLOS and attempts to disrupt a civilian ship’s freedom of navigation.

Works Cited
Mensah, Thomas A., et al. “IN THE MATTER OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA ARBITRATION.” Permanent Court of Arbitration, 12 July 2016, pcacases.com/web/sendAttach/2086.
“PART V EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE.”, The United Nations, www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/part5.htm.
Reuters. “China complains over British warship sailing through disputed South China Sea.” The Guardian, edited by Reuters, Guardian News & Media Limited, 6 Sept. 2018.
RFA Staff. “New UK government raises question of change in South China Sea policy.” Radio Free Asia, 12 July 2024, www.rfa.org/english/news/southchinasea/uk-labour-china-07122024035631.html.
Starmer, Kier. “Prime Minister Keir Starmer: ‘This is just the beginning of our relationship with the Indo-Pacific to benefit the UK’.” GOV.UK, 26 Oct. 2024, www.gov.uk/government/news/prime-minister-keir-starmer-this-is-just-the-beginning-of-our-relationship-with-the-indo-pacific-to-benefit-the-uk.

Topic: 2024-The Situatin in the South China Sea
Country: Mozambique
Delegate Name: Amyah Kantz

Since 1946, tensions between the countries near the South China Sea over the islands and nearby waters invoked issues about who has true territorial claims. China has continued to push for expansion regarding the islands. In the early 1970s, China coordinated a seaborne invasion of the islands. This led to the death of several dozen Vietnamese and the sinking of a corvette. Following this, South and North Vietnam tried to reinforce the remaining garrisons and seized several other features. Another dispute was that of 1988 when Bejing moved into the Spratlys, causing the death of numerous Vietnamese sailors. Due to these conflicts, ASEAN and China signed the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea, setting guidelines to help maintain peace. Then, China submitted the nine-dash line, causing heightened tensions in nearby countries. Due to tensions, the United Nations (UN) created the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea to de-escalate further conflicts and set out rules for interactions in the sea. Currently, disputes are further escalating and there have been aggression by China and other nations over the territory.

Therefore, it is essential to address this conflict. Mozambique recognizes the severity of these disputes. While not directly involved in the conflict, Mozambique is concerned about the trade implications in the South China Sea. The South China Sea harbors important trade routes and natural resources. Mozambique has an important connection with China and diplomatic relations to neighboring countries. Mozambique does not want to see more tensions and disputes in the region and would like to resolve this issue peacefully. Peace and stability will help promote trade relations and make the process of getting through the South China Sea more smoothly and easier. Mozambique is encouraging the UN to handle the matter timely and effectively.

Mozambique would like the UN to promote peace talks and further enforce international trade rules. We want to steer away from potential force and full involvement of the UN, unless completely necessary. Mozambique wants to encourage nations to solve issues with each other rather than a large force pushing into disputes. However, Mozambique urges the United Nations and other international bodies to continue to follow through with enforcement of these regulations. Mozambique is a part of various international agreements and believes that we must encourage nations to follow these rules. On the other hand, Mozambique would like to see nations support the countries in need, in the situation that a dispute occurs. Mozambique is not able to provide resources, but would advocate for able countries to contribute to the safety of the nations involved.

Works Cited
Center for Preventive Action. “Territorial Disputes in the South China Sea.” Global Conflict Tracker, Council on Foreign Relations, 2024, www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/territorial-disputes-south-china-sea.
Kenny, Miles. “Territorial Disputes in the South China Sea | History, Maps, China, Vietnam, Taiwan, Philippines, Malaysia, & Facts | Britannica.” Www.britannica.com, 28 Feb. 2024, www.britannica.com/topic/territorial-disputes-in-the-South-China-Sea.
Mirski, Sean. “The South China Sea Dispute: A Brief History.” LawFare, 8 June 2015, www.lawfaremedia.org/article/south-china-sea-dispute-brief-history.

Topic: 2024-The Situatin in the South China Sea
Country: Ecuador
Delegate Name: Madelynn Fraaza

I.
Over the past 50 years, our world has become increasingly globalized, and one that relies on trades between foreign countries. A large part of what allows that trade to happen are the bodies of water that separate our great continents, one of which being the South China sea and its included side channels. As we have become more trade-dependent, some countries have also started to set boundaries in place to protect their natural resources. This in itself is not an issue, but it becomes one when the question of civilian safety comes into play. Over time, as tensions have risen between seaside countries, an increase in aggression has lead to a decrease in the regard for basic human rights. Countries are now more worried about whatever bits of surface-level salt water they lay claim to than they are the safety of those who rely on crossing said salt-water as a part of their livelihoods. Given the creation of the Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) in 1982, you would think that countries may be able to rest easy knowing they have direct control of certain zones within the sea. However, this has caused even more conflict, as even vessels as simple as personal fishing boats are forced to dock in foreign countries by a foreign coast guard simply because they need to pass through a zone that isn’t their own. Or worse, military planes will intentionally crash into each other because they need to fly over the territory of another country. We don’t typically do this on land, so why is the sea any different? Ecuador believes that fair trade is the key to maintaining diplomatic relationships across the world, but to do that we need to establish the rules of said trades in a way that prioritizes non-armed vehicle and civilian safety, while still respecting the international boundary lines of foreign countries.

II.
Ecuador has established its maritime boundaries with Colombia, Costa Rica, and Peru. Jurisdiction over the South China Sea is beyond Ecuador’s bounds, as long as it doesn’t fall within the 200 mile radius our country has claimed as per Ecuador’s Maritime Claims and Boundaries documentation of 2020. However, Ecuador does use some of the trade routes for imports and exports, particularly in partnership with China. Our economy heavily relies on exportation of our natural resources, many of which go through areas of the South China Sea to be delivered to fellow UN member states. With the current aggressive state between countries at the table here, it has been quite difficult to safely send and receive resources abroad, and Ecuador worries that a continuation of the animosity will result in a detriment to our economy. We as a group gather here today because want to find a way to ensure civilian safety and not restrict innocent rights. We also want to keep in mind each country’s boundaries within the bodies of water and their included archipelagos. Ecuador supports a compromise of both of these ideas, but wants to emphasize a lack of intervention in Asian countries’ internal affairs and the ability to continue free trade throughout the world.

III.
The delegation of Ecuador urges fellow delegates to think about the potential benefits of additional UN sanctioned safety devices within the South China Sea and its surrounding areas. These methods would, of course, not interfere with any country wanting to tap into their own natural resources, but would instead help transport and civilian vehicles to safely cross the waters. Ships should not be shored by foreign countries unless they are actively harming land outside of their own boundaries, and aircraft should have additional traffic control towers to monitor unarmed aircraft and take the preventative measure necessary to avoid any more human lives being lost without cause. Ecuador realizes the importance of allowing member states of the UN and the rest of the world their freedom, and wants to find the best way to allow this without infringing on the rights of other countries.

Topic: 2024-The Situatin in the South China Sea
Country: Algeria
Delegate Name: Nikhil Talla

The South China Sea’s geopolitical tensions result from overlapping territorial claims, resource competition, and military activities within the region. The conflict arises because of the South China Sea’s shipping routes, abundant fish stocks, and significant reserves of oil and gas. This region is highly contested by China, the Philippines, Vietnam, and Malaysia, and multiple nations in this list defy international law by establishing outposts within other nations’ Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs). These nation’s conflicting interests and the construction of air and naval bases on the Paracel and Spratly Islands has attracted international attention because of potential military escalation due to the United States’s military agreements with the Philippines.
The People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria recognizes the People’s Republic of China’s historical ties and legitimate claims to the South China Sea. Algeria acknowledges China’s efforts to protect its sovereignty and ensure stability in a region vital to global trade and economic development. China’s actions, including the establishment of air and naval bases on islands like Fiery Cross Reef and Subi Reef, are measures aimed at safeguarding its territorial rights, ensuring freedom of navigation, and supporting the development of the region’s resources. However, Algeria suggests that China’s actions to prevent other nation’s establishment of military outposts outside of what is protected by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) should be deescalated, only to reduce the potential for conflict between the United States and China. Economic instability due to the outbreak of war would greatly affect Algeria’s exportation of oil and natural gas due to potential for oil and gas infrastructure to be replaced with competing energy interests, creating instability in oil and gas markets. This level of war would also force Algeria to sever relations with economic partners such as China and the United States. Algeria relies on China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) for infrastructure investment and on the United States’s market for Algerian hydrocarbons.
The People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria strongly advocates for peaceful collaboration among nations to deescalate military activities within the South China Sea. Algeria opposes the imposition of sanctions because they only strain diplomatic relations and do not foster resolution. Algeria also advises against the deployment of peacekeeping forces to prevent escalating tensions. Algeria encourages dialogue-driven initiatives that prioritize mutual trust and regional stability. By reducing military actions and fostering cooperation, nations in the South China Sea can maintain economic prosperity and geopolitical stability.

Topic: 2024-The Situatin in the South China Sea
Country: Russian Federation
Delegate Name: Tristan Gerville-Reache

There are 4.1 million fishing vessels across the globe, and it is reported that half of the world’s fishing vessels operate in the South China Sea (SCS). It is also estimated that around 13% of the world’s trade occurs in the same region. A conflict quickly arose regarding the claiming of islands and sea territory between China, Vietnam, Taiwan, Malaysia, Brunei, and the Philippines. The lack of cooperation has led to disputes and conflict regarding military and commercial ships, leading to certain countries forcing fishermen to beach their boats, as well as armed military aircraft and vessels finding conflict in pathing. UNCLOS established EEZs to allow each coastal nation to have the right to gather and exploit their coast’s resources within 200 nautical miles, but this does not address the issue regarding the Paracel Islands and the Spratly Islands, which either do not fall under any country’s EEZ or overlap between two or more country’s EEZ. The issue at hand is expanding, and random territorial claims without UN agreement are not the answer.

The Russian Federation does not believe that international intervention is necessary to resolve the conflict at hand. We encourage the disputing countries to convene and discuss a temporary truce regarding military warfare and transportation within the region. The Russian Federation supports each country’s EEZs and believes that countries whose sea territories overlap should negotiate separate policies regarding their shared region, such as a split, or establish another border to ensure each country gets an equal territorial chance for resource gathering. The safety of civilian vessels and aircraft can be assured through ample communication between disputing parties. Shared EEZ should not contain military vessels and aircraft, so this will allow the traders and fishermen to have guaranteed safety from neighboring countries’ governments.

Regarding the Paracel and Spratly Islands, the Russian Federation believes that all disputing parties should agree to allow citizens to freely travel between territories, and relieve government military from the islands. Because there are multiple parties involved, it is important to convene with all parties and concede to a policy that all can agree to. We have learned from the ASEAN that a singular country’s claim to a territory is insufficient to acquire the land. Learning from this mistake, a common temporary solution would be to claim these islands as international zone until further discussion about the territory claims is undergone. We believe involvement by unaffected parties is counterproductive to the hopes of peace in this international melting pot of trade.

Works Cited
“Issuing Presidential Statement, Security Council Underlines Importance of Maritime Safety, Safeguarding Oceans for Legitimate Use | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases.” Un.org, 9 Aug. 2021, press.un.org/en/2021/sc14598.doc.htm. Accessed 27 Nov. 2024.
“Russia’s Conduct in the South China Sea.” Orfonline.org, 2021, www.orfonline.org/research/russias-conduct-in-the-south-china-sea. Accessed 27 Nov. 2024.
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Topic: 2024-The Situatin in the South China Sea
Country: Guyana
Delegate Name: Neel Grover

Guyana
Neel Grover
The Situation in the South China Sea

The South China Sea dispute is one of the most complex maritime territorial conflicts in modern history, with various nations competing for strategic waters that serve as crucial global shipping lanes. Since the 1940s, overlapping territorial assertions have intensified, especially with the Spratly Islands, Paracel Islands, and various reefs and shoals. China’s ten-dash line claim, which encompasses approximately 90% of the South China Sea, has led to significant tensions with neighboring states. The marginal seas have not only strategic importance but also a major role in global commerce. Militarization of islands, confrontations between naval vessels, and disputes over fishing rights have made this regional conflict become an international security concern. The 2016 ruling of the Permanent Court of Arbitration, which rejected China’s historical claims, was a significant legal milestone, though there have been major challenges in implementation.

As a developing coastal nation facing its maritime challenges, Guyana’s perspective on the South China Sea situation is informed by its ongoing territorial dispute with Venezuela over the Essequibo region, which mirrors several aspects of the South China Sea dispute, particularly regarding the challenge of larger nations asserting historical claims over regions despite established international law. Guyana has participated in international maritime discussions, consistently advocating for the peaceful resolution of territorial disputes through established legal frameworks. Guyana’s experience with UNCLOS in managing its maritime affairs has shaped its approach to international conflicts, leading to the support for dialogue and legal solutions.

Guyana emphasizes focus on the fundamental importance of established international legal frameworks in resolving maritime disputes. The 2016 ruling by the Permanent Court of Arbitration serves as a major legal precedent that demonstrates effectiveness of international arbitration mechanisms in addressing complex disputes. Using the experience of Guyana’s own dealings with international courts, Guyana emphasizes that adherence to UNCLOS and respect for international judicial decisions provide the most stable foundation for resolving territorial claims. Guyana encourages strengthening existing legal mechanisms and the pursuit of diplomatic dialogue within established legal frameworks. By prioritizing law-based solutions, the international community can work toward ensuring that maritime disputes are resolved in a manner that preserves both regional peace and the rules-based international order that protects the interests of all states, regardless of size or economic strength.

Topic: 2024-The Situatin in the South China Sea
Country: United States of America
Delegate Name: Alayna Mack

Topic: The Situation in the South China Sea
Representing: US
Delegate: Alayna Mack
School: Francis W Parker
Within the South China Sea (SCS), every country has their own Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZs), which is recognized by international law. Despite this, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) created the Nine Dash Line, an area much larger than their EEZ that reached into other countries’ EEZs and claimed they had sovereignty over it. According to The Hague, the PRC can not claim the rights to other countries’ EEZs. The PRC refused to acknowledge this and threatened military action in 1974 by deploying military jets and weapons the SCS
The safety of the South China Sea is vastly important to the US for a multitude of reasons. Firstoff, the Philippines, an ally of the US, has also laid claim to areas of the SCS. If any sort of naval conflict were to break out between the PRC and the Philippines, the US would be obligated to act due to a mutual defense treaty. Secondly, the SCS is a major transit point for goods and impacts a country’s economy. Each year, more than 3 trillion dollars worth of goods and 64% of total worldwide goods are transported through the SCS. Therefore the PRC’s control over the SCS could greatly affect the global economy and American economic interests. Lastly, it would greatly benefit the US to pursue Freedom of Navigation operations, which allows the US access to seas globally and prevents unlawful restriction. The US already monitors the SCS in accordance with the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) using the US Navy and Airforce. UNCLOS does protect the PRC’s right to the resources within their EEZs but it does not protect their right to dictate who enters and exits the territory. The US vessels aim to prove this to China while moving through their EEZ. The PRC is the one who often violates the UNCLOS international law by attacking civilian ships within the nine dash line. Not only has the PRC violated UNCLOS in zones outside of their EEZ but they have violated UNCLOS within the EEZ of the Philippines by interfering with the fishing vessels operating within the Philippines EEZ.
The US lays no claims towards the South China Seas. By working with other countries around the SCS, who also lay claim to parts of the SCS, they prevent China from seizing full control, protecting the American interests and the other countries around the SCS interests. In July of 2024, the US signed a $500 million agreement with the Philippines, providing them with more modernized military equipment. The US is not the only country to show its support for the Philippines economically. Japan has also expressed support by selling military equipment to the Philippines. China has repeatedly clashed with the Philippines recently. Last year, the Philippines reported the PRC of using a military grade laser. In August of this year, two Chinese jets dropped flares in the pathway of a Philippines plane performing routine patrol. The US condomed these actions. As of now, the US will continue to prepare for a larger conflict while publicly backing the Philippines. It would be within the interest of the US to settle this conflict peacefully while using UNCLOS International Law.

Topic: 2024-The Situatin in the South China Sea
Country: Japan
Delegate Name: Jonah Mechtenberg-Berrigan

Jonah M.B.
Security Council
South China Sea

Despite past ownership of the islands, Japan has surrendered its territorial rights. Instead, as a UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea) member, Japan rejects any country’s claimed ‘territorial’ right to the South China sea. It is specifically referenced in UNCLOS that “artificial islands, installations and structures do not possess the status of islands”. Therefore, attempted claims towards the South China sea not only break United Nations law, but are accompanied by aggression and military conflict no country supports.
Although Japan does not desire any conflict with any countries attempting to claim said waters, they desire a very carefully thought-out solution. This conference sets an important precedent for future territorial conflict, and it is important not to pacify, support, or favor any countries. A simple, fair solution should be the goal of most countries involved in the conflict. Although bribes, removal of tariffs, or resource rights may be discussed as solutions towards stopping conflict, this gives aggressive countries an incentive to seek conflict. This could result in bigger, more complex disagreements in the future. In specific, the East China Sea is also being claimed by China through fake islands, and a good solution in the South China Sea could serve as an experimental solution for this conflict. As a result, Japan would not support any directives, resolutions, or countries that attempt to appease aggressive countries.
Japan is a stakeholder in the South China Sea, despite not being adjacent to it. The SLOC (Sea Lane of Communication) commerce through the Sea has been under siege as a result of conflicts. As a developed, trade-dependent country, Japan is seeking a concrete, strong solution that guarantees the safety of commerce. In specific, Japan would like directives that require UN countries to limit the number of armed vessels and aircraft in the South China Sea to ensure disarmament. An international SCS Watch group should be composed, whether by use of naval and aircraft or satellites, that would identify armed vessels, and fines or military force should be used to enforce this potential directive.
As an important shipping route, the South China Sea should be a peaceful area of international waters. Instead, countries unjustly quarrel over small islands and resources. This conflict’s territorial nature should not be a defining characteristic of it; despite the relatively few countries involved, this decision will set an important precedent towards future territorial disputes. According to the existing international law, any claims laid on the South China Sea are false, and a strong defense will be made against illegal actions.

Works Cited
Midford, Paul. “Japan’s Approach to the South China Sea: Quietly Balancing China from A Distance.” Japan Up Close, 26 September 2024, https://japanupclose.web-japan.org/policy/p20240926_4.html. Accessed 26 November 2024.
“Untitled.” the United Nations, 19 January 2021, https://www.un.org/depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/mys_12_12_2019/20210119JpnNvUn001OLA202000373.pdf. Accessed 26 November 2024.

Topic: 2024-The Situatin in the South China Sea
Country: China
Delegate Name: Nathaniel Jernberg-Johnson

Despite the passing of the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of The Sea (UNCLOS), member states of the UN are still navigating the nuanced struggles of agreed borders in the South China Sea. One major issue is the disconnect between China’s sacrosanct “9-Dash Line” island claims, and the UNCLOS map drawn to delineate Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) of China and ASEAN countries within the South China Sea. China’s 9-Dash Line encompasses the waters surrounding the Nansha (Spratly) and Xisha (Paracel) islands. Historians and journalists agree that these islands were explored and named by China as early as the 11th century— from hence, the surrounding waters were largely considered Chinese territory, and continue to be treated as such. In a 2016 decision, after an arbitration presented unilaterally by the Phillipines and held without China (under Annex VII of UNCLOS, which unjustly permits such action) The Permanent Court Of Arbitration (PCA) ruled that much of China’s “9-Dash Line —” was not legal under international law. The PCA’s Tribunal conceded that “it does not rule on any question of sovereignty over land territory and does not delimit any boundary between the Parties.”

China already anticipated this insensitive perspective from the PCA years prior: in a December 2014 position paper, the Chinese government emphasized the sheer injustice of even considering reducing the 9-Dash Line. Crucially, the arguments made to “discredit” China’s claims in favor of the 9-Dash Line were not fact-based. As the Tribunal mentioned in its decision, Articles 13 and 121 of UNCLOS entitled “at least a 12 nautical mile territorial sea” to the owner of any maritime feature which does not become submerged at high tide (a “high-tide feature”). The Tribunal counterintuitively concluded that 4 Chinese islands — which did not become submerged at high tide — did not legally count as “high-tide features” under UNCLOS. Furthermore, despite the Tribunal’s criticism towards China’s defensive action to repel vessels from Chinese waters, China’s action is supported by UNCLOS itself. Article 19, Clause 1 explains that the “innocent passage” many nations claim is only innocent if it “is not prejudicial to the peace, good order, or security of the coastal State,” thus affirming China’s right to self-defence against perceived threats.

In fact, China continues to make clear its benign intentions for ocean development and regulation; as of Nov 26, 2024, H.E. Wang Yi, Director of the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA), stated that China immensely values lasting “maritime peace and stability,” and that China is “ready to work with all countries to pursue higher-level ocean governance.” Wang outlined China’s earnest goals to maintain maritime peace and security in compliance with UNCLOS and the Declaration on the Conduct Of Parties in the South China Sea.

China is more than willing to regard other nations’ perspectives on this matter, but will not compromise on its 9-Dash Line claim under any circumstances — the historical precedent reinforces that any alternative would be a clear violation of our national and cultural sovereignty. As we realize that UNCLOS cannot be amended without total unanimity among member states, we see only one solution for this committee to truly ensure a lasting peace in the South China Sea: to draft a resolution which codifies the 9-Dash Line as a de facto EEZ. While ensuring that all nations still are able to enshrine their right to innocent passage for non-economic reasons and cultural exchange, this solution will right an injustice that has lasted nearly half a century.

WORKS CITED:

Ekman, Alice. “CHINA’S GLOBAL SECURITY INITIATIVE: When the Process Matters More than the Content.” European Union Institute for Security Studies, 2023, www.iss.europa.eu/sites/default/files/EUISSFiles/Brief_5_China%27s%20Global%20Security%20Initiative.pdf.
Elleman, Bruce A. China’s Naval Operations in the South China Sea. 1st ed., Amsterdam University Press, Rennaisance Books, 2017, https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1zqrn98. Accessed 26 Nov. 2024.
Mastro, Oriana Skylar. “How China Is Bending the Rules in the South China Sea.” The Interpreter, Lowy Institute, 17 Feb. 2021, www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/how-china-bending-rules-south-china-sea.
Permanent Court of Arbitration. The South China Sea Arbitration (the Republic of the Phillipines v. the People’s Republic of China). 12 July 2016, pcacases.com/web/sendAttach/1801. Accessed 26 Nov. 2024.
Prétat, Harrison, and Gregory B. Poling. “Manila and Beijing Clarify Select South China Sea Claims.” CSIS.org, Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2024, www.csis.org/analysis/manila-and-beijing-clarify-select-south-china-sea-claims. Accessed 26 Nov. 2024.
Ratiu, Andrea. “How Beijing’s Newest Global Initiatives Seek to Remake the World Order.” Atlantic Council, 21 June 2023, www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/issue-brief/how-beijings-newest-global-initiatives-seek-to-remake-the-world-order/.
宋薇. “China’s Position Paper on South China Sea.” Chinadaily.com.cn, China Daily, 2014, www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2014-12/07/content_19037946.htm. Accessed 26 Nov. 2024.
United Nations. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. 1982, www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_e.pdf. Accessed 26 Nov. 2024.
Wang , Yi. Coexisting in Harmony and Working Together to Bring Global Ocean Governance to a Higher Level. Transcript, www.mfa.gov.cn/eng/xw/zyjh/202411/t20241126_11533290.html. Symposium on Global Maritime Cooperation and Ocean Governance 2024. Accessed 26 Nov. 2024.

Topic: 2024-The Situatin in the South China Sea
Country: Republic of Korea
Delegate Name: Isaac Webb

The South China sea is a vital international waterway, essential for global trade and regional stability. It is home to multiple overlapping territorial claims, primarily among China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Malaysia, the Philippines, Brunei, and others. The ongoing disputes have led to tensions that threaten the safety of civilian vessels and aircraft, as well as the economic interests of nations reliant on this critical maritime region.
Given the substantial volume of global trade transiting through the South China Sea, guaranteeing the safety of civilian vessels and aircraft is of paramount importance. To achieve this, the security council must advocate for: multilateral dialogue and cooperation: establishing clear communication protocols among the involved parties to facilitate safe navigation. Adherence to International maritime law: reinforcing compliance with the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which provides a legal framework for navigation rights and responsibilities. Maritime security framework: Exploring the creation of a cooperative maritime security framework that includes regular joint exercises and information-sharing among regional navies to build trust and prevent misunderstandings.
Amidst the complex interplay of territorial claims, several common solutions can be proposed: Code of Conduct (CoC): Promoting the establishment of a binding CoC for the South China Sea, ensuring that all parties agree to respect each other’s rights and engage in peaceful negotiations. Joint resource management initiatives: encouraging collaborative efforts in resource management, which would allow nations to share benefits while addressing economic interests. Confidence-building measures: implementing phased approaches that include shared fishing zones and joint environmental protection efforts, fostering cooperation and reducing tensions. Neutral mediation: inviting neutral third-party mediators to facilitate discussions, enhancing the legitimacy and effectiveness of the negotiation process.
The failure of initiatives such as the ASEAN Declaration of the conduct of parties in the South China Sea highlights critical lessons: enforceable agreements: the necessity for clear, binding agreements with specific obligations and dispute resolution mechanisms. Regional solidarity: the importance of fostering stronger regional cooperation and ensuring that all parties have a stake in the resolution process. Supportive role of the security council: the security council can enhance dialogue and provide a platform for negotiations, reinforcing the commitment to peaceful resolutions and stability in the region.
The complexities of the South China Sea disputes present significant challenges. However, through a commitment to dialogue, adherence to international law, and innovative cooperative solutions, we can pave the way for a more peaceful and stable maritime environment. The delegation of The Republic of Korea Urges all member states to prioritize diplomacy and cooperation in addressing these critical issues, ensuring the safety of the South China Sea for all nations.
United Nations Security Council

Topic: 2024-The Situatin in the South China Sea
Country: France
Delegate Name: Braden Longstreth

Great Lakes Invitational Model United Nations Conference
Delegation: France
Committee: Security Council
The Situation in South China Sea

Within the South China Sea, many countries are in dispute for territory, to try and claim the plentiful amounts of untapped oil, stemming back from the 1970’s. Countries such as Brunei, Malaysia, Indonesia, Taiwan, Vietnam, and The Philippines are in attempts to claim land in the South China Sea (Territorial). The lands maintain high amounts of natural resources and rich fishing zones. Although China holds law over this area, their failure to resolve disputes in a diplomatic way, can encourage an increase of arms in these areas, and undermine the integrity of the international law. China upholds an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), which states that foreign militaries are not allowed to conduct intelligence gathering research withing the EEZ. Contradicting this, rights under the United Nations Convention of the Law of the Seas show that countries should have full freedom of navigation within the seas (Territorial). Countries within the area, especially the Philippines and China, have been expanding their arms, and relations with other countries that could increase their power.
France holds its own EEZ’s within the South China sea, through territories. Although the country holds EEZ’s, France speaks out towards freedom of navigation throughout the area, along with many other countries in the European Union. Since 2021, France has been expanding military presence within the South China Sea, in response to the assertive response made by Beijing in response to the contested waters (Explainer). Along with the patrol of the South China Sea, France has been reinforcing its connections with the Quad, which includes the United States, Japan, India, and Australia (The Quad). The Quad looks to create a free and open Indo-Pacific region by striving to set the geopolitical agenda within the Area. The ideology of this collaboration coincides with the principles of France, and other countries in the European Union, and France looks to apply what the Quad is looking to apply.
To preserve freedom of navigation in the South China Sea, countries that have existing relations with the Quad, or countries that make up the Quad, need to be implementing a training system for their Navy’s that are involved in the area. If these countries have no naval presence in the area, an increase must be considered. France is holding multiple three-week training sessions in the Mediterranean Sea, to gain an operational capability to oversee the Indian Ocean and parts of the Pacific. If more countries train a sector of their navy to be capable of patrolling the South China Sea and simultaneously keeping China from pushing countries outside of their EEZ, the United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea’s freedom of navigation could be set into place. This area is filled with an immense number of natural resources. Through the quad, these resources could be harvested and used as an incentive for countries to bring naval support into the area.

Work Cited:

“Explainer: Why France Is Flexing Its Muscles in the South China Sea.” South China Morning Post, 28 Feb. 2021, amp.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3123342/south-china-sea-why-france-flexing-its-muscles-contested.
The Quad: A Mature Counterbalance in the South China – DTIC, apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1176642.pdf. Accessed 12 Nov. 2024.
“Territorial Disputes in the South China Sea | Global Conflict Tracker.” Council on Foreign Relations, Council on Foreign Relations, www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/territorial-disputes-south-china-sea. Accessed 12 Nov. 2024.

Topic: 2024-The Situatin in the South China Sea
Country: Malta
Delegate Name: Lucas Chesebrough

Committee: United Nations Security Council
Topic Area: The Situation in the South China Sea
Country: Malta
School Name: Fishers High School
Delegate Name: Lucas Chesebrough

Malta recognizes the South China Sea as a region of significant geopolitical and economic importance, with disputes over territorial claims posing a substantial threat to global trade and regional stability. The ongoing tensions, fueled by overlapping claims among multiple nations and China’s assertion of its “Nine Dash Line,” disrupt peace and security in the region. Malta, as a member of the international community, firmly supports adherence to international law, particularly the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).
The Government of Malta has consistently advocated for the peaceful resolution of disputes through diplomacy and international legal mechanisms. While Malta has no direct stake in the territorial claims, it understands the broader implications of unresolved disputes for small, trade-reliant island nations. The 2016 ruling by the Permanent Court of Arbitration, which invalidated China’s Nine Dash Line claims, highlights the importance of respecting international law and arbitration decisions to maintain the rule-based order. Malta upholds this ruling and emphasizes the necessity of cooperative solutions over unilateral actions.
As a country with an economy heavily dependent on maritime trade, Malta emphasizes the importance of safeguarding international waterways. The South China Sea is a critical artery for global trade, handling over $3 trillion worth of goods annually. Any disruption to this route would adversely affect not only Southeast Asia but also the global economy. Therefore, Malta urges all involved parties to exercise restraint and prioritize navigation safety to ensure that civilian vessels and aircraft can operate without threat.
To address this issue, Malta has a few suggestions for possible solutions. First off Malta supports the establishment of a multilateral forum involving all claimants and key stakeholders to foster open communication, prevent misunderstandings, and build trust.
Malta also recognizes ASEAN’s role in regional stability, Malta encourages its member states to lead negotiations for an enforceable Code of Conduct in the South China Sea that aligns with UNCLOS. Malta advocates for international cooperation in creating a framework for joint patrols and crisis management mechanisms to reduce the risk of accidental escalations. Joint efforts to preserve the marine environment, as the South China Sea is vital for biodiversity and fisheries, which millions rely upon for sustenance and economic livelihood. Malta believes that collective action and adherence to international norms are crucial to de-escalating tensions in the South China Sea. It urges the Security Council to act as a mediator and ensure that disputes are resolved in a manner that respects sovereignty, promotes cooperation, and ensures the security of international maritime trade.

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). “Text of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.” United Nations, 1982.

Permanent Court of Arbitration. The South China Sea Arbitration Award. The Hague, July 12, 2016.

ASEAN. “Framework for a Code of Conduct in the South China Sea.” ASEAN Official Documents, 2020.

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