Privacy of Personal Genetic Information

Topic: Privacy of Personal Genetic Information
Country: Afghanistan
Delegate Name: Georgia Bayerl
School: Williamston High School

Since 2003 and the completion of the Genome Project many questions have arisen around the world on the legal and moral intricacies of genetic information and access to it. Although genetic information can provide incredible aid in medical studies and advancements, privacy must be taken into consideration when discussing how it should be released.

Genetic information could be of great use in the science community, however the ethics of the release policies for genetic information must be taken into account. On a world scale Afghanistan opposes the free release of genetic information. For any country to have access to the personal information of an Afghani is not an option. However, Afghanistan does support the right for central governments of countries to use its civilian’s genetic information in matters of the nation’s security, for example in criminal cases.

While Afghanistan is not in the forefront of genetic testing, our government does recognize the invaluable benefits of this information in medical, criminal and immigrant uses. Genetic information is currently used in Afghanistan to prove the validity of a person claim to family ties within our borders, as well as in criminal trials. Government’s access to this information is something that Afghanistan wholly supports in all countries. However a worldwide database and world access to this information is an infringement on the ethical rights to privacy of Afghanistan and its people. Genetic information should be kept strictly by the government of the country in which the person is a civilian and the medical community within that country, unless a person willingly gives up their genetic information to a study. A worldwide database or open access to the information will not be supported by Afghanistan, for we believe it will lead to genetic discrimination against many people around the world and within our country.

Topic: Privacy of Personal Genetic Information
Country: Belarus
Delegate Name: Nik Thorsrud
School: Mattawan High School

The topic of a human genome and genetic engineering has gained in controversy over the last few years. Genetic mapping has potential to revolutionize the field of medicine as we know it. It can enable doctors to be privy to genetic conditions that an individual may be pre-disposed to. It can be invaluable in the field of forensic science. However, there is a counter side. Often times, the largest question is “who has access to my data?” There gets to be a point where ethics are called into question and genetic discrimination becomes more of a possibility.

In the Ukrainian constitution, Article 23, it prohibits the “collection of personal data without consent of the data subject, and provides the right to know about data collection.” While not against the mapping of the human genome, Ukraine believes that the information gained falls under the “private data” category and should not be disclosed to any party without the consent of the subject. On June 1, 2010, Ukraine adopted a bill regarding regulatory private information processing within the country. It states that any processing of information must be registered with the “State Register of the Personal Data Databases.” In addition to that, Ukraine’s parliament adopted the Council of Europe’s Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data on July 6, 2010.

Ukraine believes that personal and genetic data should remain personal, and any processing must be requested, except in extenuating circumstances, such as those involving national security, economic security, etc. Ukraine looks forward to resolving this ethics problem and hopes to keep personal information, for the most part, personal.

Topic: Privacy of Personal Genetic Information
Country: Bosnia and Herzegovina
Delegate Name: Alexandra Plichta
School: Mattawan High School

It is apparent that progress in genetic studies causes much controversy throughout the world; human rights violations stem from the distribution of private genetic information to certain groups. Bosnia strongly feels that personal privacy is of the utmost importance. Intricate laws restrict who can gain access to one's personal information, including health records, and for what purposes. For example, one must give someone unambiguous permission to use the information. The person obtaining the information must have a legally legitimate reason to use the information. The provider of the information can implore the information from the holder of it. The provider can, also, request that the information be deleted if it is false or outdated.

Because data is so private, employers should not be able to choose whom to hire based on one's health records, especially when one's health rarely pertains to the ability to perform tasks. Similarly, doctors, while they should be allowed to screen people for genes that lead towards aggressive behavior if the patient in question asks for it, they should not be able to prosecute the person for having such genetic traits. Also, doctors should be allowed to send information to third-party pharmaceutical companies, under the assumption that patients give commendation for them to do so. International crime courts should not intercede on the handling of such privacy violations. Violations should be handled by the specific country in question because international crime courts typically do not address cases between individuals or special interest groups. Above all, Bosnia believes that the sacred information that belongs to individuals should be respected and used by others in ways that the individual in question approves of.

Topic: Privacy of Personal Genetic Information
Country: Brazil
Delegate Name: Emma Holcomb
School: Royal Oak High School

The privacy of an individual is recognized by the Brazilian constitution. New technology and the complete sequencing of the human genome pose a new question: Where does personal genetic information fall under privacy guarantees? Personal genetic information can be used in a variety of ways, both beneficial and detrimental to the inherent possessor of the genetic information. It can be used to diagnose genetic disorders and determine the risks of developing certain conditions. The genetic information of many individuals can be used to study the trends and presence of disease and disease risks. The genetic information of many individuals in a family can help to determine the prevalence of a condition in that family. However, personal genetic information can also be used as a tool for discrimination. Although many of Brazil’s citizens do not yet have access to genetic technologies, Brazil recognizes that this is a very real issue for all nations, whether it is one that they are dealing with now or that they will encounter in the future.

It has been established by the United Nations in the Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights that an individual’s genetic code cannot be used to discriminate against him or her. However, discrimination is still a very real issue. Should anyone be required to freely give their genetic information to another individual or organization? Due to the discrimination in education, employment, or insurance that could occur because of an individual’s genetic information, Brazil believes that all people should be guaranteed privacy to their own genetic information.

Can an individual’s genetic information be used without their consent in any situation, including studies that are for the public’s benefit, even if there is no way of contacting the individual? I s it acceptable for someone’s family member to use their genetic information for their own benefit, such as assessing disease risk, without gaining permission from them? These questions should be considered before any resolution is passed.

Brazil recognizes an individual’s right to privacy, but also forbids anonymity. Therefore, a company or organization using “anonymous” genetic information would not be acceptable. Brazil hopes to see a resolution passed where all genetic information used in a study would have to be identified and the permission of the individual to use it gained. A good resolution would consider the benefits that someone’s family member could receive from their genetic information. A resolution should also reinforce the idea that all discrimination, including that based on genetic information, will not be tolerated.

Brazil looks forward to a productive conference that will finally establish the privacy that one has to one’s genetic information. Brazil is confident that every delegate present can come to a conclusion under which nondiscriminatory ideas and the rights of individuals will be stressed. This can be achieved by the cooperation of all nations on this important issue.

Topic: Privacy of Personal Genetic Information
Country: China
Delegate Name: Breanon Glover
School: Forest Hills Central High School

The completion of the human genome project in 2003 has caused the world to take notice of the sharing of genetic information. With this sensitive issue China feels that there are precautions that need to be taken, but that the sharing and privacy of genetic information is vital. China has taken great steps into improving the system in which genetic information is processed. China has created a system with extensive checks and balances, which could help build a new system for the United Nations if deemed necessary.

China has been involved with many of the programs that have researched genetics, the HAPMAP, is just one of the many project that Chinese researcher are part of. The knowledge gained for this research has the potential to save lives and help improve the medical field. The information about the project is available to all.

China believes that the government has the right to the knowledge of genetic information; China has an extensive system to insure privacy of information of genetic specimens, China’s specimen sharing policy was created and approved in December of 2004. If specimens contain genetic content, then the researcher must first apply to the genetic resource administration of China, (from know on referred to as HGRAC). Then theses experts are subjects to the “interim Measure for the Administration of Genetic Resources”, promulgated by the State Council. In the case of international collaborative projects, the Chinese partner of the project must apply to the HGRAC, principal criteria in determining whether to approve the export is then determined by the HGRAC. Significant paper work is involved in documenting compliance with these criteria. Export of human genetic material without permission can be punished by confiscation of the material and a fine. The agent can be held legally responsible; reviewing official at HGRAC can also be punished for violating confidentiality. Privacy is the biggest issue with projects and must be insured by the HGRAC before any project can move on.

Overall China would like to ensure the nations national sovereignty stays in tact, that genetic research is expanded and that regulations are written so selective and discriminatory purposes for genetic information is punished. China believes that the Model United Nation must look in-depth at the 1997 Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights and determine some legal actions.

Topic: Privacy of Personal Genetic Information
Country: Colombia
Delegate Name: Miles Grofsorean
School: Ann Arbor Community High School

Individual privacy has become a concern in the governments of democratic nations as well as the United Nations. However, a new form of privacy has risen: genetic privacy. People in various nations are being discriminated against based on the information derived from genetic tests. For example, there are certain companies will not hire applicants with genetic deformities or disabilities. Insurance companies have also been accused for imposing higher rates on those with genetic deformities. Additionally, both employers and insurance companies have been caught demanding genetic tests from applicants as part of the admittance process.

The country of Columbia is deeply concerned with these issues. As a country struggling down the road to improvement, she requires a large amount of foreign aid, protection and employment. With these new issues including genetics, the speed and thoroughness required will not be met. The people of Columbia cannot afford to be subjugated to genetic tests. There are far too many road blocks that inhibit Columbia's improvement process, and adding genetic standards will only further complicate the situation.

If the United Nations wish to fulfill their duty to the world as the universal source of help, they ought to disband these genetic requirements and willingly offer the aid, protection and employment to developing Columbia. Columbia desperately needs the cooperation of the United Nations, and setting a standard for low to zero genetic requirement will help Columbia and it's allies greatly.

Topic: Privacy of Personal Genetic Information
Country: Cuba
Delegate Name: Dylan Davids
School: Royal Oak High School

The advancement of technology has created a plethora of problems that have the capacity to harm the safety and security of the world’s people. One of the looming threats stems from the potential insight that can be gained from studying a person’s genes, and applying them to various purposes.

The Republic of Cuba is concerned about how a person’s individual genetic information could be potentially exploited by corporations for profit-driven motives. Any resolution passed by this committee must ensure the protection of individuals from these large, corporate entities who could use genetic information to further subject individuals against what is truly best for their well-being. If a pharmaceutical company is able to determine that someone is at risk for disease and then uses that information to charge more for drugs that will protect them, then the rights of that person have been violated. This kind of exploitation demonstrates the failures of capitalistic societies to protect their peoples from the evils of profit.

However, genetic information has great potential to be a powerful tool when utilized correctly, with no intent of monetary profit. A pact between an individual and their government regarding personal genetic information can be fruitful for both parties. A government can use its resources to help a person find their ideal position in society, knowing what the strengths and weaknesses of the person. If a person is predisposed towards a specific illness, a government can ensure that they are not exposed to conditions that will raise the risk for that illness. Without the taint of money, shared genetic information is a great boon for nations.

Cuba realizes that a fine line exists between the exploitation of genetic information and the use of that information for benefit of the individual. This is why Cuba would like to a resolution that recognizes that there are malevolent forces wishing to use information, as well as benevolent ones. Cuba hopes that the committee can come to a conclusion that places the people first, and not corporations.

Topic: Privacy of Personal Genetic Information
Country: Denmark
Delegate Name: Emma Cucci
School: Mattawan High School

The Kingdom of Denmark is and has been stable in the medical field since the 1970s. Its universal healthcare system, funded by the citizens of Denmark’s tax dollars, makes it possible for each Dane to have a doctor and be able to visit him or her free of charge. Each Dane also enjoys the luxuries of online record keeping; 98% of people can view their family’s medical history on the internet- including prescriptions, visit history, medical records, test results, and appointment reminders. In addition, almost all of the Danish doctors communicate with their patients via the internet. The Kingdom of Denmark’s people are absolutely satisfied with this current system. Ever since 2004 when this system was introduced, the medical field has been satisfactory to all.

With that being said, the issue on exactly how private these medical records are now arises. Although in Denmark we make all records accessible to whomever needs them via internet, a username and password is vital to obtain such documents. This is a private matter that is not shared with anyone else; however, the Kingdom of Denmark does feel that in order to raise awareness about several diseases or conditions around the world, the government should have access to everyone’s medical records. With healthcare being universal already, it is not preposterous to propose such a venture. This, however, is the only reason that such documents can be obtainable by the government. If Denmark, and ultimately the world, knows about arising diseases and other such problems, numerous medical systems can strive to train the proper doctors and researchers that would be beneficial to the cause of finding cures and treating patients.

Topic: Privacy of Personal Genetic Information
Country: Egypt
Delegate Name: Griffin Dennis
School: Roeper School

The ethical grey area surrounding the intersection of law and genetics is a vast one, with new issues cropping up with every passing year. In the ten short years since the first sequencing of a human’s genome, many “what ifs?” have been brought up for debate. While we have not yet perfected a system of determining predisposition to disease from genetic information, there is much concern about providers of healthcare not covering or treating certain patients on the basis of such tests.

Here we encounter the single biggest catch-22 in the area of genetic medicine: tests to determine predisposition to disease and genetic disorder have the potential to be massively helpful in the early detection and prevention of disease, but this can also expose the most afflicted to preemptive and unfair denials of service on the part of health care providers in many countries. This is why the Nation of Egypt feels that the ability to protect personal genetic information should fall under the category of a basic right. Much like government issued identification numbers; parties that do not need to be in possession of genetic information should not be allowed to see it. Parsed and unparsed genetic information should exist in the strictest confidence between a patient and their doctor.

Of course, Egypt recognizes that all countries have differing health care systems, but the message to the world in this case should apply everywhere: that governments and non-vital parties should have no right to encroach on the very code of one’s existence. Egypt is willing to work with all nations to define and develop guidelines that will better clarify this difficult area.

Topic: Privacy of Personal Genetic Information
Country: France
Delegate Name: Aaron Pollack
School: Saline High School

With the completion of the Human Genome Project, it is now possible to map an entire human genome. Genetic information of humans has now become more readily available, and more easily processed. France believes that the United Nations should pass resolutions the protect one's private genetic information.

We the French Republic believe that the protection of personal information is of the highest importance. Specifically, information relating to one's health or personal life (including genetic information). We believe that this information should be kept private and should only be gathered, processed, or released in the full knowledge of the data subject and for legitimate reason or legal obligation only. We believe that processors of genetic information, and those that have access to it (i.e. doctors etc.) should be required to keep genetic information confidential, accept when he or she is legally obligated to disclose it, or at the express permission of the data subject, or for the data subject's own good. France further believes that the party controlling the processing of genetic information should be liable for any damage resulting from illegal disclosure or processing of said data. We further believe that the data subject should have the right to refuse the gathering, processing, and/ or disclosure of personal genetic information. the data subject should also have the right to access the information relating to the processing of his or her genetic information. Finally, France believes that appropriate safeguards should be put in place to maintain the secrecy and confidentiality of private genetic information.

Topic: Privacy of Personal Genetic Information
Country: Gabon
Delegate Name: Julia Kortberg
School: Ann Arbor Community High School

One primary concern among African countries is the spread of the HIV/AIDS virus. Although, we the Gabonese Republic are a third word nation, we are one of the wealthier, more informed nations of Africa who are dealing with the disease. It is important that the citizens of the Gabonese Republic understand the disease, its causes, and how to prevent it from further spreading.

The constitution of Gabon states that no one shall be discriminated against because of gender, beliefs, education etc. We believe that every citizen of the Gabonese Republic to be equal. We do not discriminate against people infected with the HIV/Aids virus. In order to prevent discrimination, we allow each person to have the right to privacy regarding genetic information.

It is important for the citizens of our nation to feel respected and safe. We do not risk the opportunity for public access to their genetic information in order to prevent them from being discriminated against. It is unacceptable to penalize those suffering from the HIV/Aids virus for a condition they are living with. One of our goals is to ensure that each and every one of our citizens feels they have access to the same opportunities.

We acknowledge that HIV/Aids is a huge problem in Africa; however we are working on spreading information about the disease and eradicating the negative stigma attached to it. Privacy of genetic information is protected under the constitution of Gabon and we are determined to uphold our constitution to the fullest extent.

Topic: Privacy of Personal Genetic Information
Country: Germany
Delegate Name: Raymond Welch
School: Saginaw Arts and Sciences Academy

Genetic information has become a point of contention in international legal affairs. This is mostly due to the fact that it is a different type of personal information. While any one person’s genetic information is unique and can be considered personal, it is still different from personal information.

Genetic information does have uses. It can be involved in life planning and maintaining one’s health. Aside from these clinical uses, there is only one other significant use, genetic research. So above and beyond clinical use, and genetic information retained is excessive. While it is important for this information to be open for these purposes, it can be ascribed to the originator of the information as to what is to be done with the excess. There is, however, another important use of genetic information: criminal justice. If a criminal is apprehended and convicted, and it can be reasonably assumed that the criminal will commit the crime again, then it is reasonable to take a genetic fingerprint of the criminal to keep on record to aid in a case if the criminal is put on trial again.

However, the genetic information of an individual can bring forth much knowledge of the individual such as their present and future health status and even some other unwanted information. Thus, aside from that which is needed for the uses above, release of genetic information can be harmful to the individual and will most likely garner non-positive effect. Consequently, the privacy of excessive genetic information can a become relevant and therefore must be left to the discretion of the individual on what to do with the information.

On the whole, the publicity of genetic information in not a very bad thing, but it can have negative consequences. While it is necessary to keep some genetic information on record for research and criminal prosecution purposes, it is also necessary to protect that information well. It is not only important to do so, but also to give each person the ability to keep any of their excess genetic information private. This will ensure that society can run well while also protecting the rights of the people.

Topic: Privacy of Personal Genetic Information
Country: Ghana
Delegate Name: Ben Tift
School: Forest Hills Eastern High School

The Republic of Ghana believes that the issue of privacy of personal genetic information is one that must be addressed by the United Nations. The UN has enacted several resolutions in regards to this topic; however, none have been widely enforced. Ghana is disturbed that, in many countries, both clinical and experimental genetic test results are being made public without consent of the person whose genetic information is being shared. In many nations, insurance providers are taking advantage of this information to determine if an individual has any potential genetic condition that could predict future medical conditions, thus unfairly raising insurance rates. While genetic information is not widely used in Africa as a factor in deciding health insurance premiums, as technology becomes more widely available, Ghana expects insurers to attempt to access this information more frequently. Many Africans are unable to afford already high health insurance premiums; they cannot take an increase in rates because of uncontrollable factors such as genetics. In addition to health insurance, genetic test results are being used to unfairly determine employment. Many nations are also collecting genetic information on convicted criminals and are sharing this information with other nations. While Ghana supports the use of genetic information in locating and convicting criminals, many nations are keeping the information after the case has been closed. In Great Britain, for example, at the conclusion of a court case, the couple involved requested that their fingerprints and DNA samples be destroyed; this request was denied. By retaining this information and sharing it with other nations even after the case is closed, the chance that a private company will exploit former criminals based on their genetic information is greatly increased.

Recently, the United Nations has dealt with the issue of privacy of personal genetic information. In 2004, the Economic and Social Council adopted a resolution to encourage nations to not allow discrimination based on genetic test results. Additionally, the UN asked governments to pass legislation to keep personal genetic information away from employers and insurance providers. In the six years since the adoption of this resolution, however, many nations have failed to adopt or enforce legislation to prevent insurance providers or employers from accessing this information. Additionally, many nations, such as Great Britain, have kept genetic information after the conclusion of criminal cases. Therefore, Ghana believes that the UN must not only create a stricter resolution against using genetic information for insurance or employment purposes, but also must call upon police databases to destroy the genetic information of criminals after the case is closed. Additionally, for any resolution to be enforced, western nations must assist the UN in promoting genetic privacy.

Ghana expects nations such as New Zealand to support the call for stricter regulations against sharing an individual’s personal genetic information. Like Ghana, many western nations are working towards the protection of genetic information found via medical and experimental testing. With the assistance of these influential nations, Ghana believes that the UN will be quickly convinced to create sanctions against countries that make no effort to protect the genetic information of their citizens.

Many European Union member nations, such as Great Britain, will disagree with Ghana’s call for increased protection of personal genetic information. In June 2007, all 27 EU nations voted for unrestricted access to genetic information found in police databases. Additionally, several European leaders have questioned the security of these databases. With European nations sharing their citizens’ genetic information, the chances of an employer or insurance provider obtaining that information greatly increase.

Topic: Privacy of Personal Genetic Information
Country: India
Delegate Name: Kasey Knaggs
School: Royal Oak High School

Confidentiality has been defined as the principle of maintaining the security of information elicited from an individual in the privileged circumstances of a professional relationship.

In India a patients medical record in seen by an average of 150 people during the course of hospital stay. In India a growing concern is the ethics of sharing private genetic information, although bioethics is almost non-existent. There is a lack of knowledge relating to this issue, but we are aware of its growing importance.

At the IMCR (Indian Council of Medical Research) we have begun publishing position statements to guide our professional practitioners and support staff on the importance of ethics in the area of Genetics. We have published guidelines based on UNESCO Bioethics Committee and International Regulation of Gene Therapy.

We are closely monitoring activities in the United States which is an acknowledged leader in bringing ethical issues to the table and drafting supporting laws. This includes analysis of both data privacy, stem cell research, treatment programs, cloning, familial versus societal rights, and other facets applicable to genetic information. The Case of Moore v Regents of the University of California is often cited as a pivotal point in US recognition of the issues involving genetic privacy. European cases are also being examined such as the judgement in S. AND MARPER v. THE UNITED KINGDOM filed in the European Court of Human Rights.

In India our guidelines include principles of privacy and confidentiality as one of the 12 guiding principles. We hope to gain knowledge on this subject in the near future to help keep our citizens genetics private.

India is looking forward to a conference in which we can make a set resolution on solving the problems of genetic privacy.

Topic: Privacy of Personal Genetic Information
Country: Indonesia
Delegate Name: Teagan Donnell
School: Ann Arbor Community High School

The Republic of Indonesia is a part of several solutions involving the privacy of Genetic Information, in which they follow wholeheartedly; it is simple to do so, for there is minimal Genetic Science in our country. We are a part of the Universal Declaration on the Humane Genome and Human Rights. This act encourages countries to take privacy into account when doing genetic testing and states that it is wrong to use this information for discriminatory purposes.

In 2003, we became part of a solution created by the Economic and Social Council of the UN. This act was published just prior to the publication of the Human Genome Project which was an international study of the entire human genetic material. This resolution covered a lot of material, referring to numerous International Declarations. These declarations included principles of Human Rights, Nondiscrimination, and the Rights of Human Genomes. Overall this solution asks for a few specific things. One suggestion requests that states do not allow discrimination based on genetic material. The solution also asks for the government to take necessary precautions to prevent this feared discrimination, and to protect individuals and groups of people at high risk of this separation. Those discriminated against are given civil protection. This document demands that before genetic testing is done, the subject gives scientists consent to use their genetic material. Most importantly, the solution asks that even though there are chances of inequality caused by Genetic Science, that the research it that field continues.

As a part of this solution drawn up by the ECOSOC Committee, we honor all the rules when genetic testing is done in Indonesia. Generally, though, intrusive and personal sciences are looked down upon by our large Muslim population and acts involving these said sciences are not often called upon.

Topic: Privacy of Personal Genetic Information
Country: Iran
Delegate Name: Brooke Michelson
School: Roeper School

The privacy of personal genetic information is a growing issue that is becoming more and more pertinent in modern society. As new technologies in medicine and genetics become advanced and more prevalent globally, genetic privacy comes into question on a large scale. With the completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003, it is now possible to identify and analyze each and every gene that makes up a specific human’s DNA.

With this new intelligence however, come many new questions, which in the West seem mainly focused on legality and ethics. There the focus rarely involves morality, faith, and the role of the Creator, but is couched in liberal, Western ideals regarding denial of privacy of genetic information, and how this can cause many adverse implications to an individual in society. Insurance, employment, and prosecution are just some of the misguided platforms. Yet nowhere is there discussion of the moral injustice regarding the violation of the sanctity of human life, brought by the Creator, through the holy union of marriage between man and wife, which supersedes any issues that could arise based on public access to private medical information.

The Universal Declaration on the Humane Genome and Human Rights had been previously passed by the United Nations in 1997, but with the completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003, it must be expanded upon and further discussed, and respect the religious beliefs of those of all faiths, including Islam. This declaration recognizes the right to privacy of individual genetic information and urges governments to protect these rights, but since the advanced scientific knowledge acquired since then can tell so much about one individual, it is imperative that this United Nations go into more detail about the questions of legality that encircle this issue, without violating the beliefs of the faithful.

We, The Islamic Republic of Iran, believe in and support the advancements of genetic technology, but we favor that these technologies be used for individual benefits only, such as genetic counseling, knowledge of predisposed diseases, or therapeutic uses. We have been working to ensure the privacy of genetic information for many years. In 1998, the Islamic Figh Academy, an organization in which we are highly active, addressed ethical guidelines surrounding genetics. We are also a member of the Genetic Research Network, a group that was created one year subsequent to the completion of the Human Genome Project.

As our involvement with genetic research in the science field grows, more and more scientific and religious leaders in our community speak out for awareness of genetic morality. We have also recently conceived the National Ethical Guidelines of Medical Research, in order to make clear that the intentions and purposes of genetic research within our nation are solely individual, that they include diagnosis of predisposing factors, parent counseling, forensic evidence, population research and preventing, alleviating, or curing diseases. These are the only allowed uses for genetic research, and are all are to be done on a platform of individual discernment and privacy.

Topic: Privacy of Personal Genetic Information
Country: Italy
Delegate Name: Trevor Grayeb
School: Forest Hills Northern High School

With the completion of the human genome project in April of 2003, the sequencing of the one’s entire genome is now a conceivable and readily available feat. This means that access to a previously unfathomable expanse of personal genetic information is now attainable through examination of routine DNA samples. With the advent of this newfound availability, the question has been raised in courts and legislatures across the globe as to who has the right to access genetic profiles, and what sort of influence this information should have. Health insurance disputes concerning individuals with genetic predisposure to diseases and bias on genetic grounds in matters of employment have given way to genetic discrimination. While the 1997 Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights cautions against use of genetic testing for selective and discriminatory purposes, supplemented by further measures taken by the Economic and Social Council, the legal matter of ensuring the privacy of genetic information remains in need of addressing after the postponing of the issue by ECOSOC in 2010.

The Italian Republic has worked to ensure personal genetic privacy from the very beginning. The Italian Personal Data Protection Code entered into force on 1 January 2004, less than a year after the completion of the human genome project. Section seven of the legal code guarantees the fundamental right of all Italian citizens to be completely aware of all data concerning themselves, and to have control over transfer, release, anonymization, or even destruction of the data if they so choose. Furthermore, Italian law establishes genetic information in particular as “high-risk” data, and subject to protection. The surest way to prevent genetic discrimination is to prevent transfer of personal information without the express consent of the data subject.

The European Court of Human Rights, of which Italy is a founding member, ruled on 4 December 2008 that retention of genetic information without consent is a violation of the European Convention on Human Rights. Italy supports and upholds this verdict as a precedent in the international effort to defend genetic privacy and affirm the rights of the individual.

In the interest of protecting human rights, the Italian Republic finds it necessary for the United Nations to set an international standard in the protection of the genetic privacy of all individuals, and securing their ability to determine who has access to said genetic information.

Topic: Privacy of Personal Genetic Information
Country: Japan
Delegate Name: Paul Farah
School: Flint Southwestern Classical Academy

In the country of Japan, a person’s genetic information can be acquired very easily. With the knowledge of someone’s personal genetic information you can screen their personal history, their medical history, and also their future prognosis. Since someone’s genetic information can be found so easily, it can lead to social discrimination and social classification. There is a problem with being able to access someone’s personal genetic information. With being able to view someone’s genetic information people that are sick or will be sick have to pay higher taxes, people will arrange marriages because they don’t want their son or daughter to marry someone who is sick or will be sick, people will hide the fact that a close family member has a genetic disorder, and also people with genetic disorders will be discriminated and so will their family members because people will assume that all the members will have that disease whether they actually do or not. I think that it is normal for someone to not want their son, daughter, or any other family member to marry a person with a genetic disorder Japan think that someone’s genetic information should be kept to themselves and their family members. This must be adressed in the formal form of a resolution. The only time someone should learn about another person’s genetic information is if they’re thinking about getting married. Other than that a person’s genetic information should be kept private so no one will be discriminated against of classified poorly.

Topic: Privacy of Personal Genetic Information
Country: Kyrgyzstan
Delegate Name: Gabriella Coronado
School: West Ottawa High School

Kyrgyzstan is a developing country who is looking forward to hearing the input of other countries. We look forward to the progression to make our country better. We want to start with the formation of censorship laws and laws regarding genetic privacy.

Our government feels we should censor the internet and other media. We need to censor the internet to prevent instability in the region. We need to limit the amount of information to prevent more unrest in this already unstable region. Recent outbreaks of terrorism towards the Uzbek have made us want to prevent anymore other brutal clashes throughout Kyrgyzstan. We hope that censoring the internet could potentially put the terrorism to a halt.

We trust our doctors to make ethical decisions because we are the republic of Kyrgyzstan. Therefore, we do not need a privacy policy for genetic information. Those who hold the valuable genetic information are trusted to hold the information in privacy.

In conclusion, we believe that the internet should be censored for the safety of our and peace of mind of our people. Genetic information should be held strictly with the doctors and the person in question.

WE are a new country, struggling to survive. Both the U.S and Russia want to use us for a military advancement. We look forward to becoming part of the universal free nations. We have been struggling to keep our government stable and our people are constantly under fire for being a minority group. WE hope you understand our positions and will work with us to make Kyrgysztan a better county.

Topic: Privacy of Personal Genetic Information
Country: Lebanon
Delegate Name: David Ooms
School: Forest Hills Eastern High School

Since the end of the Human Genome Project in 2003, there is a trend in many developed nations to compile databases of the genetic information of their citizens. These databases are justified because of the ability to detect and treat genetic disorders. The Human Genome Project worked to identify all the genetic characteristics of human DNA. This work has helped to identify the causes of many genetic diseases and guide researchers to new treatment for these diseases. All nations including Lebanon have need for such technologies to treat those people who suffer from genetic disorders and diseases. Unfortunately, these benefits do not come without risks. Many non-governmental orgainizations including Privacy International and the Human Genome Project have raised concerns about medical profiling and racial discrimination based to a person’s genetic makeup. Genetic technology has also been used to link individuals to crime scenes, and now Interpol, the force tasked with policing international criminals, as well as many nations, are taking genetic samples from anyone who commits even a minor misdemeanor in countries such as the United Kingdom. This practice is intended to allow for criminals to be tracked internationally and more easily extradited to nations in which crimes were committed. In many countries compiling such databases, such as the UK, children are having their genetic information stored. Many developed countries, expecially in the west, keep these records in medical and criminal databases. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) passed a Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights that the ECOSOC endorsed in 2004. The report recognizes the rights of the individual to privacy of genetic information and guarantees non-discrimination due to their genetic makeup. This topic has been review every three years, and the major topic this session is the right of national governments to obtain and store the information of its citizens. The major concerns with these databanks are who has access to them and how well secured are they. Many fear that the possibility for a breach in privacy is too high with the current system.

Discussing these rights and determining what nations can legally do in accordance with the UNESCO declaration passed by ECOSOC is the goal of this session of the legal committee. Lebanon porposes more oversight mechanisms be put in place to monitor the collection, storage, and use of personal genetic information. This watchdog would report on the conditions in various member nations and gather statistics on how genetic information is being used and protected.

Lebanon expects that many countries in the developing world will support our proposal to reform international rights on genetic information.

Lebanon believes that many western nations, many of which are the entities holding genetic databases, will seek to block revisions that could possibly limit their ability to obtain and hold this type of data. The United Kingdom especially hold a large database of genetic information, and will likely block such a revision.

Topic: Privacy of Personal Genetic Information
Country: Morocco
Delegate Name: Kevin Phillips
School: Mattawan High School

The marvel of modern medicine continues to flourish in recent years. The ability to catch diseases, and treat illnesses has been perfected, and new forms of information are being utilized. Genetic information, for example, allows one's identity to carry greater meaning. The unique genetics of each person can help determine trends within large groups of human population and when observed, can aid in scientific research.

The Kingdom of Morocco acknowledges the great benefit of utilizing genetic information, but would also caution the misuse of said content. Genetic information is unique to each person, and if access to this information is poorly managed, could lead to an immense problem such as discrimination based on these materials within the scientific fields.

The sovereign nation of Morocco continues to develop the health care system, including modernization of the public sector. Morocco continues to expand its scientific prowess by using National Institutes and Laboratories which are responsible for medical prevention activities and scientific research. With each of these developments, Morocco continues to reach forward in order to expand the usage of genetic information, but would encourage a standard being set that establishes privacy to citizens. However, the current state of the Moroccan health care system is in the process of making reforms, and would therefore benefit from an example of appropriate enforcement of the privacy of the aforementioned material.

The issue of privacy continues to become a prevalent issue within society as a whole. Overall, the Kingdom of Morocco would support potential action to define the privacy of genetic information. Morocco looks forward to obtaining a proper resolution to this matter, and how future situations within the issue of genetic information should be addressed.

Topic: Privacy of Personal Genetic Information
Country: Netherlands
Delegate Name: Carson Cekola
School: Ann Arbor Community High School

We the Netherlands believe that a person should be in ownership of his or her own genetic information. In the Netherlands, we came to an agreement between those working with Insurance companies and those in the Government that use of genetic tests are not completely prohibited, but they are very heavily restricted. Companies cannot, under any circumstances, demand genetic information while covering “real needs” of individuals and their families. Beyond this, the subject and the rights to their genetic information is their own. No one may force them to give it up. However, this law is under much debate at the moment.

The reason that the topic is under debate is because of the complexity of the topic. Also, people fear that investigations by police could be potentially hurt if they cannot get some sort of document or law that permits them to get a genetic test of someone for a case if they where to potentially need one. If it where to be legal for police though, people worry that their information could easily be leaked to people not involved in the legal force. People also worry that if they allow people to take their genetic information, what would stop them from potentially being able to get a hold of a persons limbs. We believe that privacy plays a huge roll in this debate. If someone has a right to protect searching of their house, why shouldn’t they be able to protect themselves from others being able to look into their deep, dark, genetic information?

Topic: Privacy of Personal Genetic Information
Country: North Korea
Delegate Name: Matthew Morehouse
School: Ann Arbor Community High School

Acknowledges the potential for good in genetic engineering, This technology could cure many diseases that millions suffer from and greatly improve healthcare. However there has been worry that this technology could be used to deny people health care, through no fault of their own, because of their genetic markers. Just as serious is the potential for theft of this information, which could lead to many healthcare problems.

The United Nations has always been concerned about the potential for privacy risks, especially as technology makes theft more common. The DPRK has focused on the problem that come with new technology and:

RECOMMENDS that the United Nations establish a committee to monitor the advances in genetic technology and work with nations:

A. to advise leaders on their course of action

B. to gather information on advances in genetic engineering and how it could affect society

C. to collaborate with other committees on topics related to genetic technology, especially on topic such as gene discrimination and information privacy

D . to create and evaluate plans to cope with genetic discrimination and privacy theft as it relates to gene information,

E. to spread knowledge and understanding of issues surrounding these topics to the people of the world,

3. ADVISES the United Nations Economic and Social Council to collaborate with the Legal council to

A. gather information on current privacy security legislation,

B. gather data on current socio-economic trend as they relate to the development of genetic technology

1.IMPLORES countries to examine their laws and strengthen policies against information theft and discrimination, especially those with access to gene altering technology.

Topic: Privacy of Personal Genetic Information
Country: Russia
Delegate Name: John Elias
School: Flint Southwestern Classical Academy

Until recently, genetic engineering has been lurking in a grey area that wasn’t researched very properly, or at that, there weren’t even any tools for scientists to be able to research this subject. But, recent advancements in scientific research has made the study of the human genome a very “well read” area of expertise. Now, a human’s genetic information (for example, a single strand of DNA most likely extracted from a strand of hair) can be used to retrieve personal information such as hair color, eye color, height, weight, etc. which can possibly lead to identity theft, social discrimination/classification, and other issues that could be catastrophic if placed in the wrong hands. As the country of Russia believes itself to be a strong and powerful nation that has good moral standards and is willing to keep order by any means necessary, we believe that the privacy of personal genetic information is a priority that needs to be dealt with sooner, rather than later.

As previously stated, the aspect of obtaining a person’s genetic information is very dangerous which is why Russia is so opposed to this idea. For instance, if one such criminal and/or identity thief, were to have access to any such scientific equipment that could make it possible to extrapolate information out of DNA, then the person, who’s information is being extrapolated by said criminal, is in danger of his identity being stolen, or at the worst extreme, the person’s life could even be in danger.

Russia believes that we have the right path for success on the topic of personal genetic privacy. Russia believes that to be successful, certain actions must be taken. For instance, personal genetic information should remain just that, personal. One’s genetic information should remain private or by the host’s discretion. Only during extreme circumstances should one’s genetic information be released to public ears. For instance, during a medical crisis certain medical officials with authorized access to these records will be able to access the patient’s genetic information in order to help rehabilitate the patient. If these plans of action go forth in order, then Russia believes that this will decrease the chances of social discrimination, identity theft, and any such crimes relating to the human genome.

Topic: Privacy of Personal Genetic Information
Country: South Africa
Delegate Name: Samantha Schrader
School: Williamston High School

Privacy of personal genetic information has become a growing issue in the current world as technology continues to advance. The Human Genome Project of 2003 now allows the possibility of identifying and analyzing the genes that makes up a humans DNA. This process allows for attainability of genetic profiles, and this can be used for and against an individuals greater good. South Africa believes that it is an individual’s decision whether of not their genetic information is made private.

Positive impacts of genetic screening include: improving the health of a person who is suffering from a genetic disorder and to allow carriers of genetic disease to make choices of reproduction. Also, public genetic information could also lower ones public health cost. South Africa believes that genetic information should be made private and other countries that would support our position would be Korea and Sierra Leone.

Positive impacts of genetic screening include: improving the health of a person who is suffering from a genetic disorder and to allow carriers of genetic disease to make choices of reproduction. Also, public genetic information could also lower ones public health cost. South Africa believes that genetic information should be made private and other countries that would support our position would be Korea and Sierra Leone.

Positive impacts of genetic screening include: improving the health of a person who is suffering from a genetic disorder and to allow carriers of genetic disease to make choices of reproduction. Also, public genetic information could also lower ones public health cost. South Africa believes that genetic information should be made private and other countries that would support our position would be Korea and Sierra Leone.

Topic: Privacy of Personal Genetic Information
Country: South Korea
Delegate Name: Ashley Werkema
School: Forest Hills Central High School

In the recent decades, medical advancements have been on the rise. Evolving times bring around evolving ways to deal with information given. Genetic information holds the key to an individual make up and personal information. South Korea feels that with these new advancements new regulations and rules need to be put in place. We believe that the United Nations will be a key factor in this. South Korea feels that there should be regulations for the privacy of a person’s genetic. The availability of genetic information can be destructive to a countries social infrastructure. Genetic discrimination, unfairness, and prejudices can occur, causing problems when not utilized correctly. South Korea is on the forefront of genetic advancements and we see the impact that these changes can have on our country and the world. That is why we feel action needs to take place.

South Korea feels that the United Nation needs to take control on the filing and storage of genetic information. A system/surveillance needs to be put in place that protects private information of individuals around the world. It is unfair and unjust for a person’s private information to be released to any governments, agencies, or organizations for any research, information, etc. without their knowledge. We believe that the United Nations needs to set ground work before medical genetic technologies get too advanced in coming years and decades. Unless a person willingly puts their genetic information out there, South Korea believes that information must be protected and saved confidentially.

South Korea feels that many countries feel the same way about the privacy of genetic information. The sharing of DNA is a subject that we feel as though is an important issue that many will agree with us on. Our stance is for an individual’s privacy and for the protection of the people themselves. We stand with our allies on this topic and feel as though genetic information can be released with the permission of the individual for such things as studies for the common good.

Though others feel differently on this topic, it is an important one that needs to be heard. South Korea sees the danger in the release of private genetic information and we see the importance in taking action before problems arise.

Topic: Privacy of Personal Genetic Information
Country: Syria
Delegate Name: Alex Reinke
School: Mattawan High School

The medical advancements being made in the field of genetic engineering today is truly an incredible feat of science. Because of these advancements, scientists can now detect diseases before symptoms are shown, identify a person’s heritage, and discover other important information about ones self. However, the advancement of genetic research comes with a catch. Privacy, morality, and legality almost always come into question when it comes to dealing with genetic engineering.

The Syrian Arab Republic would applaud the idea of expanding upon the Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human rights. The declaration is in need of some specifications, and the nation of Syria has plenty of requests. For instance, Syria would like to see the UN make amends involving government usage of genetic information for identification and forensic sciences. Syria would be willing to work with a wide array of countries, specifically Middle Eastern nations, in order to achieve a focused and clear resolution that accomplished such.

Syria would be opposed to any ideas making it possible for the general public to gain access to an individual’s genetic information. This could lead to a rash of discrimination by employers and healthcare companies. However, Syria would not be opposed to publicizing genetic information if the individual consented. The individual’s genetic information could be used to further our nation’s expanding medical field by gathering data in order to prevent and stop harmful genetic traits. The patient’s records would remain anonymous in order to prevent theft of medical documents and deter potential discrimination. Syria is open to suggestions in order to decide the most effective manner of transportation of these documents to minimize and/or eliminate theft occurrences.

Topic: Privacy of Personal Genetic Information
Country: Turkey
Delegate Name: Gus Schlanbusch
School: Roeper School

The Republic of Turkey believes that the issue of Personal Genetic Information is an area that must be addressed by the global community. Medical technology has advanced to the genetic level. Currently the Human Genome Project (HGP) has made it possible for the sequencing of an entire human’s genome. In essence, the entire genetic code of any human being can now be laid out and examined. Thus, a person’s genetic strengths, vulnerabilities, illnesses, and likely predisposition to disease may now be determined through testing. These developments bring about important ethical and moral consequences, and the topic of human genetic privacy becomes one of great importance. Such documents as the Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights have established that genetic information should be kept private – the Republic of Turkey agrees with this.

The Republic of Turkey believes that personal genetic information belongs to the individual whose genes that information covers. It is, in effect, medical information, and should be treated as such. This genetic material has no business being stored, traded, or merchandised for commercial gain. Under no circumstances should personal genetic information be disseminated to the public, through which it could be used as basis for exclusion: the sharing of personal genetic information can lead to discrimination against those born with a genetic disorder, or prejudice and injustice towards those with genetic histories, which could take the world down the intolerant slope to biological controls of mid-twentieth century Europe.

The Republic of Turkey urges nations to preserve the confidentiality of their citizens’ genetic information, to set an example, and proposes to work with all other like-minded nation to bring about resolutions to this end.

Topic: Privacy of Personal Genetic Information
Country: Uganda
Delegate Name: Kaitie Janecke
School: Mattawan High School

As the medical world improves itself, the uncovering of genetic information is becoming something of fact instead of the once thought science-fiction. This new information can be used to solve medical mysteries, to aid in the identification of criminals, or add to other areas of scientific research. However, such vital information is also commonly used in discrimination against those with unfavorable genes. The privacy of genetic information has become a large issue in many developed nations, and it should be addressed as other countries follow the lead of those more powerful. The Republic of Uganda, being a country hoping to gain better medical resources, would look favorably upon a standard being set now, instead of leaving the uncertain future for us to figure out.

Uganda would agree that genetic information can be very useful. While Uganda’s current monetary issues and medical situation in most areas do not allow for much genetic testing, in the future we hope to expand in this area. Uganda believes that genetic testing could greatly help in the fight against HIV and AIDS, which were hugely prevalent until the recent reduction in spreading due to a higher rate of monogamy. However, Uganda does not agree with the idea that genetic information should be open to the public, as it could lead to open discrimination of HIV positive citizens. While using such information could be useful in scientific research, the amount of privacy that citizens have over DNA is debatable. Uganda is open to most opinions on this issue and hopes to learn from nations who have greater medical programs.

Topic: Privacy of Personal Genetic Information
Country: Ukraine
Delegate Name: Zachary Hawley
School: Saginaw Arts and Sciences Academy

The nation of Ukraine strongly encourages any sort of act or legislature that promotes greater privacy of personal genetic information. While the Ukraine does not have a particularly strong program that protects citizens' rights to the privacy of their personal genetic information, they are moving to become greater activists in this global fight. In October 17, 2002 the Ukraine signed the Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine. The convention focuses on individual rights and consent for the use of secondary tissue. This is an important issue and one that must be taken very seriously. The Ukraine will endorse any sort of act that helps to resolve this issue. Ukraine would also be willing to co-operate with other nations to negotiate plans for monetary aid, and to do so in a way that is agreeable among each nation involved.

The Ukraine strongly supports Russia's stance on this topic due to Ukraine and Russia’s strong diplomatic relationship. The Ukraine would also like to devise a plan that focuses on keeping personal genetic information private during an investigation. In some cases a suspect might have fingerprints taken and DNA stored for analysis. After the investigation the person in question might want their genetic material destroyed and not stored. This is highly debated in criminal justice all over the world. The Ukraine thinks that an individuals personal rights should be respected in situations such as these.

As previously stated, the Ukraine will encourage and endorse to the best of its ability, any attempt to solve this debate and bring an agreement that will please all parties.

Topic: Privacy of Personal Genetic Information
Country: United Kingdom
Delegate Name: Kody Ware
School: Williamston High School

Following the trials of S. And Marper V. Of the United Kindom there was a large debate among European nations over an individuals rights to genetic privacy. The European Court ruled that the Retention of DNA was illegal and a violation of Article 8 (right to respect for private and family life.)The applicants, S. and Michael Marper, cases concerned the retention by the authorities of the applicants’ fingerprints, cellular samples and DNA profiles after the criminal proceedings against them were ended by an acquittal and were both discontinued. The European Court Article 8 of the Convention about the retention by the authorities of their fingerprints, cellular samples and DNA profiles after their acquittal or discharge. According to Article 8 of the human rights act

(1) Everyone has the right for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence.

(2) There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as is in accordance with the law and is necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security, public safety or the economic well-being of the country, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.

The cellular samples contained much sensitive information about the individuals, including information about his or her health. In addition, samples contained a unique genetic code of great relevance to both the individuals concerned and their relatives. Given the amount of personal information contained in the cellular samples, their retention had to be regarded as interfering with the right to privacy of the two individuals

The U.K. Believes that every individual has the right to his or her own privacy. We believe that the collecting and withholding of ones personal genetic information is a violation of the Human Rights Act Article 8. The U.K. looks to set an example to the rest of the U.N. on the issue of Privacy of Personal Genetic information and we urge the U.N. to take action against the violation of this privacy.

Topic: Privacy of Personal Genetic Information
Country: United States
Delegate Name: Emily Paull
School: Forest Hills Central High School

The world is dependent upon the advances that have been made in science. One discovery has led to the next and the pace of advancement has continuously quickened as the body of scientific knowledge has grown. The 21st century is an age of technology and it has manufactured techniques that have given scientists access to information that once seemed a distant dream. This influx of has resulted in unprecedented situations. For years, diligent work was performed towards mapping the human genome in order to identify disease. The possible abuses of such information had been foreseen and the United Nations passed the Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights which emphasized the importance of keeping a person’s genetic information private. However, in 2003 the Human Genome Project was completed, leaving many nations in want of a more specific document.

The United States recognizes its citizens’ right to privacy concerning their genetic information. Affirmative action has been taken by Congress, specifically in regards to the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 (GINA). The release of personal genetic poses possible opportunities for discrimination including but not limited to discrimination and exploitation by insurance companies and employers. The possible danger resulting from insurance companies obtaining such information is complete denial of health care or outrageous premiums. Such information in the hands of employers is also grave. There United States does not tolerate discrimination based on age, color, race, gender or sexual orientation nor shall it tolerate discrimination based upon potential health-related issues suggested by one’s genome. Employers are prohibited from obtaining genetic information through all means including requesting, requiring or purchasing it. This information may not be used in any decision made by an employer. Such decisions would include firing, hiring, job assignments and promotions. The United States urges other countries to take up a similar policy, promoting policy of its citizens and preventing any resultant human rights violations