Protecting Heritage Sites and Cultural Artifacts in Conflict Zones

Topic: 2025-Protecting Heritage Sites and Cultural Artifacts in Conflict Zones
Country: Sierra Leone
Delegate Name: Mamy Diop

The Republic of Sierra Leone recognizes the urgent need to protect heritage sites and cultural artifacts in conflict zones. Cultural heritage is not only a testament to human civilization but also a crucial element of identity, history, and community resilience. However, armed conflicts, terrorism, etc. pose significant threats to heritage sites worldwide. As a country that has experienced civil war and understands the devastating impact of conflict on cultural heritage, Sierra Leone strongly advocates for enhanced international cooperation, legal frameworks, and protective measures to safeguard cultural property in times of crisis.
Sierra Leone is committed to working with UNESCO and the international community to protect cultural heritage in conflict zones through:
1. Strengthening International Legal Frameworks, Supporting the enforcement of UNESCO conventions such as the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict and its protocols.
2. Enhancing Security and Monitoring Systems, Encouraging the use of satellite surveillance, digital databases, and AI-driven tracking systems to monitor at-risk heritage sites.
3. Combating Trafficking, Strengthening national and regional efforts to prevent the illegal trade of cultural artifacts, including partnerships with INTERPOL and customs agencies.
4. Building Capacity and Awareness, Training local communities, law enforcement, and cultural institutions in heritage protection strategies before, during, and after conflicts.
5. Integrating Heritage Protection in Peacebuilding Efforts, Promoting cultural heritage as a tool for reconciliation and post-conflict reconstruction, ensuring that cultural identity remains a pillar of national healing.
6. Emergency Response and Funding Mechanisms, Advocating for increased funding and rapid response units dedicated to heritage protection in crisis situations.
Sierra Leone urges UNESCos to prioritize the protection of heritage sites and cultural artifacts in conflict zones as part of global peace and security efforts. Cultural destruction is an attack on humanity, therefore, urgent action is required to safeguard these irreplaceable treasures. Sierra Leone remains committed to working alongside UNESCO to develop effective policies, enhance international cooperation, and ensure that cultural heritage is preserved for future generations. The delegation of Sierra Leone looks forward to constructive dialogue and meaningful collaboration to advance this critical cause.

Topic: 2025-Protecting Heritage Sites and Cultural Artifacts in Conflict Zones
Country: Cuba
Delegate Name: Madeleine Baker

Heritage sites and cultural artifacts are the soul of a nation’s identity, representing the history, culture, and traditions that have shaped its people. When these irreplaceable treasures are destroyed or looted in conflict zones, an entire history is at risk of being lost. Cuba stands resolutely in the belief that the protection of heritage sites and cultural artifacts is a fundamental responsibility of the international community, especially in areas impacted by conflict. The destruction of cultural heritage is not just a loss for the affected nation but a loss for humanity as a whole. Preserving these treasures is an obligation, not a choice.
Cuba has long upheld the value of cultural heritage. The Cuban government’s commitment to the preservation of its own cultural artifacts and historical landmarks is evidenced through various policies, including the Cuban National Cultural Heritage Program, which works to safeguard and protect national monuments and traditions. Cuba has demonstrated leadership in international efforts to protect cultural heritage, particularly through its active participation in UNESCO’s 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict. This treaty, which aims to prevent the destruction of cultural property during wartime, has been ratified by Cuba, demonstrating a firm commitment to the preservation of cultural sites worldwide.
Beyond policy, Cuba has consistently supported the international community in efforts to protect cultural heritage during conflict. In 2015, Cuba contributed to the drafting of UN Resolution 2347, which condemned the destruction of cultural heritage in conflict zones and called for enhanced protection measures. This resolution recognized the importance of international cooperation in safeguarding cultural property, accentuating the role of the United Nations in ensuring the preservation of these irreplaceable sites. Cuba’s unwavering support for this resolution reflects the nation’s deep belief in the protection of cultural heritage as a shared global responsibility.
The protection of cultural heritage cannot be solely the responsibility of affected countries; it is a matter for the international community to address collectively. Cuba advocates for the strengthening of existing international frameworks, such as the UNESCO World Heritage Convention and the International Criminal Court’s stance on the protection of cultural property, to ensure that those who destroy or loot cultural artifacts in conflict zones are held accountable. Additionally, Cuba calls for greater investment in the training of peacekeepers and military personnel to safeguard cultural property during armed conflict, as well as the implementation of more resilient mechanisms to prevent the illegal trafficking of stolen cultural artifacts.
Humanity’s cultural heritage must not be allowed to be torn apart by conflict. The destruction of heritage sites and the looting of cultural artifacts is not just a wartime casualty; it is an irreparable loss that robs future generations of a connection to their past. Protecting these treasures must be prioritized through strengthened international cooperation, comprehensive policy frameworks, and the shared responsibility of all nations. The time to act is now.

Works Cited
Cuban Ministry of Culture. “National Cultural Heritage Program.” Cuban Ministry of Culture, 2021, http://www.cultura.gob.cu.
UNESCO. “1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict.” UNESCO, United Nations, 2023, https://en.unesco.org/themes/protecting-heritage.
United Nations Security Council. “Resolution 2347 (2017).” United Nations, 24 March 2017, https://www.un.org/press/en/2017/sc12809.doc.htm.
UNESCO. “The World Heritage Convention.” UNESCO, United Nations, 2023, https://whc.unesco.org/en/conventiontext/.
International Criminal Court. “Crimes Against Cultural Property.” International Criminal Court, 2022, https://www.icc-cpi.int.
UNESCO. “Protecting Cultural Property in Armed Conflict.” UNESCO, 2023, https://en.unesco.org/protecting-heritage-in-conflict.

Topic: 2025-Protecting Heritage Sites and Cultural Artifacts in Conflict Zones
Country: France
Delegate Name: Addie Woltil

The protection of cultural heritage and individualistic identities between regions and groups is of the utmost importance in a vastly changing global climate where entire cultures can be lost to the testament of time. Especially in areas of high conflict, civilians, although often not the intended target, find themselves in harm’s way by brutal attacks that sacrifice remnants of heritage and even lives. Protecting these remnants of ancestry through documentation, laws, and consequences for the harm of cultural identity is a way that we can quickly move forward toward a world where we can find respect for all cultural identities. France has witnessed countless acts of violence against nonviolent civilian groups that result in pain and suffering and the immeasurable loss of intangible cultural importance. We need to take proactive measures to ensure that now and in all future circumstances, we can protect, upkeep, and salvage the remnants of cultural ancestry and heritage.
France has been a center of trade, diversity, and culture since its early ages, and due to the vast amount of cross-cultural interaction that we facilitate and our role in the global network of trade and communication, we find it important to allow smaller cultural identities thrive under harsh circumstances through preservation and perseverance of individual heritage. France and the United Arab Emirates took the initiative after the Heritage in Danger: Conference of Abu Dhabi in 2016 and created ALIPH, the International Alliance for the Protection of Heritage. ALIPH aims to provide both immediate emergency relief and long-term solutions for the destruction of heritage zones and does so through on-the-ground work and connectivity programs and joint cooperation programs with fellow nations and private supporters to work out funding and initiatives to solve the issue.
France proposes the implementation of a system designed to protect and upkeep the history of cultural heritage and artifacts that are in the way of harm, particularly in war zones. This can be achieved through the establishment of an archive of individual cultures globally and consistent upkeep and updating of their history. This way, if they are destroyed in some way or another, a remnant of them can be preserved in world history. France supports the upkeep and advancement of the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict as UNESCO, which we were an original signatory on, and the 1999 Second Protocol convention. The update of this to adapt to changing new world developments, specifically in modern warfare and the threat of nuclear warfare, is ideal to support all nations and individual cultural identities within them. France suggests that we create an official group focused on the upkeep, revival, and assurance of individualistic cultural identities and the information and artifacts that are important to these groups, particularly in regions of conflict and areas where this vital history has already been lost. Creating or working with groups that are focused on this issue, such as The Blue Shield International or INTERPOL, can ensure that there are punishments for the perpetrators and recompensation to the civilian groups for the loss of items of oftentimes immeasurable value.

Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict with Regulations for the Execution of the Convention – UNESCO
Making the Convention more operational: 1999 Second Protocol – UNESCO
Blue Shield International Board Activities
Heritage in Danger: Conference of Abu Dhabi – Cultural Relations Platform
International Alliance for the Protection of Heritage Mission – ALIPH

Topic: 2025-Protecting Heritage Sites and Cultural Artifacts in Conflict Zones
Country: Nigeria
Delegate Name: Jayla Giebudowski

Topic: 2025-Protecting Heritage Sites and Cultural Artifacts in Conflict Zones
Country: Nigeria
Delegate Name: Jayla giebudowski

Nigeria’s rich cultural heritage, encompassing ancient artifacts and historic sites, stands as a testament to its diverse history and identity. However, these invaluable assets face significant threats, especially in regions plagued by conflict. Protecting heritage sites and cultural artifacts in such zones is imperative to preserve Nigeria’s legacy for future generations. In areas of unrest, cultural heritage sites often become unintended casualties or deliberate targets. The Sukur Cultural Landscape in Adamawa State, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, suffered attacks from insurgent groups, leading to extensive damage and loss of cultural patrimony. Additionally, the looting of artifacts, such as the Nok terracotta sculptures, has been rampant, with many pieces illegally excavated and trafficked internationally, stripping communities of their historical treasures. Nigeria must bolster its legal instruments to safeguard cultural heritage. This includes enforcing existing laws that prohibit unauthorized excavation and export of artifacts and ensuring stricter penalties for offenders. Collaborative efforts with international bodies can aid in tracking and repatriating stolen artifacts. Empowering local communities to take ownership of their heritage is crucial. Educational programs can raise awareness about the significance of cultural sites and the repercussions of looting.
Community-led surveillance and reporting mechanisms can serve as the first line of defense against illicit activities. The Nigerian armed forces should incorporate cultural heritage protection into their operational protocols. Training military personnel to recognize and respect heritage sites can prevent accidental damage during conflicts. Establishing dedicated units responsible for cultural property protection, as seen in other nations, could be beneficial. Engaging with UNESCO and other international organizations can provide Nigeria with technical expertise, funding, and advocacy platforms. Collaborative projects can facilitate the documentation and restoration of damaged sites and the development of risk-preparedness plans. Modern technologies, such as satellite imagery and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), can monitor the condition of heritage sites in conflict zones. These tools enable real-time tracking of changes and swift responses to potential threats. Preserving Nigeria’s cultural heritage in conflict zones is a multifaceted challenge that necessitates a comprehensive approach.
By strengthening legal frameworks, engaging communities, integrating protective measures into military operations, fostering international collaborations, and leveraging technology, Nigeria can safeguard its rich cultural legacy against the ravages of conflict.

Topic: 2025-Protecting Heritage Sites and Cultural Artifacts in Conflict Zones
Country: Slovenia
Delegate Name: Owen Baar

Committee: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
Country: Republic of Slovenia
School: Grand Haven High School
Author: Owen Baar
Topic B: Protecting Heritage sites and Cultural Artifacts in Conflict Zones
People have always had possessions that reflect their culture, and now, many exist that work as a window to the past. These artifacts are reminders of mistakes so as to not make them again, and connect people to their roots, while heritage sites provide majestic areas that reveal the rich culture of the area. These important cultural connections are extremely important because of this emotional value, which makes it important to provide protection for such artifacts or areas in conflict zones.
Almost immediately after World War II, the UN held the 1948 UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, and recognized that cultural persecution and the deconstruction of that people’s cultural centers or artifacts, was an attribute to genocide (“Protecting Cultural”). Soon afterward, a later conference was held that addressed destruction of cultural property directly, and was established as a war crime by the Rome Statute of International Crime Court, and later, in the early 2000s, smuggling and trafficking cultural artifacts became a crime (“Protecting Cultural”). Now that there are laws defending heritage sites and cultural items, it is important to establish ways to enforce this law in order to safeguard cultural possessions.
With the intent of protecting their cultural property, counties should implement their own laws and definitions to protect heritage sites and artifacts from destruction and trafficking. Another important part is to provide security forces to guard artifacts, preservation areas, and national sites. Such needs to be provided for countries actively suffering from inner turmoil or conflict with another nation to preserve those countries’ traditions and culture. This can be done by relocating artifacts to another storage area temporarily for increased security, or by stationing neutral forces at important cultural sites. Of course, both of these would require the consent of the country they would be helping.
Realizing that cultural artifacts and heritage sites are important connections to people’s culture, Slovenia has had many changes in its legal system to perfect its protection of cultural possessions, and has its own definition of heritage sites, as well as its own penalties for destroying or trafficking artifacts, with 3-8 years in prison depending on the importance of the item (“Legal Protection”). Slovenia also offers security-related volunteer jobs, as long as the person has a corresponding educational background, to provide experience and basic education of our culture (“Slovenia 4.2.2”). Furthermore, Slovenia hopes that other countries adopt similar strategies and believes international cooperation is necessary to prevent collateral damage in conflict zones.

Works Cited
“Legal Protection of the Tangible Cultural Heritage in Slovenia – Center for Art Law.” Center for Art Law – At the intersection of visual arts and the law, 14 June 2024, https://itsartlaw.org/2024/06/14/legal-protection-of-the-tangible-cultural-heritage-in-slovenia/#:~:text=The%20Constitution%20is%20the%20basis,in%20the%20Republic%20of%20Slovenia. Accessed 13 February 2025.
“Protecting Cultural Heritage.” Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect, https://www.globalr2p.org/cultural-heritage/. Accessed 14 February 2025.
“Slovenia 4.2.2.” Compendium of Cultural Policies & Trends, 11 August 2019, https://www.culturalpolicies.net/country_profile/slovenia-4-2-2/. Accessed 13 February 2025.

Topic: 2025-Protecting Heritage Sites and Cultural Artifacts in Conflict Zones
Country: Democratic Republic of the Congo
Delegate Name: Carter Baar

There have always been ‘rules’ for wars, certain things that are looked down upon, even when in the most dire of circumstances. These ‘rules’ remained unspoken but understood by all until they were shockingly broken in huge conflicts such as WW1 and WW2, this would lead to the Geneva convention where those unspoken ‘rules’ were finally spoken and agreed upon. These rules all fell under one key concept: prevent civilian losses. However, little protection was made for important cultural sites or artifacts.
The DRC supports preserving heritage sites, shown by their creation of a corps aimed at protecting the heritage sites that are inside their territory and support anti-poaching efforts (1). Congo also receives support for protecting and preserving these heritage sites through the UNESCO Biodiversity Conservation in regions of armed conflict committee as well as the Central African World Heritage Forest Initiative (CAWFHI). Without them, the DRC would not be able to improve or protect their heritage sites (1). Due to the DRC’s history of colonization, the DRC has worked with other countries such as Belgium in rebuilding the history and culture of the DRC by regaining relics that were stolen from Congo by Belgium colonizers and gathering information to rebuild the history of Congo and the many tribes that inhabit it.
The DRC will support many programs aimed to help preserve and protect heritage sites, as their developing economy is not yet strong enough to provide enough safeguards to properly protect these sites. This aid would be most helpful from UNESCO institutions like CAWFHI, which help in sustaining and repairing heritage sites, and some help from programs like the Biodiversity Conservation in regions of armed conflict committee to enforce rules that limit poaching and can protect the beauty within heritage sites like the Garamba and Salonga. The DRC is also strongly in favor of returning cultural artifacts that were stolen from colonizers back to the lands that they can from

Works Cited:
Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. “Natural World Heritage in the Congo Basin.” World Heritage Centre, 2025, whc.unesco.org/en/conservation-congo-basin/.
Zourli, Bettina. “Restitution of Historical Objects between DR-Congo and Belgium: Beyond Symbols, the Need for Lasting Cooperation.” Equal Times, 2023, www.equaltimes.org/restitution-of-historical-objects?lang=en.

Topic: 2025-Protecting Heritage Sites and Cultural Artifacts in Conflict Zones
Country: Brazil
Delegate Name: Brendon Sutton

The National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage (IPHAN), is a government agency tasked with protecting and preserving cultural heritage within Brazil. It oversees the preservation of historical and archaeological sites and objects, and it works to prevent the destruction of cultural artifacts due to development or urbanization. It also provides legal protections to key heritage sites. Brazil continues to contribute to the international community’s efforts to protect cultural heritage in conflict zones. While its national heritage is well-preserved under its current legal framework, Brazil’s role in global heritage protection involves supporting international conventions and organizations that aim to safeguard and recover cultural artifacts and sites affected by conflict.

Although Brazil is not typically considered a conflict zone, it plays a significant role in international efforts to safeguard heritage sites and cultural artifacts, especially in areas affected by armed conflict or political instability. Within Brazil, the government has long supported the protection of cultural heritage sites, including the restoration of historical buildings, the preservation of indigenous lands, and the protection of archaeological and natural sites. Many of these initiatives are connected to preserving Brazil’s heritage, which also has broader implications for international conservation efforts.

Topic: 2025-Protecting Heritage Sites and Cultural Artifacts in Conflict Zones
Country: Germany
Delegate Name: Alexander Stillman

Cultural heritage and artifacts are important parts of both individual culture and human history. Unfortunately, the deliberate destruction, looting, and trafficking of cultural artifacts undermine global cultural diversity and damage historical knowledge. Germany recognizes the urgent need to protect heritage sites and cultural artifacts in conflict zones and strongly advocates for reinforced international laws and proactive strategies to address this major issue.
Germany acknowledges that the destruction of cultural heritage in conflict zones is not merely collateral damage but often a targeted strategy aimed at erasing cultural identities and historical legacies. The 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict provides a legal framework for the protection of cultural property. However, Germany believes that additional measures must be taken in order to prevent heritage destruction and ensure post-conflict restoration.
As a signatory of the 1970 UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export, and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property, Germany enforces strict regulations on artifact trafficking. The nation also supports UNESCO’s Emergency Fund for Heritage Protection, which aids in the immediate preservation of cultural assets in crisis situations.
Germany remains steadfast in its commitment to multilateralism and diplomatic cooperation to protect cultural heritages in conflict zones. The delegation is prepared to work with all nations to draft and implement resolutions that reinforce cultural protection mechanisms. Germany wishes to work together with all countries to ensure the protection of these many valuable artifacts to guard the significant cultural heritage that they carry for many groups across the world and to allow future generations to appreciate their importance and cultural value.
Through these concerted efforts, Germany strives to uphold its role as a global leader in cultural preservation, advocating for robust legal, technological, and cooperative measures to protect the heritage of not just individual cultures, but also the important history these artifacts represent and teach to all of humanity.

Topic: 2025-Protecting Heritage Sites and Cultural Artifacts in Conflict Zones
Country: Mexico
Delegate Name: Brady Sievert

2025-Protecting Heritage Sites and Cultural Artifacts in Conflict Zones
Mexico
Brady Sievert

Protecting cultural heritage in conflict zones is a critical concern globally, however, specific information on Mexico isn’t really related to traditional conflict, larger strategies and international decisions offer guidance to possible solutions. As of 2025 Mexico Boasts 35 heritage sites within its borders, including town sites, archaeological sites, monuments, and works of art. However in the current climate as a country these sites may become collateral damage in the midst of gang violence plaguing our nation. Within our country cartels have created a monopoly on crime and corruption through their extensive influence. With over thirty-thousand people dead each year since 2018 according to the Council on Foreign Relation, as well as multiple heritage sites being closed from the public due to a mix of violent cartel activity, we as country must acknowledge that we have a systematic problem in need of solving to keep our heritage as a country safe for our future generations.
Mexico, in order to solve its rampant problem endangering the country’s national treasures, should protect its endangered heritage sites through stronger law enforcement presence against looting, increased funding for preservation of, community involvement in conservation, and collaboration with international organizations like UNESCO. Through practices aimed at maintaining historical sites like promoting sustainable tourism, and integrating heritage education, we can also safeguard these sites for future generations. Likewise, as aforementioned, education in regard to sites of importance is imperative to their survival so future generations don’t take their value for granted. By bringing light to the problem, we can foster public awareness and bring our own citizens to be more active in conservation efforts and take part in more responsible actions. This solution doesn’t stop at our country’s youth however. By informing our law enforcement on the problem facing our country we can reinforce the protection given to the historical landmarks that make our country our own.
These words might ring hollow when talking about unspecific places within our borders, but this topic has affected people personally in our country. Within the state of Chiapas, home to ancient mayan ruins like Yaxchilán, two ancient sites of ruins have been labeled as dangerous to traverse due to Cartel violence and land disputes between them. Among the risks of elevated gang activity near historical sites include; Illegal drug cultivation, construction near sites -often leading to degradation of historic structures, and Looting of artifacts and relics -which many cartels can use as an actual source of profit due to the immense value of what they may be stealing. These pilfered artifacts are able to be auctioned off on global black markets where they will likely never return to whence they came.
So as it stands, If nothing is done about our problem with the danger facing our historical monuments throughout our country. This is why it is imperative that we take decisive action now, through the enforcement of laws protecting artifacts and reimagination of our education policies, so that we have any trace of our history left over for our future generations.

Topic: 2025-Protecting Heritage Sites and Cultural Artifacts in Conflict Zones
Country: Brazil
Delegate Name: Brendon Sutton

The National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage (IPHAN), is a government agency tasked with protecting and preserving cultural heritage within Brazil. It oversees the preservation of historical and archaeological sites and objects, and it works to prevent the destruction of cultural artifacts due to development or urbanization. It also provides legal protections to key heritage sites. Brazil continues to contribute to the international community’s efforts to protect cultural heritage in conflict zones. While its national heritage is well-preserved under its current legal framework, Brazil’s role in global heritage protection involves supporting international conventions and organizations that aim to safeguard and recover cultural artifacts and sites affected by conflict.

Although Brazil is not typically considered a conflict zone, it plays a significant role in international efforts to safeguard heritage sites and cultural artifacts, especially in areas affected by armed conflict or political instability. Within Brazil, the government has long supported the protection of cultural heritage sites, including the restoration of historical buildings, the preservation of indigenous lands, and the protection of archaeological and natural sites. Many of these initiatives are connected to preserving Brazil’s heritage, which also has broader implications for international conservation efforts.

Topic: 2025-Protecting Heritage Sites and Cultural Artifacts in Conflict Zones
Country: Republic of Korea
Delegate Name: Zaitun Kirabo

As a duty not only to our individual cultural heritage but also our shared history, it is imperative the protection of heritage sites and cultural artifacts is taken into serious consideration. These sites, buildings, and items serve as a tangible connection to the remnants of our collective human history. And Korea, as a nation that has been subject to war and foreign occupation, understands the desire and need to protect cultural heritage from destruction and trafficking. South Korea in many ways is committed to the preservation of heritage sites and cultural artifacts and has worked for many years on multiple endeavors in this pursuit.

With multiple heritage sites and artifacts recognized on the World Heritage List, the Intangible Cultural Heritage List and the Memory of the World List, Korea has actively taken significant steps to protect its own heritage. But the work does not end there. The Republic of Korea is a firm believer in international cooperation and therefore contributes to UNESCO and other international organizations that work to protect and restore cultural heritage in war-torn regions, including Iraq, Syria, and Afghanistan. And in order to tackle the issue of the illicit trafficking of multiple stolen artifacts, Korea collaborates with organizations such as INTERPOL and UNESCO.

But this is not enough. The Republic of Korea urges the international community and UNESCO to consider and adopt stricter measures for the protection of cultural heritage in conflict zones. Armed conflicts such war and violent domestic disputes pose an immense risk to our shared history, whether through war-related destruction or the deliberate targeting of cultural landmarks by terrorist groups. Our stance is additionally reinforced by national trauma. The Korean War left in its wake the destruction of countless historical sites, artifacts, and buildings many of which remain lost forever. This experience only bolsters our stance on the protection of heritage sites and cultural artifacts in conflict zones. We propose the creation of a fund for the upkeep, restoration and preservation of heritage sites, that would be overseen by a committee of individuals from a range of countries, truly representative of our international community. Through these efforts alone can we truly safeguard the cultural legacies and the very fabric of our global tapestry that are threatened by conflict.

Topic: 2025-Protecting Heritage Sites and Cultural Artifacts in Conflict Zones
Country: Philippines
Delegate Name: Ben Stuart

Protecting sites of cultural significance has been an issue as long as there has been warfare.
When the Japanese invasion of the Philippines happened during World War 2 many cultural
heritage sites were destroyed. The historical city of Manilla was heavily damaged, many of its
historic churches and the University of Santo Tomas were heavily damaged. In World War 2 in
general there was a wide array of destruction from the national library of Serbia to the entire
town of Warsaw Poland. Each time a war is started, places of great cultural significance on each
side are lost. More recently radicalization of Islam has spread to south Asia and the Philippines,
this group ISIL is related to Al Qaeda in the middle east and has followed similar tactics. The
group has claimed at least 106 lives in unexpected terrorist attacks and carried out multiple
bombings. This poses a significant threat to cultural heritage sites in the Philippines because
similar groups have been known to specifically target cultural heritage sites for desecration.

The Philippines has always been a proponent of protecting cultural heritage sites during crises.
The Philippines in the past has signed onto two UNESCO policies regarding this topic. The
Philippines has partnered with UNESCO before such as in 2010 when it started teaching
indigenous culture in its schools to protect intangible cultural heritage. In 2022 the Philippines
recognized the threat that natural disasters posed to cultural heritage sites, they partnered with
UNESCO to update conservation guidelines and other measures were taken to build the sites’
overall defenses to natural disasters.

The Philippines has shown every willingness and excitement to work with UNESCO and looks
forward to working to further protect cultural heritage sights in the future. The Philippines
advocates for making the surrounding areas of cultural heritage sites sanctuary zones against
conflict. This would protect cultural heritage sites as well as greatly reduce civilian deaths. The
Philippines also increased UN funding for repairing and reconstructing cultural heritage sites
damaged in conflict zones and by natural disasters. If despite our efforts these sites are destroyed
then increased funding would help the communities around them rebuild faster.

Works Cited

DeepSeek. DeepSeek Research. Research about UNESCO topic’s relation to the Philippines.
2025. DeepSeek, DeepSeek, deepseek.com. Accessed 2025. Text.
“Islamic State In Iraq And the Levant In South-East Asia (ISIL-SEA, ISIL-South East Asia) |
Security Council.” the United Nations,
https://main.un.org/securitycouncil/en/content/islamic-state-iraq-and-levant-south-east-as
ia-isil-sea-isil-south-east-asia. Accessed 14 February 2025.
Microsoft. Bing AI. Research about how the Philippines relates to the UNESCO topic. 2025.
Bing, bing.com. Text.
“Protecting Heritage Sites and Cultural Artifacts in Conflict Zones.” GLICA, GLICA, 2025,
https://glica.org/simun/committees/. Accessed 2025.

Topic: 2025-Protecting Heritage Sites and Cultural Artifacts in Conflict Zones
Country: United States of America
Delegate Name: Diego Picazo Erb-Downward

The United States of America recognizes the importance of protecting cultural heritage and artifacts, particularly in conflict zones where these invaluable assets are at risk of destruction, looting, and illegal trafficking. The U.S. remains steadfast in its commitment to upholding international agreements such as the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict and its 1999 Protocol. Additionally, the United States supports and enforces measures outlined in United Nations Security Council Resolution 2347 (2017), which emphasizes the necessity of preventing the destruction of cultural property and prosecuting those who engage in its illicit trade.

Throughout history, the destruction of cultural heritage has been used as a weapon of war, erasing national identities and depriving future generations of their history. Modern conflicts, particularly in the Middle East and North Africa, have highlighted the vulnerability of heritage sites and cultural artifacts. The deliberate destruction of sites in Iraq, Syria, and Mali, along with the looting of museums and trafficking of antiquities, underscores the urgency of this issue. The United States has worked with UNESCO, INTERPOL, and other international bodies to curb these crimes and promote long-term preservation efforts.

The U.S. has taken a multi-pronged approach to addressing this issue. Legislative measures such as the Protect and Preserve International Cultural Property Act (2016) allow for stricter enforcement of laws preventing the illegal importation and sale of stolen cultural artifacts within U.S. borders. Through partnerships with institutions such as the Smithsonian Institution, the FBI’s Art Crime Team, and the Cultural Heritage Coordinating Committee, efforts to track and recover looted artifacts have been significantly strengthened. Military training programs conducted by the U.S. Department of Defense ensure that armed forces deployed in conflict zones recognize and respect cultural landmarks. Additionally, the U.S. provides funding for international preservation projects through grants and emergency response initiatives to protect endangered heritage sites.

The United States encourages the international community to adopt a proactive and sustainable approach to cultural heritage protection by strengthening international enforcement mechanisms, expanding INTERPOL’s authority, and enhancing international cooperation to dismantle illicit trafficking networks. Military awareness and training must be improved to ensure that all peacekeeping and military operations integrate cultural heritage protection into their strategic planning. Investment in digital preservation, using advanced technology such as 3D scanning and satellite imaging to document and reconstruct cultural heritage sites at risk, is crucial. Expanding legal and financial support by encouraging more nations to implement strict national laws aligned with international conventions and providing financial assistance to countries struggling to protect their cultural heritage during conflicts will further bolster these efforts. Community engagement and local capacity building should be prioritized, involving local communities in heritage protection efforts to foster a sense of ownership and responsibility over cultural landmarks.

The United States affirms its dedication to protecting cultural heritage and urges the international community to take coordinated and decisive action. By strengthening enforcement, enhancing education, and leveraging technology, UNESCO and its member states can ensure the survival of cultural heritage for future generations. The U.S. stands ready to work with allies, international organizations, and local communities to safeguard our shared human history and cultural legacy.

Topic: 2025-Protecting Heritage Sites and Cultural Artifacts in Conflict Zones
Country: South Africa
Delegate Name: Davis Mortenson

As the world sees itself increasingly divided along ethnic, economic, social and political lines, many replaceless heritage sites and cultural artifacts have found themselves in the crossfire of wars caused by this division. The destruction and looting of cultural heritage sites in conflict has escalated in rcent years, and armed conflicts have led to the inclusion of eight protected areas in sub-Saharan Africa on the List of World Heritage in Danger. South Africa recognizes that its diverse heritage is one of its most valuable national assets. The country’s policy on cultural heritage protection is based on the preservation of natural and cultural heritage sites, the protection of heritage sites for tourism and economic development, and the utilization of heritage sites for education and fostering national identity. South Africa has actively participated in international efforts ot protect cultural heritage, and is a signatory to the 1975 World Heritage Convention, and has successfully inscribed several sites on the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Because South Africa has been a victim of colonialism as well as conflict and opression along ethnic and cultural lines, it, more than many other countries, well understands the heavy responsibility and burden that protecting cultural artifacts and heritage sites brings, especially in times of conflict. So, South Africa wishes to encourage a multi faceted approach to ensure this protection. South Africa wishes to encourage enhanced international cooperation, and provide aid to international organizations that dedicate aid, resources and expertise to the protection of cultural heritage in conflict zones. Additionally, South Africa wishes to develop and implement training programs for local communities, security forces, and peacekeeprs on the importance and methods of protecting cultural heritage conference.

We also wish to encourage all UN member states to ratify and implement the various international conventions related to the protection of cultural property, such as the 1954 Hague Convention. South Africa also wishes to launch global awareness campaigns to highlight the importance of protecting cultural heritage, targeting both the general public and potential parties to conflict. By implementing these proposals, South Africa believes that UNESCO can significantly enhance the protection of heritage sites and cultural artifacts in conflict zones, preserving these invaluable assets for future generations.

Topic: 2025-Protecting Heritage Sites and Cultural Artifacts in Conflict Zones
Country: Panama
Delegate Name: Aidan Jaronik

Delegate: Aidan Jaronik New Prairie High School
Position Paper: Protecting Heritage Sites and Cultural Artifacts in Conflict Zones
Country: Panama
Committee: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
Topic: Protecting Heritage Sites and Cultural Artifacts in Conflict Zones
Introduction
Heritage sites and cultural artifacts are crucial to preserving history, identity, and traditions.
However, in conflict zones, these treasures face severe risks from destruction, looting, and illegal
trade. The loss of cultural heritage not only erases history but also harms affected communities.
This position paper outlines Panama’s concerns, policy stances, and proposed actions to
safeguard heritage sites and cultural artifacts, ensuring their protection during conflicts and
beyond.
Panama’s Perspective
Panama strongly advocates for the protection of heritage sites and cultural artifacts, recognizing
their importance to global history and identity. Panama is committed to preserving cultural
heritage and strengthening international efforts to prevent its destruction. Some key concerns
include:
● Irreversible Cultural Loss: The destruction of heritage sites leads to the permanent loss
of historical and cultural knowledge, impacting future generations.
● Illegal Trafficking of Artifacts: Conflicts often lead to increased looting and the illegal
sale of cultural artifacts, funding criminal networks and weakening national heritage.
● Violation of International Laws: The destruction of cultural property violates
international agreements and undermines global commitments to heritage preservation.
Panama’s Policy Positions
Panama supports a comprehensive approach to addressing the threats to cultural heritage in
conflict zones. Key policy positions include:

● Strengthening International Protections: Panama advocates for stronger enforcement
of UNESCO conventions and international treaties to ensure cultural heritage sites are
safeguarded during conflicts.
● Combating Illicit Trafficking: Panama seeks to enhance global efforts to track, recover,
and return stolen artifacts, working closely with law enforcement and cultural institutions
worldwide.
● Supporting Emergency Response Efforts: Panama is committed to providing financial
support to emergency interventions that protect and restore damaged heritage sites in
conflict zones.
● Encouraging Education and Awareness: Promoting awareness of cultural heritage
threats and promoting cooperation to prevent destruction and illicit trade.
● Enhancing Regional Cooperation: Panama believes that alliances are essential in
preventing cultural heritage loss, especially in Latin America, where shared history and
artifacts require collective protection.
Proposed Solutions
To effectively protect heritage sites and cultural artifacts, Panama proposes the following
solutions:
1. Stronger National Legislation: Panama may implement stricter penalties against the
illegal trade of cultural artifacts, reinforcing national protection measures.
2. International Collaboration: Panama will work closely with UNESCO, INTERPOL,
and other organizations to prevent the destruction and trafficking of cultural artifacts.
3. Improved Border and Customs Inspections: Strengthening border security to detect
and prevent the smuggling of stolen artifacts, utilizing advanced technology and
specialized personnel.
4. Public Awareness Campaigns: Launching campaigns to educate the public on the
importance of cultural heritage and the risks of illicit artifact trade.
5. Financial and Technical Support for Restoration: Assign resources to assist
post-conflict regions in restoring damaged heritage sites, ensuring preservation for the
future.
Conclusion
Panama is dedicated to preserving cultural heritage and ensuring the protection of historical sites
and artifacts in conflict zones. By reinforcing laws, enhancing global cooperation, and promoting
public awareness, Panama aims to safeguard these irreplaceable treasures. Panama seeks to be a
strong advocate for cultural preservation, ensuring that the history and identity of all nations
remain protected and accessible for generations to come.

Topic: 2025-Protecting Heritage Sites and Cultural Artifacts in Conflict Zones
Country: Ghana
Delegate Name: Priya Mahabir

Ghana’s artifacts and heritage sites are so important that they use all parts of their strong military to protect them from anyone trying to destroy or steal them. They use the army, air force, and military police to protect priceless artifacts. However, they have their cultural heritage spread out in Britain museums, London museums, and of course Ghana’s museums. Seven royal artifacts looted 150 years ago by British colonial forces from Ghana’s ancient Asante kingdom and kept by a United States museum have been returned. Ghana has targeted people who take or destroy their artifacts. However, they have never started a war over disrupted artifacts. Still, they have gone to the extent of advocating for the restoration of African cultural heritage through the permanent repatriation of looted artifacts. “Ghana’s cultural tapestry reflects the diversity and resilience of its people” (Nutsugah gbc ghana online).

The Restriction on Use of Military Uniforms and Equipment Act covered that they are not allowed to wear or use any military uniforms, equipment, or accouterments. Which states that they cannot wear camouflage clothing or anything resembling military dress in public. Even going down to the use of military-pattern uniforms by civilians; which, in Ghana is considered a violation of the law and can lead to legal consequences. Taking pictures of military personnel, vehicles, or strategic locations while on duty is also restricted in Ghana. If anyone in the military disobeys the law they can be subject to disciplinary action. However, military men in Ghana are still able to do the regular and necessary activities that keep their military strong.

The Hague Convention is a protection of cultural property in the event of armed conflict is an international treaty that protects cultural artifacts from destruction during armed conflict. It was the first international treaty to focus solely on cultural heritage protection. The significance of the damage to cultural property is damage to the cultural heritage of all humanity. The primary guidelines for protecting cultural property during armed conflict from any type of damage. They are trying to prevent all measures of destruction to their artifacts even if that means using violent conflicts to fend off others trying to hurt them. Preventing measures should include creative inventories, emergency plans, and educating the military on the importance of cultural heritage. The urgency of informing the military on cultural heritage can keep the communities identity alive. The destruction of cultural heritage is often used as a tactic of war to intimidate populations and destroy their link to the past. The destruction of cultural heritage can cause emotional and moral harm to a community. However, the domestic legislation should include the principles of the Hague Convention into its domestic law and establish legal mechanisms to enforce the protection of cultural property during conflict. The returning of the artifacts back to Ghana “signifies the return of our souls,” said Kwasi Ampene, a lecturer who helped negotiate their return.

Topic: 2025-Protecting Heritage Sites and Cultural Artifacts in Conflict Zones
Country: Haiti
Delegate Name: Ayden Fisher

Haiti is full of a vibrant culture that, after developing through centuries of slavery, expresses the heart of Haiti’s triumphs and struggles it has had to endure before and after its founding. These artifacts and pieces of culture are currently in danger. After gaining its independence on January 1st, 1804, Haiti has had a major portion of its population in poverty. As of 2024, Haiti has 36.4% of people in extreme poverty. Having to find money and shelter elsewhere, many join gangs in order to make any sort of a living. As these gangs increase their number, so do attacks and conflicts with other gangs start to arise. Historical sites now become targets for gangs and begin to meet unfortunate ends. One such site called the Haitian National Library was founded in 1939 and holds thousands of historical documents and archives. It was a meeting point for debates, political discussions, and poetic exchanges. The building was attacked by gangs on April 3rd, 2024, and then looted and ransacked. 200 years of documents were stolen and then presumably set on the Black Market to be sold for a profit. There are many more institutions that fell victim to these attacks such as École National Supérieure, Petit Seminaire Collège Saint Martial, and the École Nationale des Arts. The Bibliothèque Haïtienne des Frères de l’Instruction Chrétienne founded in 1912 has the largest by far collection of historical documents. Some of them being articles that span from as early as 1813 to 1900. These documents are at risk of meeting the same fate as the other four institutions that were attacked by gangs. Attacks on these institutions are detrimental to the remaining parts of history from Haiti’s early years of independence.
Given the severity these attacks set on the destruction of artifacts, Haiti exemplifies the need to protect the artifacts and cultural sites that may be in possible danger of future attacks. Haiti believes that artifacts are to be brought to secure warehouses or museums to be protected, and the Emergency Red List of Haitian Cultural Objects at Risk should be updated to catch any illegal selling and possession of artifacts. The destruction is unparalleled in the loss of heritage that has stood the test of time, and it is something that cannot be ignored

Topic: 2025-Protecting Heritage Sites and Cultural Artifacts in Conflict Zones
Country: Spain
Delegate Name: Riley Giebudowski

Protecting Heritage Sites and Cultural Artifacts in Conflict Zones in Spain
Spain has long recognized the profound significance of preserving cultural heritage, not only as a reflection of national identity but as a collective human inheritance. The destruction of cultural heritage in conflict zones is a tragedy that reverberates across time, erasing the legacies of past civilizations and robbing future generations of valuable knowledge. In this context, Spain remains deeply committed to safeguarding heritage sites and cultural artifacts in conflict zones, not only for the preservation of history but as a vital act of fostering peace and reconciliation. This paper outlines Spain’s position on protecting heritage in times of war and conflict, advocating for stronger international cooperation, legal frameworks, and the development of proactive measures to prevent and respond to such threats.
Spain itself has a rich and diverse cultural heritage shaped by centuries of history, including Roman, Moorish, Gothic, and Renaissance influences. From the Alhambra in Granada to the historic city centers of Seville and Toledo, Spain understands first-hand the cultural value embedded in physical spaces and artifacts. As a country with a strong tradition of protecting and promoting its own heritage, Spain is particularly sensitive to the plight of cultural heritage sites and artifacts in conflict zones worldwide. The loss of such heritage can contribute to the destabilization of societies and hinder their recovery and development after conflict.
Spain is a signatory to numerous international conventions and agreements that seek to protect cultural heritage during times of conflict. Notably, Spain is a party to the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, and its protocols. This agreement provides a clear framework for safeguarding cultural heritage in war zones and promotes the principles of preventing the illicit trafficking of cultural artifacts.
In addition, Spain supports the UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export, and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property (1970). Through these agreements, Spain underscores its commitment to ensuring that cultural heritage is protected both on national and international levels, reinforcing the importance of multilateral cooperation in preserving cultural sites and artifacts in conflict zones.
Spain has actively contributed to the establishment of legal protections for cultural heritage under international law. The government has advocated for stronger legal accountability for the destruction of heritage sites and the illegal trade in looted artifacts. Spain supports the inclusion of cultural heritage protection within the mandates of international peacekeeping missions, including those conducted by the United Nations and other regional organizations. Furthermore, Spain urges all nations to adopt and adhere to the principles set forth in the UN Security Council Resolution 2347 (2017), which explicitly condemns the deliberate destruction of cultural heritage in conflict and calls for the establishment of mechanisms to prevent the illicit trafficking of cultural property. As an advocate for justice and accountability, Spain has supported the establishment of international tribunals to prosecute individuals responsible for the destruction of cultural heritage, ensuring that the cultural crimes of war are not left unpunished.
While international legal frameworks and agreements are crucial, Spain also recognizes that more practical measures must be put in place to protect cultural heritage in conflict zones. As such, Spain emphasizes the importance of capacity building within affected countries, enabling local authorities, archaeologists, and museum professionals to protect heritage sites more effectively. In partnership with UNESCO and other international organizations, Spain has been involved in providing financial and technical support to countries facing the destruction of their heritage due to conflict. This support includes the establishment of emergency measures, such as digital documentation of artifacts, the creation of safe storage facilities for valuable items, and the training of personnel in crisis management and heritage protection. In particular, Spain has been involved in initiatives in the Middle East and North Africa, where the cultural heritage of countries like Syria, Iraq, and Libya has been endangered by conflict. Spain’s collaboration with international bodies ensures that heritage protection is incorporated into the broader efforts for post-conflict reconstruction, recovery, and reconciliation.
Spain is also an active participant in combating the illicit trade of cultural artifacts. This trade often flourishes in conflict zones, where the looting of cultural property fuels the financing of armed groups. Spain advocates for robust systems of tracking and repatriating looted artifacts, ensuring that stolen cultural property is returned to its rightful owners, whether individuals, institutions, or nations. Spain has also supported the creation of databases, such as INTERPOL’s Stolen Works of Art database, which helps authorities worldwide trace stolen cultural objects. Spain’s position is clear: it is essential to strengthen cooperation among nations, museums, auction houses, law enforcement, and the public to curb the illicit trade in cultural property. Through rigorous legal frameworks, intelligence sharing, and collaboration with international organizations, Spain strives to prevent the looting of heritage and to ensure that cultural artifacts are preserved for future generations.
In conclusion, Spain’s position on protecting heritage sites and cultural artifacts in conflict zones is grounded in a strong commitment to the principles of cultural preservation, international cooperation, and human dignity. Spain believes that safeguarding cultural heritage is not merely a matter of national pride but a vital component of global peace and stability. The destruction of cultural property not only erases the identity of a people but also exacerbates the humanitarian crisis of war. Through its active participation in international legal frameworks, support for capacity building in crisis management, and commitment to combating the illicit trade in cultural property, Spain continues to play a crucial role in the protection of cultural heritage in conflict zones. As the international community faces increasingly complex challenges, Spain will continue to advocate for stronger global partnerships and practical solutions to ensure the safeguarding of cultural heritage for the benefit of humanity.

Topic: 2025-Protecting Heritage Sites and Cultural Artifacts in Conflict Zones
Country: Argentina
Delegate Name: Lena Landau

Protecting Heritage Sites and Cultural Artifacts in Conflict Zones is an important part of the documentation of our world history. As past events have shown, armed conflicts often lead to the destruction of ancient monuments, religious sites and culturally important artifacts, leaving irreparable damage and erasing parts of history; leading to terrorist groups and criminal organizations trafficking stolen artifacts to fund their activities. Weak laws and the lack of enforcement of such contribute to problems mentioned above; making the illegal process of transferring stolen cultural artifacts an easy matter for all. But also Natural disasters and wars make it difficult to restore and protect cultural sites. With our diverse and rich culture and history, the Argentine Republic is dedicated to work on long term solutions to help protect heritage sites and cultural artifacts in conflict zones.

There are many important international resolution statements and conventions related to the topic of protecting heritage sites and cultural artifacts in conflict zones, including the UNESCO World Heritage Convention, the UNESCO 1970 Convention, the UN General Assembly Resolution (A/79/L.16) and the UN Security Council Resolution 2347 of 2017, which Argentina has signed and supported. Additionally, we ratified many national policies regarding the combat the Illicit Traffic of Cultural Goods (Decree 1166/2003), integrated the incorporation of the Federal Administration of Public Revenue into the Argentine Committee to strengthen efforts against the illicit trafficking of cultural goods (Decree 1073/2004), created a national register for archeological collections, objects, and offenders to enhance inventory and registry processes (Resolution 1134/2003) and included constitutional provisions; Article 41 of the Argentine Constitution mandates federal authorities to protect and preserve the cultural heritage. Furthermore, Argentina hosted the 15th General Assembly in Buenos Aires, 1986. In this assembly resolutions were adopted emphasizing the preservation of cultural and natural heritage and the need for professional training in museums. These actions reflect our commitment to safeguarding cultural heritage, both within its borders and in collaboration on an international level.

Argentina is committed to protecting global heritage and ensuring future generations can access their cultural history. We recognize the increasing danger and challenge of the protection of heritage sites and cultural artifacts in conflict zones and would like to contribute to stronger International Laws & Cooperation, as well as technology and awareness to safeguard cultural sites in conflict zones.

Topic: 2025-Protecting Heritage Sites and Cultural Artifacts in Conflict Zones
Country: China
Delegate Name: Xinyu Wang

Cultural heritage sites and artifacts are valuable pieces of history that tell the story of a nation’s past. Unfortunately, many of these sites are being destroyed due to wars, conflicts, and illegal trafficking. When heritage is lost, a part of a nation’s identity is lost with it. As a country with thousands of years of history and world-famous heritage sites such as the Great Wall and the Forbidden City, China strongly supports the protection of cultural heritage in conflict zones.
China fully supports the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in Armed Conflict and its Second Protocol (1999), which aim to prevent the destruction of cultural heritage during war. China also supports UN Security Council Resolution 2347 (2017), which condemns attacks on cultural heritage and calls for stronger international cooperation to protect it.
To address this issue, China believes that stronger laws and enforcement are needed to stop the illegal trade of stolen cultural artifacts. Many artifacts looted from war zones are sold on the black market, funding criminal organizations and armed groups. China calls for stricter international laws and increased cooperation between countries, UNESCO, INTERPOL, and UNODC to track and return stolen artifacts.
China also proposes the use of technology in protecting heritage sites. 3D scanning and digital archiving can help document at-risk sites, ensuring that even if they are damaged, their history is preserved. Additionally, the use of early-warning systems and satellite monitoring can help detect threats to heritage sites before they are destroyed.
Finally, China believes in post-conflict restoration efforts. After a war, it is important to help rebuild damaged cultural sites and return stolen artifacts to their rightful places. China is willing to share its expertise in cultural restoration and work with UNESCO to help rebuild heritage sites in conflict-affected countries.
China stands firm in its commitment to protecting the world’s cultural heritage. By strengthening international laws, using advanced technology, and supporting restoration efforts, we can ensure that future generations continue to learn from and appreciate the history and culture of all nations.

Topic: 2025-Protecting Heritage Sites and Cultural Artifacts in Conflict Zones
Country: Japan
Delegate Name: Safiya Mahmood

Japan has long recognized the importance of protecting its cultural heritage, particularly in times of conflict. Throughout its history, Japan’s cultural treasures have been threatened, most notably during World War II, when many significant sites and artifacts were damaged or destroyed due to bombings. This loss underscored the need for stronger protections for cultural property, leading Japan to become one of the first nations to ratify the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict. The convention, along with its 1999 protocol, established essential legal frameworks to safeguard cultural property during armed conflict, ensuring that cultural sites and artifacts would be preserved even in the midst of war. Japan has been an advocate for these efforts and has continued to support international initiatives focused on the protection of cultural heritage. As the global community witnessed significant destruction of cultural sites during the conflicts in Iraq and Syria, Japan strengthened its commitment to preserving cultural property. This included supporting United Nations Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 2347 in 2017, which condemned the targeting of cultural heritage in conflict zones, particularly in the Middle East. Japan has also worked to prevent the looting and trafficking of cultural artifacts by supporting international cooperation and law enforcement efforts. With ongoing threats, both intentional and collateral, to cultural heritage worldwide, Japan continues to advocate for global action to prevent further destruction and loss.
Japan has been a strong advocate for protecting cultural heritage and has actively participated in international efforts to prevent its destruction. As mentioned before, Japan was one of the first countries to sign the Hague Convention and its protocols, underscoring its commitment to safeguarding cultural property in times of conflict. Japan has not only supported legal frameworks but has also financially contributed to initiatives aimed at protecting cultural heritage, including funding for the restoration of historical sites and supporting educational programs that promote awareness of cultural preservation. Japan’s support for UNSC Resolution 2347 in 2017 exemplifies its role in motivating global action against the deliberate destruction of cultural heritage. Japan has also contributed to the restoration of important cultural sites, such as providing funding for the restoration of the Bamiyan Buddhas in Afghanistan, which had been destroyed by the Taliban in 2001. This project reflects Japan’s long-standing commitment to both immediate relief and long-term preservation of cultural heritage. Japan has also taken steps to combat the illicit trade of cultural artifacts, working closely with international law enforcement agencies to strengthen border controls and improve tracking systems for stolen objects.
Japan urges the international community to take further steps to protect cultural heritage sites and artifacts in conflict zones. Japan proposes the strengthening of legal frameworks and the enforcement of international agreements like the Hague Convention, ensuring that cultural property is adequately protected during armed conflict. Additionally, Japan calls for enhanced international cooperation, particularly between UNESCO, the UN, and other global bodies, to provide technical and financial support to countries affected by conflict, especially in efforts to prevent the looting and trafficking of cultural artifacts. Japan also advocates for the creation of an emergency fund managed by UNESCO to provide immediate relief for cultural sites affected by conflict, enabling prompt restoration and protection of heritage sites. Finally, Japan recognizes the importance of public awareness campaigns to foster global support for cultural preservation, emphasizing the need for education on the significance of cultural heritage and responsible handling of artifacts. Through these efforts, Japan aims to strengthen the global response to the protection of cultural heritage in conflict zones and ensure its preservation for future generations.

Topic: 2025-Protecting Heritage Sites and Cultural Artifacts in Conflict Zones
Country: Denmark
Delegate Name: Chloe Lee

Denmark values the protection of Heritage Sites and Cultural Artifacts, as these objects and sites are integral to the country’s origins and culture and traditions. Things such as architecture, jewelry, coins, and jars are representative of a country’s history and tell a story about the country’s original traditions, past geographical state, people, government, and more. However, with conflict zones for wars being located on these ancient sites, these artifacts are in grave danger for stealing and damage from impact such as war weapons and physical activity. Heritage sites and cultural artifacts are at a high risk of being destroyed during events of conflict, creating the issue of undiscovered aspects of our history and evolution being wiped away in obscurity. Protecting heritage sites and cultural artifacts is an important topic that must be discussed and taken into care.
Denmark has taken measures to protect heritage sites and cultural artifacts, implementing acts such as Act N. 331, Act N. 332, Act N. 480, and Executive Order N. 826. Act N. 331 details upon protecting cultural resources in Denmark, with cultural property made before 1660, worth more than 100,000 kroner, and is more than 100 years old being subjected to export control and heavy supervision. Act N. 332 protects cultural assets in Denmark, with special licenses being required in order to export these artifacts. This prevents possible looters from trying to export stolen artifacts to places such as the Faroe Island and Greenland, which prohibits exports of cultural artifacts without the special license. Act N. 480 illustrates the protection and preservation of buildings, while Executive Order N. 826 values the protection of historic buildings. With these laws, Denmark has set strict regulations on protecting the country’s heritage and history.
With the rising issue of conflict zones being located on heritage sites and the risks of cultural artifacts being stolen or destroyed in these zones, it is important that an initiative is taken in order to protect our history and cultural origins. With stricter laws on conflict zone locations and the use of heritage sites, organizations to protect these sites and artifacts and to educate people, organizations to relocate conflict zones, and the implementation of security sites to monitor heritage sites, we can ensure the protection of our history and cultural roots.

Topic: 2025-Protecting Heritage Sites and Cultural Artifacts in Conflict Zones
Country: Bangladesh
Delegate Name: Madison Curtis

Protecting Heritage Sites and Cultural Artifacts in Conflict Zones in Bangladesh
Bangladesh is a country with a rich and diverse cultural heritage, characterized by a deep history and an array of art, architecture, and traditions. From ancient Buddhist sites to colonial-era buildings, the cultural landmarks of Bangladesh tell the story of its people and its evolution over centuries. These sites and artifacts are not only important to the country but also to the broader global community. However, in conflict zones, these irreplaceable treasures are increasingly at risk. Armed conflict, looting, and a lack of resources for preservation pose serious threats to the survival of Bangladesh’s heritage. Protecting these cultural assets is not just a matter of national pride, but a moral and global responsibility that requires urgent action.
Heritage sites and cultural artifacts play an essential role in shaping the identity and pride of any nation. For Bangladesh, landmarks like the ruins of Mahasthangarh, the Ahsan Manzil, and the Bagerhat mosque complex are more than mere tourist attractions. These sites embody the country’s historical, spiritual, and architectural legacy. They tell the story of Bangladesh’s past, linking generations and offering a sense of continuity. Preserving these sites is crucial for fostering a strong national identity and ensuring that future generations understand and appreciate their shared heritage.
Additionally, cultural artifacts like sculptures, manuscripts, and ancient inscriptions offer invaluable insights into the history of Bangladesh and the broader South Asian region. These objects are important not just for Bangladeshis but for the global understanding of ancient civilizations, religions, and the development of art and culture. Through these artifacts, scholars and historians can learn about the early civilizations of the Bengal region and their influence on the larger world.
Moreover, the tourism industry in Bangladesh heavily relies on its heritage sites. Locations like the UNESCO World Heritage-listed Sundarbans and Bagerhat draw both international and domestic tourists, contributing to the local and national economy. Without these sites, the tourism sector, which supports thousands of jobs, would be severely impacted. Conflict that damages or destroys these places not only erodes a country’s cultural fabric but also harms its economy by cutting off a key source of revenue.
Finally, heritage sites are part of the global cultural landscape. When cultural landmarks are lost in conflict, it is a loss for all humanity. Sites such as the Buddhist and Hindu temples and monuments in Bangladesh are not just the property of the nation but are part of our shared human history. The destruction of such cultural assets diminishes the richness of human civilization and must be prevented at all costs.
Despite the importance of these sites and artifacts, Bangladesh faces significant challenges when it comes to their protection, particularly in conflict zones. Armed conflicts, whether between state and non-state actors or between different ethnic or political groups, often lead to the destruction of heritage sites. Conflict can turn historical landmarks into military targets, with armed groups using these sites as strongholds or fortifications. When these sites become part of military strategy, the physical damage they sustain can be irreversible.
Another significant threat to Bangladesh’s cultural heritage comes from looting and the illicit trade of artifacts. In the chaos of conflict, cultural treasures are often plundered and sold on the black market. These artifacts, which hold historical and cultural value, are lost to the world, and the profit-driven theft of these items often results in the destruction of the context in which they were found. Without proper documentation or recovery, these artifacts may never be returned to Bangladesh, depriving the country of its cultural legacy.
Bangladesh also faces a lack of resources and infrastructure to protect its heritage effectively. Many of the country’s heritage sites are located in remote or rural areas, where resources for preservation are limited. Local communities may not have the training or financial means to protect these sites, and in some cases, local governments may lack the capacity to monitor and secure heritage sites. This lack of infrastructure, coupled with the challenges posed by conflict, makes it difficult to ensure the safety of Bangladesh’s cultural heritage.
Additionally, the increasing threats posed by natural disasters such as floods and cyclones compound the risk to heritage sites in the country. Although natural disasters are not directly linked to conflict, they often exacerbate the vulnerability of cultural landmarks, especially when they are poorly maintained or neglected. In a country like Bangladesh, where natural disasters are frequent, the preservation of heritage sites requires both conflict mitigation and proactive disaster management strategies.To protect the cultural heritage of Bangladesh, particularly in conflict zones, several strategies must be implemented at the national and international levels.
Bangladesh needs to develop and enforce stronger legal protections for cultural heritage, especially during times of conflict. By adopting and adhering to international conventions such as the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, Bangladesh can ensure that its heritage sites are legally protected both within its borders and internationally. National laws should also define cultural heritage clearly and establish strict penalties for those found guilty of damaging, looting, or trafficking in cultural artifacts.
Protecting heritage sites in conflict zones requires international cooperation. Bangladesh must strengthen its partnerships with global organizations such as UNESCO, INTERPOL, and other cultural preservation groups. These collaborations can help monitor at-risk sites, train local personnel, and create frameworks for international assistance during crises. Moreover, these organizations can help ensure that looted artifacts are tracked and recovered through global networks.
Technological tools can be crucial in monitoring the condition of heritage sites, especially in conflict zones. Satellite imagery, drones, and other remote sensing technologies can help track changes to heritage sites and detect damage or destruction. Furthermore, digital preservation efforts, such as 3D scanning of artifacts and monuments, can help create virtual replicas of cultural treasures. These digital records are vital for recovery and documentation if objects are looted or destroyed. This technology can also allow the public and scholars to virtually access and appreciate cultural heritage sites even in times of crisis.
Local communities must be engaged in the protection of their cultural heritage. Public awareness campaigns and educational programs can help citizens understand the value of preserving heritage and the consequences of its destruction. Involving local people in preservation efforts not only helps protect heritage but also strengthens their sense of ownership and pride in their culture. Training programs can equip local communities with the knowledge to monitor and protect their heritage sites, making them active participants in cultural preservation.
In times of conflict, rapid response teams should be created to protect cultural heritage sites. These teams can be tasked with safeguarding and evacuating artifacts, securing vulnerable locations, and working with international organizations to ensure the sites are protected. Furthermore, creating “safe havens” for important artifacts—secure locations where valuable items can be moved to safety during times of conflict—can prevent irreversible damage.
Ultimately, the best way to protect heritage sites is by addressing the root causes of conflict. Efforts to promote peace, stability, and conflict resolution are essential in preventing the destruction of cultural assets. A stable and peaceful environment allows for the effective implementation of heritage protection strategies and the long-term preservation of cultural treasures.
Protecting heritage sites and cultural artifacts in conflict zones is a responsibility that extends beyond national borders. Bangladesh, with its rich history and cultural treasures, must prioritize the preservation of these irreplaceable assets. By strengthening legal frameworks, leveraging international support, using technology for monitoring and preservation, engaging communities, and establishing emergency response mechanisms, Bangladesh can protect its cultural heritage from the devastating effects of conflict. Ultimately, ensuring the protection of heritage is not only about preserving the past but also about securing a shared cultural legacy for future generations.

Position papers for SIMUN 2025 will appear above this line, with the newest being at the top.