Economics of Development

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Afghanistan
Delegate Name: Abby Foss
School: Williamston High School

The many governments have made steps to improve the state of the country in recent years. For all the third world countries it is important to develop all economic sectors, resource extraction, manufacturing, and services. Many middle-eastern countries already focus or emphasize on at least one or more of the economic sectors.

The Afghan government has made many steps in recent years to improve the state of the country. Afghanistan already extracts many natural resources such as gas, petroleum, rare earths, and other gem like materials. Manufacturing picked up substantially after World War II, but since has slowed to a crawl. As with other parts of the economy war has been a major obstacle in expanding manufacturing in Afghanistan. Services such as small businesses and small family-owned businesses have also been very hard to develop due to the poverty level.

Afghanistan should focus on building up its resource extraction to what it once was. This would create more jobs and increase export levels, which in turn would increase income for the country. Afghanistan should also focus on growing its’ manufacturing industry just not as heavily as resource extraction. Afghanistan should focus on these two sectors specifically because these would increase the country’s exports and income. They would also create more jobs that the largely uneducated population could have.

Afghanistan has had some difficult times but has still managed to grow and develop. For Example, when under the control of the Soviet Union manufacturing slowed to a crawl and now in recent years has picked up a little, but is still not back to where it was. Other countries can learn to persevere through difficult times and that they may need to lend a helping hand to a country in need.

Afghanistan has faced many barriers in developing an economic sector. There was the already mentioned example of manufacturing and the control of the Soviet Union. Another example is the economic sector of resource extraction. In previous years the extraction of petroleum and oil as very high, but in more recent years Afghanistan has cut back on the extraction of petroleum and oil, and with the drop export levels have dropped. In the final economic sector, services, there has never been an abundance of small-medium sized businesses. Due to the level of poverty many people cannot afford to do anything but support their families in any way they can. Afghanistan can create more jobs by developing the economic sector of resource extraction, this would also help get many citizens out of poverty. Afghanistan could create more oil refineries and such by getting a loan from another country, and they say that they already have more areas of oil and petroleum that are just untapped.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Angola
Delegate Name: Owen Slubowski
School: Forest Hills Northern High School

The nation of Angola has a heavily natural resource based economy, this has proven to be a very bountiful allocation of assets for it has allowed Angola to thrive in the economic department. The extraction of resources while it is a good place of a new nation to gain money and trade connections, it overall can be rather unsustainable for many counties. The resource extraction model can also be difficult if not impossible for many nations who may not be as fortunate as Angola with its bountiful resources. It is important for young and developing nations to prioritize a form of economy that is sustainable to them, then to branch out to diversify from there, the nation of Angola has had great success following this model.

The nation of angola has found a very large obstacle that has hindered economic development, that obstacle is infrastructure. Infrastructure is an important thing for all nations to have, it makes the nation more attractive to investors, preiminant businesses and it allow for exports and imports to seamlessly flow to the locations the need to be transported. The nation of Angola is currently in a transition period, which it is attempting to diversify its current economy which is oil based and it is currently trying to diversify to include many other forms of generating revenue.This is an experience that many other nations could learn and they could use Angola as a great example for this. The great nation of Angola is also a model for a successful resource based economy, this is another area where Angola is an amazing role model.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Argentina
Delegate Name: Alexandria D’Antonio
School: Royal Oak High School

With Argentina being one of South America’s largest economies, the growth development of the nation’s sectors are wide ranged. Currently, Argentina’s promotion of economic development is brought up with social inclusion policies as well. With the economy growing steadily over the past decade, argentina has heavily invested in the health and education sectors. The nation has prioritized social spending through various programs such as the Universal Child Allowance which affects 9.3% of the population. Although other sectors, such as tourism and agriculture, are still large economic factors of the country, the nation of Argentina is ready to invest more in the advancement of better health as well as providing more opportunities in rural development. The Socio-Economic Inclusion in Rural Areas project will benefit many poor rural families in isolated communities and will improve community infrastructure and allow for market access to their products.

The highest contributor to Argentina’s GDP is the manufacturing industry, which was 18% of its total. Industrial production has become highly diversified ranging from capital goods of food processing to auto parts and even pharmaceuticals. There will be an Industrial Strategic Plan 2020 which aims to reduce imports of the nation by 45% that will increase production in other sectors and that will also reduce the unemployment rate by 5%. The plan’s upcoming forums will work in accordance with many industrial and manufacturing long term growth targets such as the insertion of small and medium businesses in the production chain to promote growth.

Argentina is also abundant in natural resources. Although mining within the country contributes to 4% of the GDP, Argentina acknowledges the detrimental effects resource extraction can have on the environment. The Argentina Mining Environmental Restoration Project effective by 2008 strengthens the government's ability to assess and mitigate environmental risks in relation to the mining sector and to also reduce potential economic and health damages associated with a closed uranium site in Mendoza. Effectively evaluating a sector’s consequential effects to the community is an important aspect that must be looked at when choosing to further develop an economic sector within a country.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Australia
Delegate Name: Zachary Willoughby
School: Kalamazoo Central High School

The Commonwealth of Australia firmly believes that a well developed economy is absolutely necessary for a country to be successful in both foreign and domestic markets. Countries that are still developing their economy should primarily develop three crucial economic sectors:

(1) Agribusiness: Agribusiness is highly imperative to a developing country in both the foreign and domestic markets. Developing this sector provides for a higher food surplus within the individual nation, raising both job availability and overall living standards within the nation. Not only does it domestically benefit a nation, but it also gives a nation importance within the global food market. Agriculture is a huge market worldwide and it is very easy for a nation to gain ground on the global scale by producing foods that are unique to it's environment.

(2) Education: Education is vital to a sustainable workforce. An uneducated workforce results in poorly produced products and higher workplace accidents. The Commonwealth of Australia prides itself on being one of the most advanced education sectors in the world. We send students abroad to study and master arts of engineering and other trades, and when they return, they provide competition in the global and national job markets. This competition is a vital component to the workings of economics, and thus truly defines how necessary an educated work force is.

(3) Wealth Management: Wealth Management is a big issue in countries that struggle with democratic consolidation, such as Nigeria. Corrupt heads of government tend to control monetary expenditures, and in doing so they cause harm to the national economy, which is a very negative influence on how other countries view the nation's economy. Without trade and cooperation with other big nations, these secluded nations with corrupted leaders tend to have poor economic power in the global market. With that being said, Australia believes in the centralization of monetary powers, such as printing coin, controlling the amount of money in an economic system, and the control of inflation, should be handed to a group that is secular from the government. In Australia, for example, the consolidation of monetary power resides within the Reserve Bank of Australia. Other examples would include the Federal Reserve in the United States or the Banque de France in France.

Countries should primarily focus on developing wealth management sectors first, especially if the country in question is under sever economic stress. The consolidation of monetary power to a non-governmental agency allows a quick assessment of the current economic downturn, which in-turn allows for a quick, mediated response to issues that pop up in the economy. It also allows countries to consolidate any funds they have. With this consolidation, they can examine which sectors need more development and can thus allocate funds to said sectors. After the development of the Wealth Management sector, countries should determine what sectors to develop based on geographical location, trends in the global economy, and what their nation needs as an individual piece of the global economic puzzle.

The Commonwealth of Australia has had a huge market boom since the end of World War II. This massive boom allowed for large economic development in manufacturing, agriculture, science, and other major sectors. Australia is one of the top leaders in education, tourism, agribusiness, and wealth management. This all was due to reforms that benefited these sectors, making them what they are today.

Our Agricultural sector has been severely tested over the last 200 years. Access to fresh water is always an issue in the arid regions of Australia. From 1901 to 2009, there has been a drastic decline proportionally in the income of wool and people employed in agriculture, from 14% to 3%. However, the recent switch to more mechanized and technological farming and harvesting methods has created a large influx in our Agriculture sector, giving it life. Australia's cultivation program produces 93% of the nations food, so the migration of citizens into the Agriculture sector is starting to reverse the negative issues the sector has faced in the past.

The delegation from Australia adamantly looks forward to assisting other countries in the development of economic sectors. We would like other countries to listen to our thoughts and hopefully influence how economies grow across the world.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Bahamas
Delegate Name: Sydney Walters
School: Mattawan High School

There are many ways in which governments help productivity and their economy. They separate their resources and capabilities into something called sectors. These sectors are separated into three parts. The first part is resource extraction. This includes agriculture, fishing, and forestry. Manufacturing makes up the second sector. Government’s support programs that further infrastructure and manufacturing to help their economy. The government also supports services that help promoted education and welfare; the more advanced the citizens of the country, the better the construction and advancement of the economy.

The Bahamas is a special kind of case in which their GDP depends mostly on tourism and banking. Most of exports in the Bahamas include special purpose ships, passenger and cargo ships, and refined petroleum. Smaller exports include coal, tar, and oil. The Bahamas relies mostly on the second sector of manufacturing, and some on resource extraction. The government constantly pushes forward economic growth and manufacturing.

Solutions to this problem vary depending on specific things. The Bahamas feels that development in all three sectors is important, but it’s more important to have relationships with other countries who excel in other sectors. It may not always be possible for a country to be able to succeed in a certain sector, but that doesn’t mean they should struggle with only one. A resolution the Bahamas believes in should include a plan where countries work together to advance sectors within their own countries, but also to help others by trading resources at a more financially capable rate. Countries should understand that education and welfare is a large priority sector, because it leads to other potential opportunities. The other two sectors’ priority should be determined based upon national means.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Bahrain
Delegate Name: Peter Cullen
School: Forest Hills Eastern High School

From the founding of the country, Bahrain’s oil industry has dominated its economy.

The discovery of oil in Bahrain led to a series of treaties with the United Kingdom making Bahrain a British protectorate before attaining its independence in 1971. After a the realization that the oil supply was limited, Bahrain began to take measures to diversify. Slowly we shifted from oil to petroleum and have since made efforts to move slowly into service exports. Now 53% of Bahrain’s GDP comes from service, and we encourage other stable nations to do the same.

Bahrain has developed a series of new important exports: steel, aluminum, and finance. Bahrain has one of the three iron pelletizing plants in the world, and the only one in the Middle East. Aluminium Bahrain has been consistently ranked as one of the largest aluminium smelters in the world and is known for its technological strength and high quality aluminium. Most importantly, however, is its position as a financial district in the Middle East. Bahrain’s central bank has played a pivotal role in the emergence of Bahrain as a leading financial center in the region. As of December 2006, banking sector assets stood at over $180 billion, more than twelve times annual GDP. Much effort has been put forth to diversify our economy, effort which has paid off and improved our economy drastically.

Diversification and shifting to manufacturing or service exports is not for every country; however, Bahrain encourages stable economies to attempt diversification, and smaller, developing countries to grow at their own pace. The EcoFin committee should help determine countries with economies stable enough to attempt this change, and countries with economies not yet ready.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Bangladesh
Delegate Name: Brianna Wetherbee
School: Forest Hills Central High School

The highest development policy making program is the National Economic Council, currently headed by the Prime Minister. No project or program is approved unless environmental and other sustainability issues are properly evaluated. Even before the Rio Earth Summit of 1992, Bangladesh realized its varied problems and poverty, which are crucially linked to environmental conditions. From 1989 onwards, overall responsibility for the environment sector lies with the Ministry of Environment and Forests . The MoEF works with other ministries to ensure that environmental concerns, including climate change issues, are accomplished based on priority. The Ministry plays an active role in environmental and climate change related advice and guidance in relation to the implementation of action plans across various sectors. MoEF is also responsible for environmental impacts assessment of all pertaining projects implemented by the government.

The FD plays a vital role in the protection of biodiversity and conservation of forests. Its responsibilities include monitoring of Ecologically Critical Area, wildlife crime control, requiring of licence for trade in wildlife, management of reserved forests and also other forest ranges where it issues permits for community based social forestry. Since 1992, Bangladesh has amply demonstrated its political commitment to sustainable development by building institutions and capacities that support environmental sustainability in the country in 23 other sectors which are linked to environment in the country. The ministry of environment and forests act as the main point. Major institutions involved in the development of plans and policies in the public sector in this context and their implementation, overseeing are the Planning Commission under the Ministry of Planning, Economic Relations Division (ERD) under the Ministry of Finance, and Ministries of Agriculture, Fisheries & Livestock, Water Resources, Local Government & Rural Development, Energy & Mineral Resources, Health & Family Welfare, Education, Public Works, Information & Communication Technology, Science & Technology, Overseas Welfare & Employment, Labour & Manpower, Women & Child Affairs, Industries, Commerce, Food & Disaster Management.

Bangladesh strives to further our economic development by involving the people of our great country, supplying them with jobs, which in turn increases the GDP. In order to do so, Bangladesh calls upon larger nations to assist us in the development of our infrastructure. Said countries have the resources required to further develop Bangladesh and we are requesting their services.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Bolivia
Delegate Name: Keaghan Bacon
School: Forest Hills Central High School

Economics of Development usually has to deal with countries that are developing. This topic does not concern big countries like the US or Russia, but countries like Bolivia. A country that is growing in all sorts of ways, especially Economically. Developing countries suffer from endemic poverty, slow economic growth, unequal distribution of income and wealth, low levels of agricultural and industrial investment, and ineffective government services. Compounding, and partly giving rise to, these problems are shocks emanating from the world economy. There are many solutions to the development of economics. This could possibly be the solution to poverty in the world.

Bolivia’s economic growth in the last four years has been higher than at any time in the last 30 years, averaging 4.9 percent annually since the current administration took office in 2006. Projected GDP growth for 2009 is the highest in the hemisphere and follows its peak growth rate in 2008. In the last three years the government has begun several programs targeted at the poorest Bolivians. These include payments to poor families to increase school enrollment; an expansion of public pensions to relieve extreme poverty among the elderly; and most recently, payments for uninsured mothers to expand prenatal and postnatal care, to reduce infant and child mortality. What Bolivia would like to see from the UN is having the larger countries put lower tariffs on smaller countries, like Bolivia. Smaller countries should be able to trade with bigger countries without the extra costs of importing and exporting goods. Doing this, Bolivia and other developing countries will be able to develop more.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Burkina Faso
Delegate Name: Grant Sizemore
School: Royal Oak High School

We the the nation of Burkina Faso notice that economics is the topic that we need the most help on. And the economic development of our nation needs the most help. We know that we rank 181 out of 187 on the United Nations Development Programme’s. And that about 45% of our population lives on less than $1.25 a day. We know that this problem will get better over time, but we feel that it will improve a lot faster with the help of the United Nations. And we notice that there are many other nations like us in need of help of economic development.

And because of that we would like to ask the United Nations to provide developing nations with a certain amount of money based on their nation's yearly income, to help the economic development of the nation. We would also like to ask the UN to provide developing nations with a professional from the UN to help the nation with economic development, and with other things such as economic policies.

We as the nation of Burkina Faso feel that this is not to much to ask for from the United Nations, for the economic development of developing nations like our nation the nation of Burkina Faso. We feel that developing nations such as ours will benefit greatly from this help. And thank you for your consideration.

Royal Oak High School

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Colombia
Delegate Name: Joe Economos
School: Mattawan High School

Colombia believes that a uniform policy on what sectors a country should and should not develop and prioritize is near impossible to create, and that a broader approach should be taken. Colombia’s main export is petroleum, which would signal that this nation falls under the umbrella of the resource extraction, however the manufacturing sector continues to grow at a steady rate from year to year. In order for anything to be accomplished, a nation must first conduct a thorough and informed evaluation of its current economy, and its predicted future economy. In the case of our own nation, we believe that prioritizing the manufacturing sector is a grand idea, for it offers a greater amount of promise than the resource extraction sector that we are trying to move away from, as we try to diversify our means of income. With year-to-year growth rates for manufacturing around 10%, it is clear that this sector has a tremendous amount of potential and should be supported in its time of growth.

Part of a nation knowing which sectors to prioritize depends on a case-by-case determination. If history shows that the country can support itself by means of its current resource extraction or manufacturing, then a country, for the good of themselves and the world economy as a whole, may deem it better to stick with their current ways of prioritizing sectors. Having said this, a country must also seek to keep growing. The United Nations should look to help fund research for countries not fulfilling their economic potential, and should look at the issue with a positive, generous outlook.

Colombia has looked to move away from its negative image that many of the outside world may hold regarding drugs and other illegal activities. Support from other nations has helped to ease this judgement, and therefore Colombia stresses that countries helping one another out is a fantastic way of ensuring/aiding a country’s image. Unification and the realistic setting of goals in terms of developing sectors is essential. At the end of the day, countries must play to their strengths, and if their current methods are working sufficiently, then potential change must be well researched and put together.

Colombia will look to continue on the path of developing its manufacturing movement, as it brings promise and greater sources of revenue, but nonetheless still will continue to rely on its petroleum exports, as it is a massive money generator for the country.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Congo
Delegate Name: Lauryn Stasiak
School: Forest Hills Central High School

The economic development is wide ranged when it comes to the Republic of Congo. Developing of the economy is a struggle for more than just this country, it’s mainly a problem for the impoverished countries with an unsteady government. This directly impacts the government of the Republic of Congo, but also the people that live in this nation. There has been steps taken to make this so called problem a strength instead of a weakness, like declarations and social acts. There has been a few laws and things done in the past, but there is definitely room for improvement.

In 2002, the President of the Republic purposed the “Nouvelle Espérance” social project. This was mainly instructed towards getting Congo to start taking action in terms of development. Starting in 2006, the Congolese authorities have made investments in infrastructure, like in electricity and transportation sectors. For example, construction, repairs of roads, hydroelectric dams, electrical distribution infrastructure; etc.

The Republic of Congo would like to see more action take place when it comes to increasing our economics of development. We have a lot of things said taking place, but there has been reports of how it looks like not a lot has actually been done. Every country has a goal of strengthening their nation’s economy, but some need it more than others.

This nation would like to see help from countries such as China, which is known for having such a developed economy with all of their high technology and infinite amount of money. China could help us by providing us with technology and in turn we give them oil. Or supplying us with money to increase our economy with building schools for higher education.

Our country expects countries like Nigeria, Canada, Mexico and so on to oppose idea. We expect this because those countries inhabit a very large amount of the world’s oil, and they have a bigger advantage of making money off of it because they hold higher economic development than the Republic of Congo.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Croatia
Delegate Name: Nathan DeBoer
School: Mattawan High School

Every country is in a different spot economically depending on where their main sources of income come from. Some countries may rely on manufacturing and selling those goods, such as China. Others may be more focused on services they can provide, such as Croatia who primarily makes money from tourism. No matter what area a specific country uses for most of its gross income, it is important for them to find ways to advance and add to it. This way they increase revenue, allowing them to increase the amount of jobs and incomes. This will in turn strengthen the economy by allowing for more money to flow around.

Croatia has a struggling economy; most of their revenue comes from the exportation of resources and tourism. However, since 2008 that has not been enough as their economy has steadily been increasing since then. Croatia has put a steady focus on trying to increase tourism, but that has not been enough to make any real improvements. It looks like for 2015 they make their first gains since 2008, but they are small and do not even bring the economy back close to where it was in 2007.

Croatia needs to find a way to continue strengthening its tourist business. This will slowly start help solving the major problem of unemployment. However, for them to really start to make some improvements they need find another way to bring revenue into the country. New businesses and markets for trade are a couple of ways that can help out. In the end Croatia has to further develop its industries and part of that is finding a good place to start.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Cuba
Delegate Name: Alex Brinker
School: Royal Oak High School

Cuba would absolutely fall under the third economic sector. This third sector is providing services, or goods to other countries. Cuba would undoubtedly fall into this economic sector, as it exports professional services such as doctors, or teachers that work overseas, and thrives on tourism. Cuba also exports products like pharmaceutical or biotech goods and some other goods such as nickel. Through exporting, Cuba makes its money.

Having only few natural resources, Cuba must rely on the exportation of goods and services to have its economy stay afloat. In 2013, 81.9% of the GDP composition consisted of providing services, which consisted of approximately 72% of the workforce (about 3.66 million people). What little Cuba can produce, include the natural resources of nickel, oil, and petroleum. Not much in terms of manufacturing happens aside from the pharmaceutical and biotech goods being made and exported.

Cuba’s number one export is doctors. Cuba has sent nearly 271,000 doctors between the years of 1961-2008 In return, other countries trade either goods or currency. For example, Cuba provides healthcare to Venezuela, and it return Venezuela provides 100,000 barrels of oil a day to cuba. This is one of the most efficient ways cuba has earned money. Other exports such as tourism, are another main contributor.

Countries should develop sectors important to the country, to boost their economy, but not overdevelop, or develop too quickly as to make an economy unstable. Furthermore, economies should be somewhat well rounded to not create a weak point. For example if one country was to develop a strong manufacturing economy, and have a lacking natural resource sector, the economy designed may be subject to collapse.

If one must be selected, prioritize the natural resource sector. Natural resources are almost always needed by some party. Prioritizing another sercor before natural resources would result in a total collapse in economy, as a country would have to keep importing all of its goods.

Having a strong service sector already, Cuba starts moving towards the other two sectors. More specifically, the natural resource sector. Like other countries, to have a more stable economy, natural resources must be prioritized.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Democratic Republic of the Congo
Delegate Name: Ben Velarde
School: Grand Blanc High School

The current system some might say discourages foreign investment because the average tariff rate is 14.7% but what the tariffs actually do is promote domestic growth as opposed to imports. The most developed sector of the Democratic Republic of the Congo has been and is the agricultural sector being that it is the most easily accessible and requires less technology. The smallest branch is electricity, water and gas, this clearly has been the last thing to develop due to the high level of technological capital involved. All of these facts prove that financial aid is necessary to build the lagging sectors but regulate the thriving ones.

While the DRC has a vast supply of natural resources under the ground mining and quarrying only accounts for 14% of the GDP. Manufacturing only accounts for 4% of the GDP and there is so much untapped potential in the sectors after troops withdrew from areas containing mineral resources. The only problem is getting a labor force out there and supplying a worksite with electricity, clean water, and food. Improvements are being made to the roads currently but there needs to be financial relief for any real change to happen.

Creating an infrastructure that allows for fast and safe travel across the country would not only boost the economy it would allow for all the different sectors to expand. Financial aid is necessary for creating a national landscape that allows for competitive private businesses, and competition means more money spent more places, thus exponentially growing the economy

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Denmark
Delegate Name: Nikolas Zazula
School: Vicksburg High School

The development of a nation’s economy largely depends on its environment. In order for a nation to establish a reliable source of income, and to construct a strong industry, they must invest in developing economic sectors that are relevant to their environment. This way, a country could benefit from its surroundings in the most reliable and efficient way, and grow economically with the use of available resources.

Denmark has found that it succeeds largely in the areas of human services, such as tourism, and utilizing manufacturing efforts of imported goods as important factors in the economy. WIth no significant resources for trade available in Denmark’s environment, the country’s economy was established on the manufacturing of imported materials, and other human services. Even though Denmark lacks the resources to be able to construct an economy around exporting materials, we have established one around importing them from other countries, and adapted to our surroundings.

The country of Denmark believes that governments can greatly influence their nation’s economy in both positive and negative ways. For nations that are struggling to develop a reliable economic sector, it is important to look at the availability of different kinds of resources, and take into account their market. With the aid of governments in providing vocational training and allowing the creation of jobs in areas that would be most beneficial to grow their nation's economy, developing countries can greatly influence the growth of their economy, and further the development of the country as a whole.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Egypt
Delegate Name: Rahma Iqbal
School: Grand Blanc High School

Egypt, though currently recovering from an economic downpoint has typically been a service country, with the service sector being the largest and fastest growing economic sector in the country. The rapid growth of the service sector is promoted by tourism, trade, banking, and shipping services on the Suez Canal. Though, due to the 1997 Luxor Attack and 2011 revolution the economic benefits of the Suez Canal were hit hard. Despite this, the recently announced plans of major expansion of the Suez Canal is an economic reform to stimulate the growth of Egypt’s service sector. Global trade flows around the Suez Canal are guaranteed to be at a high due to the discovery of a massive gas field in the Mediterranean.

Although Egypt has an economy based upon its service sector, Egypt has a fairly large industrial sector as well. This is due to the production of production of petroleum and petroleum products, a major industry in the middle east. The sectors contribution to Egypt’s economy is dependent on the performance of the world’s oil markets. Currently the industrial sector is booming due to the high performance of oil markets specifically in the middle east. The growth of the industrial sector is also due to the Egyptian government’s efforts towards privatization and promotion of domestic investments.

The recently introduced economic reform program under the rule of President Abdel Fattah El-Sisi highly promotes a service sector based economy. The promotion of the service sector is shaped by the expenditure on health, education, and research and development services, all major factors in the stimulation of a service economy. A barrier to the growth of the service sector is the rapid growth of the industrial sector, though due to the expansion of the Suez Canal, the service sector is believed to prevail. A service sector based economy is Egypt’s aim with the introduction of the economic reform program.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Estonia
Delegate Name: Demetria Coleman
School: Flint Southwestern Classical Academy

Estonia does not have many natural resources so they depend on other sectors of economy to be successful. Estonia must import petroleum products from Western Europe and Russia. Oil shale energy, telecommunications, textiles, chemical products, banking, services, food and fishing, timber, shipbuilding, electronics, and transportation are all key sectors of Estonia’s economy. The Estonian industrial sector suffered more than other sectors during the country's transition to a market economy. Estonia's heavy industry had been developed and managed by central planners in Moscow with imported labor from other regions within the Soviet Union. In 1991, when we gained our independence and the eventual collapse of the economic system in the Soviet Union, Estonia had to quickly redirect our economic contacts from the East to the West. Estonia acquired all of the industrial enterprises on its territory and faced the challenge of finding them a place in a market economy. We were able to establish trade relations with Finland and Sweden. Engineering products and machinery constitute the bulk of goods Estonia exports to Finland, Sweden and Germany. These industries provide almost half of the goods exported to Finland. Other important goods include metal industry products, goods of the timber and paper industry, furniture and some food products. Estonian exports have increased at a steady rate: in 2004 our percentage of exports to Asia, Africa and America was 4%, now it has risen to over 19%. One of the reasons for this is definitely that these regions have had better economic growth than Europe. In the United States our exports are nearly 7%. Canada (mainly fish products) and Norway are currently Estonia’s most important targets among the countries outside the European Union.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: France
Delegate Name: Tanvi Sharma
School: Saginaw Arts and Sciences Academy

The nation of France is one of the world’s dominant economic powers. Her economy is extremely diverse, and she also has a very robust infrastructure that allows the citizens of France to enjoy a high standard of living. For these reasons, France believes that she is qualified advise developing countries in economic expansion and advancement. France strongly believes in economic freedom; however, there must be some governmental regulation. This can take many forms. For example, many countries have established trade agreements which are mutually beneficial. While they may not contribute to a “free” market, they are certainly conducive to economic development. Additionally, nations must establish labor laws for the sake of human rights. It is impossible for a nation to flourish if its people are subjected to unsafe and unreasonable labor practices. Nations must also encourage a diverse economy. While many developing nations depend on the sale of natural resources for most of their economic influx, these assets can be fickle. They rely heavily on the current price of the commodity in question and can leave a country destitute if their one source of income is cut off. For example, France has both a strong agricultural and manufacturing sector. Her government also has few regulations on entrepreneurs. There is no minimum capital requirement for starting a firm and businesses take on average only three months to obtain their various licenses and permits.

However, France is not without her economic problems. She is facing a fairly high unemployment rate. However, the government is currently lowering regulations for businesses which will stimulate the economy. France is currently bolstering the technological aspect of her economy because of her already robust infrastructure. Other nations should have similar methods of prioritizing which sectors of the economy to develop. Countries without a strong infrastructure that rely on the use of natural resources should continue to encourage their current economic practices as well as encourage the building of infrastructure such as hospitals, roads, as well as education. As mentioned before, they should also focus on diversifying so their economy is not reliant on a single export. The nation of France is an integral part of the world economy and can play a large role in further developing it. She can serve as an example for nations all over the world, developing and industrialized.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Germany
Delegate Name: Timothy Bennett
School: Forest Hills Central High School

When it comes to the Economics of Development, Germany would be interested in revisiting the Millennium Declaration of 2000 and the progress of the Millennium Development Goals established by that declaration. These goals covered all sectors of development from sustainable resource extraction to ensuring gender equality in the workforce. While not all of these goals pertain to the Economic and Financial Council, they are valuable in making sure that the world is progressing in development, not regressing.

Aside from the Millennium goals, Germany hopes that this committee will address the need for developed nations to aid those countries that are struggling. This can be achieved through foreign direct investments to help stabilize a government’s economy. This method is beneficial for all parties involved, and knits nations closer together. We are a community, and we must act as such. We have a responsibility to better the world, and we must start by building bridges between nations.

The greatest struggle for any developing nation is establishing a stable market. Diversifying this market so that it remains sustainable is even more difficult. By introducing developing countries to modern economic practices, we may stabilize the world economy as a whole. Lowered import tariffs can help a market maintain stability, while diversification of an economy through labor reforms and business aid help to create a sustainable future for an economy. Green enterprises are of much value, for they prevent an economy from focusing on commodity extraction, and promotes the rise of industry and services. Germany hopes that all countries can achieve the stability that exists in our own nation.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Greece
Delegate Name: Charlie Uchno
School: Roeper School

Hello fellow delegates. Greece feels that the most important factor to consider in economic development is diversification. After having both of our two greatest industries take a large toll from the 2008 economic crisis, Greece hopes to teach others from our mistakes, and to further work towards developing our own stable economy.

Greece currently has much of its economic focus on our services sector, making up 80.6% of our GDP, and 72.4% of our labor force. However, it is important for a nation like Greece to further develop the primary sector of raw materials so that we can build up a foundation for the economy. Countries should prioritize their sectors on what they excel in individually. Some nations have more favorable resources than others, and are able to develop more robust economies. Nations with oil and coal will have more success developing their raw material sectors than nations who do not have any natural abundance of such resources. Greece’s two largest industries are shipping and tourism, and after the 2008 economic crisis, both of those industries were negatively impacted. Other countries should understand that diversification is essential in maintaining more stable economies, even during economic downturns. Greece has faced many barriers in developing industries. For example, Greece is a relatively small nation and therefore has less land to utilize and extract raw materials from. This makes it difficult to expand oil or coal industries because of limited resources. Our problem is not unique to Greece, and is faced by many other nations struggling to diversify their economies. In order to avoid total instability, it is the duty of nations who are economically developed to assist countries in less fortunate situations.

Overall, Greece feels that economic diversification is crucial and promotes stability. It is important for nations to modernize and diversify so that they are not left in a situation where a large portion of their economy could collapse.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Guatemala
Delegate Name: Ethan Fraley-Burgett
School: Kalamazoo Central High School

Guatemala believes that they fall under the second category. Guatemala believes this because many of the areas of property here is in indigenous region that has not been yet industrialized. If this was to happen it would create the jobs that the people in those areas need to get their start. This would improve the economy immensely and may even make Guatemala able to help other countries that are in our situation as of the moment. But until Guatemala gets the help that needs to move forward as a country it cannot offer its help to any other country.

Guatemala should develop its sectors by adding these things such as commercial farms and other businesses to create jobs and farm resources because right now Guatemala has all the resources but none of the funds to farm it. If other countries were to help Guatemala gain economic equality of the classes then it would be able to help others that are in the same situation.

Guatemala believes that countries need to have more access to their resources in order to sustain themselves in the world market. To be economically viable, Guatemala believes all countries need to assist each other in developing their resources. These resources need to be controlled by the governments of those countries and not large corporations. Large corporations do not represent the interests of the nations who need to develop and should not be allowed to participate in how a nation's resources are allocated.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Haiti
Delegate Name: Mallory Snyder
School: Saginaw Arts and Sciences Academy

Haiti falls under the first category of countries. The first category is countries that focus on resource extraction. Haiti falls under this category because of its focus in agriculture, forestry, and fishing. The first portion of the paper will focus on what sectors of the economy Haiti has chosen to develop: resource extraction, manufacturing, and services. The second portion will focus on what sectors countries should choose to develop and how to prioritize these sectors.

Haiti's economy depends upon the crops, fish, and lumber that it exports. In 2004, these three industries accounted for 28% of Haiti's GDP. Over 66% of the workforce is employed under one of these industries. Haiti also has a growing mining industry, which generates over $13 million US dollars.The major products are Bauxite, copper ore, calcium carbonate, gold ore, and marble. These industries are easier for developing countries to manage, because they do not require expensive buildings and a extensive education. The only things they require are equipment and a workforce.

Haiti is becoming a leader in the apparel industry. As of 2010, the textile industry employed over 27,000 workers. 80% of Haiti's exports arise from the textile industry. Other major manufacturing exports are electronics and shoes. Under the Trade Preference Programs, an unlimited amount of various apparel from Haiti is duty-free in the United States. This was established by CBTPA (Caribbean Basin Trade Partnership Act) and HOPE (Haitian Hemispheric Opportunity through Partnership Encouragement Act of 2006). Additional textiles and apparel was added to this agreement by HOPE II (Food Conservation and Energy Act of 2006) and HELP (Haitian Economic Lift Program of 2010). These programs make it easier for Haitian goods to be bought and sold. These acts have improved the development of Haiti.

There are many services that provide economic gain in Haiti. These services make up 52% of the GDP and employ 25% of the labor force. Tourism and Banking are the two major services in Haiti. The banking and finance industries are extremely unstable because of political turmoil. Most of the population does not have access to loans. Many organizations are trying to make banks more accessible for Haitians.

Countries should choose to develop sectors that are important for the country to improve its economy, but not make its economy unsustainable. For example, a country should make use of its natural resources, but not overuse them so the environment suffers. Also, a country should not only develop the manufacturing sectors without developing the extraction sectors.

Countries should prioritize the extraction sectors first, and then manufacturing and service sectors. These sectors are dependent on each other. In fact, countries cannot have any of the sectors without educating your workforce. Countries need to prioritize the extraction sectors first, because without agriculture the country will have to import all food and that will result in a total net loss. Manufacturing and services are prioritized second because countries cannot have the manufacturing sector without the banks in the services sector. However, countries should prioritize education also.

Educating your workforce is also necessary, not only to maximize efficiency, but also ethically. By the ethical principles every human being has the right to know. If countries wish to develop, they should follow these ethical principles and educate their workforce. It is therefore unethical to deny your population an education.

Haiti has followed this policy by prioritizing its resource extraction, and slowly moving more towards education. In order to move completely to the second category of development, Haiti will have to focus most on establishing a stable banking system and educating the populace.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: India
Delegate Name: Luke Steiger
School: Roeper School

In this day and age, we see an emergence of new markets throughout the world. The spread of capitalism has left few places untouched. Foreign investment has spread across developing nations, especially in the raw materials and manufacturing industries. Consequently, many countries must now evolve with a changing global economy.

India has been focusing on enhancing the private sector and foreign investment opportunities. This has been achieved with tremendous success. India has implemented significant changes under new President Narendra Modi. This year, India passed the Coal Mines Special Provisions Bill of 2015, which deconstructs governmental ownership of natural resources and allows private corporations to mine coal. Several months ago, India also increased its foreign domestic investment cap to 49%, and such investment has grown astronomically this decade. This trend is expected to continue.

India is proud of the economic development it has achieved in this century. Since renewed efforts to liberalize the economy in the 1990s, India has sustained consistent, impressive growth. Through reformation acts and regulatory policies, India has managed to substantially increase the private sector. India advises countries with equal economic aspirations to take similar steps. India believes that foreign investment is central to developing countries. The growth India has seen in infrastructure and energy would not be possible without the billions of dollars brought by foreign investors. To attract foreign investment, it is critical to have a strong private sector to invest in. Additionally, India encourages socialist countries to give up monopolies and seek legitimate competition with the private sector. Lastly, India and the rest of the world must focus more on maintaining an educated populace. Having a highly educated workforce has already shown great returns for India in the fields of technology and chemical manufacturing. Stable skilled labor opportunities provide for a stable middle-class, thus a stable economy.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Indonesia
Delegate Name: Alexandra Mark
School: Fishers High School

Disregarding the 1997/1998 Asian Financial Crisis, the Indonesian economy has enjoyed a prosperous era of growth. While Indonesian exports remain driven by natural resources, the nation has developed over time to establish a more balanced economy. In recent years, the gap between resource exports and manufactured exports has shrunk significantly. Of Indonesia’s primary exports (palm oil, oil and gas, ores and slags, electrical appliances, plywood, textiles, & rubber), only a few are manufactured. Indonesia has succeeded in reaching a balance between utilizing and benefiting from its plethora of natural resources and remaining relevant to regional trade by providing modern technology.

Indonesia believes that the best way to decide which sectors of economy to promote is to look at opportunity, resources, and efficiency. Every nation is different and is presented with different opportunities and resources, making the development of certain sectors more efficient than others. For Indonesia, that means ample exports of natural resources as well as some manufactured goods created in more densely populated areas such as Java. This distribution of labor and other resources has allowed Indonesia to maintain its relatively low unemployment rate, and due to the land and resources at its disposal, it has also managed to create a generally stable and relatively self-sustaining economy that relies only on minimal trade (primarily with other Asian nations).

Indonesia does not believe that a close balance between natural resources and manufactured exports is the solution for all nations, but believes that each individual nation must look at the resources and opportunities at their disposal and devise strategies to best take advantage of the opportunities that have been presented. This is the primary determiner of which sectors take priority in terms of development. While technology innovations and experts are often one of the main commodities of highly developed nation states, it would be completely ridiculous to encourage all nations to follow that same path. All nations must work together to provide one another with necessary goods as well as popular commodities, but individual nations must also do what is best for themselves.

In this sense, Indonesia urges its fellow member states to follow its example. Indonesia is certainly not the world’s top supplier of technological advances, top commodities, or the like, but yet it has managed to maintain a steadily growing economy in light of those circumstances. Indonesia would especially like to encourage its fellow developing and underdeveloped nations to keep this in mind during periods of development.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Iran
Delegate Name: Reuben Glasser
School: Kalamazoo Central High School

Iran believes that to be a nation with strength you must be well rounded, build from the roots, and look forward to the future. Iran is all of these. Iran’s sole focus is to have a progressive next generation focused on ingenuity, sustainable energy, and scientific advancements. We have achieved these goals by being a literate nation. In fact, in a study conducted in 2010, Iran had the 7th most book titles published per year. We also pride ourselves with having the best worldwide female to male ratio of enrolment in primary school (poll done in 2005 by the UN). As a vastly educated nation, we also spearhead the idea of energy creation through sustainable and natural recourses. Iran is a great building place for the future of solar energy because of our geographical position. We are located in one of the hottest regions of the earth with some of the most intense levels of sunlight. Many private Iranian companies have taken advantage of this geographical advantage and the government is currently exploring a solar future. Our hydropower alone creates 14% of our overall energy mix nationwide compared to United States only creating 6% of their energy needs through hydropower. In addition to our vast hydropower system, we have a wind-power system that has the potential of producing half of the total energy consumption needs if a nationwide windy day was to occur. While having a vast sustainable energy system, Iran also maintains its rank as the 7th highest oil-producing nation. Iran is a nation built by the people for the people with an influential schooling system and a model for energy production.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Iraq
Delegate Name: Hudson Yu
School: Williamston High School

The country of Iraq has been steadily growing thanks to Iraq’s developing economy. The most important economic sectors of Iraq can be narrowed down to two primary industries, agriculture and energy. By developing these industries, Iraq has helped to restore stability to a violent country.

Oil’s role in the Middle Eastern economy has always been prominent. Primary contributors to the oil market in the Middle East are Saudi Arabia, Iraq, the UAE and Kuwait. Thanks to Iraq’s rich collection of crude oil, petroleum has been carrying Iraq’s economy to impressive heights in recent years. However, after the Iraq war and UN sanctions, Iraq’s oil industry lost its infrastructure. Many of Iraq’s major oil reserves were destroyed from the Iraq War in 2004. It has since recovered and Iraq’s oil output is now the 4th largest globally. In a world that now depends on natural gas, the oil industry should be developed in all countries that are capable of producing oil.

Agriculture is very important to the Iraqi government because it employs a third of Iraq’s workforce. On a global scale, agriculture is an industry that could easily employ much of the global population. However, agriculture within Iraq has been hindered by the UN’s Oil for Food program. This gives Iraq the ability to trade oil in for food directly, thus taking away demand for Iraq’s agricultural output. Despite this program, Iraq still regards agriculture as one of its most important industries.

Iraq encourages other countries to develop their natural resources and agricultural industries. Many Middle Eastern countries have already chose to develop oil, and this has had a huge impact on the global economy. Given the demand for Oil, Iraq’s surplus has widely encouraged economic development within its borders. Agriculture is another high impact industry. Agriculture is capable of supplying work to the poorly educated and feed the global population.

Iraq looks forward to working with other countries to develop industries that encourage economic growth and develop a more stable economy.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Italy
Delegate Name: Braden Porterfield
School: Royal Oak High School

The many impoverished countries of the world have the resources that they need to grow their economy, but are unable to because a transition from simply resource extraction to manufacture would be too difficult to maneuver. Impoverished countries need an outside business to help develop their economy.

Italy has a capitalistic structure and believes that vertical integration is necessary for economic growth. Some of our larger companies could extend a helping hand to developing countries by building . If impoverished countries allow us to use their citizens in need of work and unused land to extend our businesses. The unemployed citizens will have more job opportunities. The owners of plants that extract raw material won’t have to ship the materials to be sold, because the middleman will be gone.

This will improve the global economy, especially if other nations follow our lead. Impoverished nations would share the wealth with wealthy nations across the world,equalising the global economy. Some may argue that this will replace all jobs in wealthy nations with cheap labour, but if this committee creates a global law that establishes that oversea jobs must have the same safety and minimum wage requirements that are in the home country then the businesses would have no reason to replace jobs at the original country.

The world has suffered with this in the past, but only because it hasn’t been implemented correctly. With the proper regulations on workers rights, it may work.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Kazakhstan
Delegate Name: Katlyn Ratzlaff
School: Mattawan High School

The issue that needs to be resolved in this discussion revolves around the decisive importance each sector has overall, and the difference between a third-world country’s needs and that of a first world country. Due to the difference in necessities, some countries are willing to overlook the long term effects of selling their rich natural resources to foreign companies for a large sum. This money can be used right away, however, the effects can lead to a drought of resources in the future when they have no capability of providing for themselves in the future. This session has gathered to solve the issue of who should determine when and where other countries should provide support to countries who sell their resources to companies who do not benefit the country’s economy.

Kazakhstan believes that countries need to develop the sector of Industrialization. The most difficult aspect of developing a country has to do with creating systems that allow companies to support the country’s economy. Once a country, sells their resources for a short term profit instead of looking at a broadened perspective of the future, then external countries slowly begin to shift the efficient profits from the enterprises into their own country’s economy, excluding the hazards that come from mining gold, copper, iron, etc. and extracting oil. These are the areas that the UN needs to focus on helping when it comes to developing countries affairs.

Kazakhstan has faced our share of obstacles in developing these sectors. The most important one has to do with a hit in the oil sector. In the 2014 crisis, the National Bank devalued the Kazakhstan’s tenge by 19% in order to stay ahead of the Russian decline, since Kazakhstan has such close ties to Russia. This decreased our population’s savings by ⅕ overnight, while causing the price of food to soar in Kazakhstan. These economic downfalls also affected the primary oil businesses. KazMunaiGaz (KGM) planned to sell 16.8 percent of their shares for around 4.7 billion dollars. Which eventually needed the Kazakhstan government to bail them out. Despite the crisis, we kept our companies domestic and did not branch out to sell our natural resources for instantaneous revenue. Today, we continue to work towards a more efficient industrialized system.

Contradictory to some peoples’ beliefs, some countries do not want help from their neighbors when dealing with the industrialization sector, or any other sector besides that. Therefore, the solution can be narrowed to a country receiving help with the development of their country at their request. Not a single organization or country understands the needs of another country other than the people who reside in those same boarders. Neighboring countries have no obligation revoke another’s sovereignty, and if we, as representatives, take the route of providing aid when it’s requested of our countries, then we fulfill our moral obligations, while also preserving the independence between countries that we so heavily applaud.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Kenya
Delegate Name: Carter Wade
School: Roeper School

The Republic of Kenya believes that how the development of a country’s economy is carried out is one of the most important factors in determining economic, social, and political success. The Republic of Kenya believes that most countries should focus on trying to advance the technologies within their societies but also recognizes that in the attempt to advance, a country could easily wind up developing too quickly or shift the focuses of their entire economy before the common populous is prepared for such a shift, the resulting economy would be rife with inexperience in new fields, inability to effectively implement safety standards, large amounts of dissatisfaction with the government, and no firm and stable policy structure on which to fall back to. A country should first determine where their current developmental standing lies before making any attempt to improve the structure of their economies. Said country should categorize itself as any one of three main developmental sub types: an economy focused on the production and exportation of raw materials; an economy focused on the manufacture of final and processed goods to sell around the world; or finally an economy focused on the advancement of technologies associated with the success and efficiency of the processes entailed within the previous two sub types. Only after a country has determined its current standing can it proceed with advancing into the next category. A serious barrier in the way of a country’s ability to develop is that in many situations, a government is focused on a more pressing issue such as war or disease and cannot divert resources away from the problem toward growing their economies. The Republic of Kenya has kept peace by maintaining close ties with its neighbors such as Tanzania and Uganda. But The Republic of Kenya is also facing challenges with diseases such as malaria, which causes over eight-hundred-million deaths per year. Public safety off of the coast is also of concern because of the large number of pirates roaming the area. We hope to see international action taken to reduce the effect of piracy and infection throughout the world so that more nations may focus on improving their social, economic, and political standing.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Kuwait
Delegate Name: William Fleming
School: Fishers High School

Kuwait’s believes that countries need to develop a strong natural resource industry, then sell these resources at a global level to develop the country. Kuwait has demonstrated that this sector of economy has a large payout, as seen from the its infrastructure and way of living. Most countries that are on the Least Developed Countries list have large amounts of natural resources, such as diamonds, cocoa, and lumber. The main issue is that these countries have a lot of external influence to have low prices and cheap exports.

Kuwait has used the large amount of natural resources in the country to allow for rapid growth due to the money coming in from other countries, and this growth was enough to allow us to construct the nation we have today. Countries do not force the buyers into a higher price, and instead export massive amount of the resource at a very low price, and this is what forces them into poverty. Countries need to force corporations to raise the prices of their resources, and in turn will bring in more money, and increase the standard of living. Sadly, most governments do not place any regulations or policies to stop large corporations from forcing the prices of natural resources into practical worthlessness.

Kuwait has developed a large natural resource economy, with the export mainly being crude oil. This economy has proved very effective, as most other countries have a need for the crude oil that we produce to fuel the rapidly growing need for energy and fuel for cars. Our government tried to diversify the economy in 2010, but due to political matters, the plan failed in the end. The output we would like to see in 2020 is around 4 million barrels oils a day. The current reserves are around 102 million barrels, which is 6% of the world's reserve. Countries need to base themselves on the resources they have, just like Kuwait.

In the end, governments and countries need to focus on their natural resource exports to fuel economies, and drive countries to a larger global income to improve the standard of living for the country, and in turn, help countries develop strong sustainable economies and eventually, help the countries reach a developed state in the world.

United Nations. "LIST OF LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES." LIST OF LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES (n.d.): n. pag. LIST OF LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES. United Nations, 04 Dec. 2013. Web. 24 Oct. 2015.

The World Factbook 2013-14. Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency, 2013 .

United Nations. "UN General Assembly – Second Committee – Economic and Financial." UN News Center. UN, 19 Oct. 2015. Web. 25 Oct. 2015.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Libya
Delegate Name: Abigail Wheeler
School: Mattawan High School

Libya strongly believes that a country needs a reliable industrial sector. Libya’s manufacturing industries are small, lightly capitalized, and devoted primarily to the processing of local agricultural products such as tanning, canning fruits and vegetables, milling flour, and processing olive oil, and to textiles, building materials, and basic consumer items. The economy of Libya depends primarily upon revenues from the petroleum sector, which contributes practically all export earnings and over half of GDP. Therefore, the rest of the industrial sector needs to be further developed so we aren’t as reliant on petroleum. Libya has developed on services at 42.5% and on industry at 49.9% accounting for the economy. Agriculture is Libya’s weakest sector that needs the most development. It only accounts for a 7.6% of the GDP. Libya is a country with vast areas of desert and dry climate so securing water is an issue that needs to be address. There’s a vital need for water management. Libya can develop new water sources, increase water efficiency, and legislation to protect water supplies. Libya has constructed storage dams to store surface water resources such as flood water. Other countries can learn from Libya’s struggles in agriculture along with their advances in industry and oil production. Other countries can use the techniques that we have used to try and conserve and collect water. All in all, Libya needs to work on developing our agriculture sector in order to make our economy even stronger.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Lithuania
Delegate Name: Oscar Luna
School: Instituto Educativo Olinca

Lithuania supports the idea of a country developing its industrial sector. When a country develops its industrial sector it gets benefits such as the creation of new jobs better paid than the jobs in the agricultural sector. Also, it creates a more skilled labor force when exposed to technological innovation and capable to absorb new technical processes. Besides that, it improves the technology of the country because of new investments made by domestic and foreign investors.

Although nowadays Lithuania depends more upon the services sector, knowing the importance of the industrial sector Lithuania since 1990 has designed economic policies to foster its industrial sector such as the privatization of state owned industries to allow private investor to bring new finance capital goods, technological innovations as to create a competitive market.

Lithuania also thinks encouraging the educational sector is a priority, because in a globalised economy it is necessary to have an educated and skilled work force to be able to use new technologies and adapt to technical changes as well as to compete with foreign labor forces.

Although Lithuania suggests improving these sectors, it is true that every country has specific necessities. For instance nowadays a barrier that Lithuania is facing is the high prices for natural gas imports coming from Russia. This situation increases production costs for goods and services. In order to solve this problem Lithuania must transform its energy sector. To do so Lithuania, along with other Baltic States, is going to build a nuclear power plant to ensure independence of their power industry.

To sum up, Lithuania believes that improving the Industrial sector (to create new jobs and improve wages) as well as providing better education (to be able to have a competitive work force) are key for every country for their economic development. So Lithuania invites all other countries to design economic policies according to this ideas.

http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Europe/Lithuania-ECONOMIC-DEVELOPMENT.html#ixzz3qvKeS4Eq

Gillis, M., et al. Economics of Development. WW Norton & Company, NY, 3th Edition, 1983.

https://www.lb.lt/macroeconomic_forecast

https://www.lb.lt/economic_developments_in_lithuania_septemer_2015_1

http://balticexport.com/?article=lietuvas-ekonomika&lang=en

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Nepal
Delegate Name: Tyler Larson
School: Forest Hills Eastern High School

Nepal’s geography on the world map is landlocked and in between two incredibly industrialized nations, India and China. With tourism and the trade of natural resources being Nepal’s most profitable sectors, is important to develop these economic areas to their fullest capacity. Nepal’s tourism of Mount Everest within the Himalayan Mountains is a great source of revenue, and Nepal’s extraction of resources and agriculture needs to be increased and distributed to India to increase GDP.

It is important to capitalize on sectors of economies that a nation is already developed in, such as the exportation of natural resources and food. It wouldn’t be logical for Nepal to start manufacturing clocks when other countries can do it more efficiently and with a higher product quality. Thus Nepal hopes to start exploiting the land more for agriculture and the removal of natural resources, then trading those with other nations. Nepal’s economy could greatly improve if the increase of the production of natural resources lead to an increase of trade with neighboring countries to receive manufactured goods. Same ideology goes for tourism, but using more advertisement to draw in new mountain-climbers. Climbers spend anywhere from 3,130,000-10,450,000 Nepalese Rupee, or in USD, $30,000-$100,000.

Countries around the world need to specialize in individual aspects of economies, then trade with one another for mutual benefit. The less trade there is in an economy, the smaller the GDP is. Nepal hopes to start increasing the trade of natural resources with other countries and to stop being a country that is a “Jack of all Trades.”

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: New Zealand
Delegate Name: Sam Hostetter
School: Forest Hills Eastern High School

In New Zealand’s early years, the agricultural sector thrived. The fertile and open land catered to our developing nation in need of early GDP. This prospect of early GDP is a much larger question for many developing nations without fertile agricultural opportunities. The dilemma of early economy depends largely on the resources available to the nation and the willingness of the government to utilize these resources. Early economies also rely heavily on established infrastructure, such as roads, transport, buildings, and communication. This infrastructure can be difficult to enact early on, as it requires large amounts of spending from either the government or private sector and it requires the probability of a return on investment. New Zealand believes that government action concerning early infrastructure and specialization of resources are necessities in a developing economy.

New Zealand prides itself in developing from a trade colony owned by Great Britain to a strong, dynamic player in the world’s economy. With our service sector generating over two-thirds of annual GDP, New Zealand has specialized our resources efficiently and proudly boasts the second best economic environment to start and execute a business, mainly one in the service sector. One major part to this success is government transparency on economic developments. Nearly all New Zealanders have access to the national bank’s reports on monetary policy and financial stability. This citizenly awareness allows for a more educated public and a more informed society. New Zealand advocates this informedness to all developing economies, for a population that is aware of how their economy runs and how it thrives is more able to support it the best they can, just as New Zealanders actively participate in and work for the strongest aspect of our economy, the service sector. Additionally, we continue to develop our country's infrastructure to allow our domestic economy to run smoothly and efficiently. The National Infrastructure Unit, started in 2009, consistently enacts projects to improve every aspect of infrastructure that holds up our economy, an aspect that can’t be ignored when building an economy.

To answer the world’s question of how to run developing economies, New Zealand hopes to reach a collective solution within the Economical and Financial Committee. Every nation is different, and therefore every economy is different. Yet there are similarities within these differences, such as geography, demographics or available resources, that larger nations share with developing ones. The EcoFin committee should allow these younger economies to advocate their strengths and reach a resolution that all can agree on.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Nigeria
Delegate Name: Ricardo Ayala
School: Grand Rapids City High School

Poor government funding has created some barriers to Nigeria’s development by lowering the power of government agencies and their ability to be affective despite the peoples and governments commitment to development. A country should always, regardless of status as a developed or undeveloped nation, develop its sectors of natural resources to spur exports and economic growth. Nigeria is a prime example of a country that gained a stronger economy and an established place in the world after developing its natural resources, such as natural gas and oil which constitute Nigeria’s major exports. Agriculture is also an important sector because it provides employment for a large portion of the population, especially in a developing nation such as Nigeria where agriculture employs 70% of the population. Agricultural exports are important because they are renewable and serve as a backup in case a country nonrenewable energies such as oil and natural gases fail. Nigeria was well of prior to the 1970s due to its coco and timber exports. After the 1970s when Nigeria’s oil production dominated its economy and graced the government to the rank of the largest economy in Africa. Therefore after looking at the success Nigeria has had with their natural resources, other countries should utilize their own natural resources.

There are many things the United Nations can do to help promote more economic development. It would be beneficial to set up committees to help set standards. In addition we can call upon the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) to promote more international trade among developing nations. This will help them develop economies as a whole. Overall, the Federal Republic of Nigeria supports the idea that countries must not only harness their own natural resources as well have the chance to contribute more to the global economy.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: North Korea
Delegate Name: Eric Payerle
School: Mattawan High School

When our people were beginning their great revolution we were left were an economy and country that had been destroyed by warfare. Many sectors of our nation’s economy had been destroyed or damaged in some way. Our leaders had to decide what we must rebuild first and the fastest. What was the most essential to economic growth and what would be needed for economic stability down the road. Economic development is one of the most important responsibilities of a government to its people. The DPRK maintains a hands on very involved approach in developing the economy for its citizens. We have constructed robust industries and strong cooperative farming. We have worked to develop and nurture our economy with the help of glorious socialism.

Industry has always been viewed as the most important sector of the Korean economy. The DPRK has worked to create a strong industrial sector, focusing on both heavy and light industry since the beginning of our economic reconstruction. The most essential part of the Korean reconstruction was that it happened from the inside out. We worked to educate and empower our citizens to push forward with economic development. The only people who know what a country needs to develop is the government in charge of that state. The DPRK strongly believes that no blanket resolution can be passed on economic development. Each country is the expert on their unique challenges and must act appropriately to them in accordance to their views.

This issue is important to the DPRK because, despite the many challenges, we have redeveloped our economy from war torn ruin to economic engine. We know the struggles of economic development. We wish to ensure that no country has their plans and goals for economic development fouled up by interfering powers. The international community must understand that each country knows what is best for itself.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Norway
Delegate Name: Noah Weller
School: Forest Hills Eastern High School

The majority of economists break the world down into two broad categories: developing (or non-industrial) countries, such as South Africa and Syria, and developed (or industrial) countries such as the United States and Norway. Definitions of both categories vary, but industrial countries are generally characterized by high GDP, high personal income, maintained infrastructure, steady population and economic growth, and managed use of resources. Simply put, developing economies are conversely defined as having low GDP and per capita incomes, poorly maintained infrastructure, high rates of population growth, slow economic growth, and little to no resource management. The United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs maintains goals of relatively rapid, but still sustainable economic growth in developing countries around the world, with a deadline for most of these goals being the year 2030. Among these targets are to improve infrastructure everywhere through international cooperation, to limit or even eliminate poverty by means of improving access to economic resources and through various economic treaties, and to establish self-sustaining economies wherever possible. The Economic and Social Council has also passed resolutions calling for economic monitoring and appropriating funds to various financial organizations worldwide with the intent of building financial institutions and developing economies around the globe. Lastly, the World Bank is currently in the process of establishing financial institutions and coordinating and recommending government policies in order to facilitate further economic development around the world. Encouraging economies to progress from non-industrial to industrial is invaluable to the global economy, as it opens up new markets, creates new production centers, and improves the standard of living worldwide.

In an incredibly short time, the Kingdom of Norway was transformed from a humbly industrial nation to a highly developed one. This was as a direct result of one thing: oil. In 1969, enormous oil reserves were found off the coast, and drilling began almost immediately. Wisely, the Norwegian government both invested in and regulated the drilling industry, with a balanced goal of sustainable economic growth. In the first few years of the oil industry’s development, a bump was hit: the 1973 Oil Crisis. During the crisis, the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (of which Norway has never been a member) placed an embargo on oil exports, exponentially increasing crude oil prices. In response, Norway simply limited oil consumption temporarily in order to increase the available supply, and moved on (it is notable, however, that this temporary hiccup would by the 1980s drastically increase Norway’s oil exports, firmly establishing Norway as a major player in the petroleum industry). Another roadblock that was overcome was the dispute between the Norway-Russia border in the Arctic Circle, a location potentially ripe with oil and gas. In September 2010, the two countries signed a treaty ending a Barents Sea border dispute originating in the 1970s. The treaty split the disputed sea territory among the two signatories, which then allowed both nations to freely explore their section of the territory. Today, Norway continues to invest in various parts of their economy, including creating trade unions, establishing stable tax codes, and encouraging development of green energy sources. However, as Norway is a highly developed nation, most of their financial aid efforts instead fall into providing assistance globally, with efforts culminating in the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD), a department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Through NORAD in 2014, more than 3.7 billion 2014 US dollars was spent on improving education, energy access, health, resource management, and financial institutions, as well as promoting petroleum drilling, and establishing pro-development government policies worldwide.

In order to foster and encourage the increased development of non-industrial nations, Norway would encourage developed economies worldwide to firstly perform debt swaps on or cancel outstanding debts owed to them by developing nations so that their governments can focus not on allocating funds to repay debts, but instead on encouraging the enhancement of existing economic sectors and the creation of new ones, as well as the improvement of infrastructure within the nation. Norway itself has in the past allocated nearly 373 million 2014 US dollars to this very task. Norway would also encourage developing nations to combine infrastructural improvement with fostering new economic sectors by investing in the energy industry, which remains one of the most stable and necessary industries in the world due to the fact that as the world develops and grows, its energy requirements will only continue to rise. Through international cooperation and aid, as well as internal policy changes, Norway believes that each nation has it within them to become a well-developed economic power, and to virtually eliminate poverty within their borders.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Pakistan
Delegate Name: Jennifer Bell
School: Grand Rapids City High School

Being a third world country, Pakistan faces many economic and social challenges. The people of Pakistan are deeply entrenched in poverty, with an average per capita income of $1,085 US dollars. About 90 million people live off of 2$ a day. Pakistan’s literacy rate is 53% and most people only attend school for 8 years at best. The lack of education and amount of poverty leads to little or no opportunities for many people. The majority of people live in rural areas and work in agriculture. Only 36% of Pakistan’s population lives in urban areas, meaning that a minority of citizens have access to the benefits and opportunities found in a metropolitan areas such as, access to more resources, health care, and jobs. All of these factors contribute to Pakistan’s struggling economy.

To solve its economic issues, Pakistan needs to expand its base of industries, allowing for greater job opportunities, increased GDP, and a platform for investors to support new business operations. Pakistan’s main economic issue is a lack of job diversity, with 45% of people working in agriculture, a relatively unstable industry. 20% of the manufacturing labor force works in textiles, which is the main export of Pakistan. It is extremely challenging to open a business in Pakistan, taking up to a year to have all paperwork and licenses approved, twice the global average. Pakistan’s economy is ranked the 138th in the world, based on its ability to start businesses, quality of regulation, and efficiency. This ranking proves that there is much to improve.

The best way to expand the industries in Pakistan would be to create incentives for businesses to invest in Pakistan. There should be support and incentives for both large international corporations as well as local startups. There is also a pressing need for programs to provide training and education that would enable citizens to create businesses and get jobs in areas beyond agriculture. The money for this could be diverted from agricultural funds and subsidies, allowing for a wider range of industries. Although this would limit the development and sustainability of agriculture on a short term basis, it would have better long term effects for the community. If this plan is implemented, Pakistan’s economy would become larger and more self sufficient, increasing the GDP, eliminating poverty, and developing all aspects of the economy.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Palestine
Delegate Name: Rachel Westrick
School: Forest Hills Eastern High School

In 1945, the United Nations was chartered with the purpose of achieving international peace and cooperation in solving international problems of economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character. With the help of organizations implementing the United Nation’s Millennium Development Goals, extreme poverty levels in the developing world have decreased since the 1990s from 40 percent to almost 20 percent. While these poverty levels have almost halved, it still becomes important for the United Nations to address economic development and promote the building of important sectors in less established governments and economies. Depending on the resources and assets available in a country, governments should focus on developing their resource extraction, manufacturing, or service sectors. By making these sectors more efficient, the United Nations can promote economic stability in less developed States.

Economic growth and private sector development in the State of Palestine are have been especially weak in past years. According to a report by the United Nations development agency, socio-economic conditions in Gaza today are at their lowest point since 1967. The majority of the breakdown in the Palestinian economy is due to conflict damages in the Gaza strip, failures of Arab country donors to fulfill their financial commitments, a high-cost capital structure, and most destructively, the trade and land-access restrictions forced on by the Israeli occupying power. Most development initiatives in the State of Palestine have been undermined by the Israeli occupying power’s restrictions on movement, foreign investment, and exports from Gaza and the West Bank to overseas. According to an estimate in a World Bank Report, the Palestinian economy could expand by a third and halve its budget deficit if the occupying power allowed Palestinians to use the 61 percent of West Bank territory, known as Area C, that is largely off-limits. With the Israeli hand clinging to the rightfully Palestinian territory and the conflicts that arise from this intrusion of Palestinian sovereignty, the West Bank and Gaza Strip have struggled to maintain any sort of trade or development to sustain their economies. Before any economic sectors can be developed, the United Nations needs to ensure that all work and trade repressions on a nation be dismantled, especially those dictated by the intrusive Israeli occupation.

While economic development has struggled in the past, the Palestine Authority supported authorized some successful initiatives. Palestinian customs launched a web-based goods-tracking system called ASYCUDA WORLD in 2009, which sped up transactions and lowered costs for Palestinian exporters and importers. To create growth, the Quartet (the United Nations, the United States, the European Union, and Russia) and Palestine targeted eight sectors: construction/housing, building materials, tourism, light manufacturing, agriculture, energy, water, and information technology. To make resource extraction and trade more efficient, the United Nations should promote investment in infrastructure, encourage small businesses and entrepreneurs, and work to revoke trade restrictions. If these measures are put into place and carried out properly, world poverty and unemployment levels will continue to decline as they have in the past.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Philippines
Delegate Name: Kayla Hunnewell
School: Forest Hills Central High School

There has been great economic development in the Philippines. The Philippines possess a diversified economy with the majority of its GDP based on services followed by industry and agriculture. Domestic recession in 2008 has led to economic reforms that have increased economic performed and enhanced investor confidence. In 2013, $9.6 billion was invested in infrastructure. Private construction, household consumption and exports of goods and services have increased GDP since 2014. Philippines has developed a competitive manufacturing base and is the fastest growing economy in the region. The accumulation of this progress is a GDP growth of 6.1% in 2014.

Despite the encouraging economic growth, the Philippines still owes a fairly large amount of public debt which coupled with a high population rate causes the Philippines to be home to tens of millions of people living in poverty. In 2012, 27.9% of the population lived below the poverty line. To combat such high rates, the Philippines has implemented Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) to provide financial relief for short term conditions. This program has awarded impoverished children remaining in school and low income families to have their health checked regularly. This World Bank funded relief has improved the lives of many, yet it is still inadequate to eradicate poverty. Of the needed financial aid needed ($1.86 billion USD) only a quarter of the amount was received by Filipinos ($92 million USD).

The Philippines is an advocate for the integration of the 10 members of ASEAN. The Philippines view this as an opportunity to “increase purchasing power of the people.” Combining the hub of Asian trade into one economic block holds vast economic success for not only the Philippines but all members involved. The integration will allow the area to be more competitive in the global market; altogether ASEAN holds 24% of the global market in technology. The area is also central in population consumption as ⅔ of the middle class in the global perspective are residents here.

The Philippines continues to increase economic development and reform on our way to become a developed country. Philippines closely monitors poverty trends annually and continues to strive to eliminate the poverty levels, this goal may only be achieved through increasing funds for programs such as the CCT. Additionally, the Philippines commends the founding of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) and desires for its success in creating an economic zone without barriers. This increased trade flow will encourage economic growth in the ASEAN community. The Philippines supports the integration and is willing to assist the transition.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Poland
Delegate Name: Mark Wassink
School: Forest Hills Eastern High School

Poland had been occupied and devastated by Nazi and Soviet rule from 1939-1989. They have only recently turned to a mixed economy with protective regulation that focuses on helping the working class and small businesses. Ever since this transition, the GDP of Poland has grown nearly 180%, almost triple what it was under soviet rule. The evidence that Poland’s economy has increased over 180% due to economic changes is overwhelming.

Poland believes that in order for economic sectors to develop, the government should take minimal action and instead let freedom run its course, unless of course, a sector is failing and needs aid from the government or a sector gains too much power. If the government decide not to fund certain sectors through taxes, other sectors will be left behind or hurt through the lack of capital. This is a problem, unless the helped sector is behind the other sector and jobs are at stake. The polish government believes that if money were to be injected in a flourishing part of the economy, other sectors would be at a loss and lag behind the other sectors. To help those in certain industries gain jobs, Poland believes it is best to help create jobs in certain sectors. From 2013 to 2014, the unemployment rate in Poland went from 10.0% to 8.2%, demonstrating the positive effects of this economic policy.Many countries can follow Poland’s lead when deciding how much government they should use. Since Poland has switched from a command economy to a mixed economy, they have rapidly increased their gross domestic product in purchasing power parity because of the ability of businesses to flourish and hire workers through lower taxes and helpful regulation. Some of the regulation that Poland advocates for include a higher corporate tax rate, which then can be given to areas of the economy that need the capital to hire workers. The government can also invest this money in infrastructure to help create jobs as Poland has done before. An example of this would include the financial support of LOT airlines which saved thousands of Polish jobs. Money can be invested to create more jobs. With more capital, comes the ability to invest more in a certain part of the economy.While regulation in the economy is good, too much regulation can be a negative boost for the economy. This is demonstrated by the fact that Poland’s economy has grown 180% since they became independent from a command economy. Poland believes that the government should be responsible for providing some housing for those who need it to have roles in the economy. With lower taxes on citizens and useful spending for their citizens, government can drastically improve the lives of many of their citizens.

The government can be a helpful tool for improving the lives of people, yet should be kept from growing out of control. Poland stands for a government that invests to help their people, but decreases burden on everyday citizens. If the government can lower taxes, but spend accordingly, then people can enjoy the good parts of a government, while being safe of the harmful parts of the government that could hinder economic development.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Portugal
Delegate Name: Hannah Cooperider
School: Mattawan High School

In each country’s economy, there are three sectors: resource extraction, manufacturing, and services. Depending on the development of each country, they will generally focus on one of these sectors – developing countries focusing on resource extraction while more developed countries focus on the services, such as selling products. Seeing as there every country is in a different developmental phase, every country has slightly, or drastically, different goals and needs to create a strong economy for themselves.

Portugal is a developed country. 30.4% of Portugal’s GDP in 2004 came from manufacturing and construction and 5.9% came from agriculture, forestry and fishing. This clearly shows that Portugal mainly fits into the resource extraction and manufacturing sectors. 32.6% of Portugal’s workforce is in industry, 12.7% is in agriculture. Portugal has generally imported more than it exported. Portugal's exports mainly consisted of capital goods (34.8%) and consumer goods (32.4%) in 2004. Portugal has been working to create a strong economy, growing whenever possible. It has worked to modernize its processes to keep up with the fast-moving pace of the world’s changes, but to continue and better its success, Portugal needs to find a way for further growth.

Portugal feels that this issue should be addressed as more individualistic solutions. Every country needs to focus on different sectors, each with different specialties; therefore, this solution cannot be sweeping solution. Each nation has specific needs to address and a blanket solution just won’t provide countries with the ability to develop in a way that will give them success.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Russia
Delegate Name: Alex Niculescu
School: Royal Oak High School

For economies to remain efficient, basic economic nature should control the rate at which economies are allowed to fall. A developing economy will never be allowed to collapse- it is the formation of strong new economies that makes the global economy what it is now. The stakeholders in a developing economy are the nation responsible, allies with similar economic interests, and all related economies. No matter the systems of individual nations or regions, the global economy is a free market economy. Interest can’t be forced by international mandate, economies cannot be assembled from proxy funds and faux building blocks, it must be allowed to naturally experience the market-like any free market scenario.

For an economy to grow, it needs capital. After the sanctions of 2014, the Russian economy has found it hard to obtain foreign capital. The lack of it has caused a downward spiral that not even our allies are willing to help us out of. However, the Russian economy and the Russian people are resilient. A developing economy is not. It is an infant in needed of guarding and tutorship. That tutorship is capital investment. As an ally of a nation, investing should be considered for betterment of your relationship or region in the future. It might entice a nation the aide a developing one if their economies are linked in some way- they share a company or industry- such that investing is beneficial for future endeavors. What we can also draw from here is the detrimental effects brought on by economic sanctions by other nations. To any nation- this represents a threat to the economies of all nations whose economies are in contact with the targeted one, in Russia’s case, most of the world. Stunting economic growth for the betterment of a few consciouses is irresponsible and foolish.

A country seeking to build its own economy should focus on its strongpoints. Key resources they have access to should be homed in on by industry. Russia has found effectiveness in nationalizing key industries such as oil and arms dealing. When a nations goals are beyond economic, this is a wise step. It is important to remember that even though nations play the economic game, they are not businesses, their aims are for policy, not profits- anyone capable of waging economic warfare against an unprovoked victim or capable of depriving a flourishing economy of breathing space would do well to remember that.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Saudi Arabia
Delegate Name: Qusay Omran
School: Forest Hills Northern High School

It is without a doubt that the end goal of every developing nation should be to mainly have a service economy. The complexity arises when underdeveloped and developing nations have sparse resources or an irresponsible administration, or, in some pitiful circumstances, both. Saudi Arabia is fortunate enough to have had some of the wisest administrators and economic advisors in the past, who have made it possible for the nation to organize it's economic activity and emerge as a powerful force especially in the market of oil. Saudi Arabia has managed to do this through the planning and organization that a series of development plans (usually five years long) have given to the nation's people. Countries should determine what specific sector to invest in by creating plans and programs that allow them to discover what they produce the best.

Our people were for a very long time nomadic and focused only on subsistence. Until oil was discovered in 1937-38, the nation did not pursue greater economic goals. Once the nation's leaders led the drive to use the oil for Saudi Arabia's greater success, the economy grew steadily and to this day continues to grow at a healthy rate due to the export of oil. We have used the money gained from oil exports to fund the development of infrastructure and the institution of a public education system. It is necessary that developing nations fund research, science, and education in general using a great deal of their revenue. It is in supporting those fields that allow nations to progress further in the long run.

Perhaps the biggest obstacle Saudi Arabia is confronted by is the shortage of domestic human capital, the education and skill individuals have. As stated above, however, in the past few decades our administration has made sure to provide public schools with the necessary resources to give them the ability to effectively teach Saudi children and prepare them to be a successful, contributing member of society. Scholarships to western nations have also made it possible for students to learn from the successes of others and use that knowledge to enhance Saudi society when they return to Saudi Arabia.

Despite this barrier, Saudi Arabia continues to efficiently manage its economy and it is confident that in the long run everyone in the nation will be better off.

Through diplomacy and common understanding about the benefits of cooperation, Saudi Arabia has managed to sign several agreements with nations like Germany, Taiwan, Italy, Algeria, Tunisia, Turkey, and the USA, as well as all the nations within the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Our nation chiefly exports oil to the USA and China, two industrial giants that fuel the backbone of their economy with Saudi oil.

Other, less fortunate nations must learn that having selfish, inefficient leaders will only make it more difficult for them to progress economically. Countries that can only blame their failure to improve must find someway to contribute to the global economy. If they cannot improve on their own, they must look towards the generosity and good-will of others. This must not necessarily mean financial aid, but global trade as well. At least in some part, trade brings every nation up from the rags of poverty and ensures them good economic standing. The admission of Saudi Arabia to the World Trade Organization (WTO) is a specific example from our past that represents actions in support of extensive trade with other nations.

"International Agreements." Saudi Arabian General Investment Authority:. N.p., n.d. Web. Nov. 2015.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Slovakia
Delegate Name: Lisa Kim
School: Grand Blanc High School

Economies need to be in focused development in order to grow. This focused development results only from careful analysis of a country’s natural resources and labor force. In developing countries, like Slovakia, this means an increased focus on moving the country from a simple natural resource extraction economy to one that refines and uses those natural resources to create finished products. Regardless of whatever stage an economy is at, countries should specialize, continuously look for ways to improve, and encourage foreign investment to ensure strong and steady growth. Slovakia has built a strong industrial base, and has moved from simple subsistence to an advanced and globalized economy with greater foreign involvement. Slovakia’s primary focus on manufacturing resulted in nearly $83 billion in exports in 2014. The majority of goods exported are cars and vehicle parts, video displays, and oil. Slovakia believes that international trade is key to growing economic growth, as foreign investment in Slovakia, such as the opening of a Hyundai-Kia plant in Zilina, has resulted in greater output. In addition, we have taken advantage of the natural beauty of Slovakia’s landscape, and are set to have the tourism industry grow to 2.5% of the GDP by 2024. Whether or not a country is developed or is currently developing, strong industry and manufacturing is a necessity. Increasing economic freedom, maintaining low tax rates, and encouraging low tariffs need to be priorities in order to encourage foreign investment. Slovakia would like to see all countries focus on their strongest industries and growth in those industries as much as possible.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: South Africa
Delegate Name: Jakob Grubb
School: Forest Hills Eastern High School

Economic development is defined as policy aimed at improving the socio-economic standings of all people. Synonymous with modernization, westernization, industrialization, and economic growth, economic development has been commonly used in the West for centuries by politicians and has been used more often throughout the world from the 20th century to the present. Development of economies coincide directly with development of governments, and the process in which different sectors of a nation’s economy develop are shaped by the nation’s government. Each sector of an economy falls under resource extraction, manufacturing, and services, with resource extraction being the most common category a developing economy begins with, manufacturing being the next step, and services being the final step.

South Africa’s economy is primarily in the service industry, although it is the world’s largest producer of platinum, gold and chromium. South Africa introduced a macroeconomic framework called the Growth, Employment, and Redistribution (GEAR) strategy with the objective of accelerating export growth, private capital formation, employment intensity of input and output, and created a suitable environment for the strategy by increasing competition, investor confidence, and improved labor market flexibility. The Accelerated Growth Initiative for South Africa was initiated in order to coordinate framework with goals of halving poverty and unemployment by removing the six binding constraints of economic growth as seen by the South African government: the cost, efficiency and capacity of the national logistics system; shortages of suitably skilled labour, amplified by the impact of apartheid spatial patterns on the cost of labour; barriers to entry, limits to competition and limited new investment opportunities; the regulatory environment and the burden of small and medium businesses; and deficiencies in state organisation, capacity and leadership.

We need to identify the binding constraints of economies and identify the importance of either improving the constraints or removing the constraints entirely. From there, we must create proper economic framework to appeal to private businesses, including increased competition, labor market flexibility, limiting barriers to entry, decreased volatility of currency, and increasing the number of skilled laborers through improved education efforts.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: South Korea
Delegate Name: Claire Netemeyer
School: Forest Hills Eastern High School

Through the way they develop sectors of the economy, governments have the power to encourage the economic prosperity of their country. During the last sixty years, the Republic of Korea has experienced tremendous economic development through the evolution in their agriculture, technology and service sectors. Following the armistice in 1953, the Republic of Korea was in economic shambles. Since the armistice, the Republic of Korea has flourished and now has the fourteenth highest GDP in the world; the Republic of Korea’s GDP has grown from a record low of 1106.76 USD in 1960 to 24565.56 USD in 2014. Before becoming industrialized, the Korean economy was mainly comprised of agriculture. In the 1950s, Syngman Rhee administration's decision to use foreign aid from the United States resulted in a modern infrastructure and well-educated workforce, which led to a great opportunity for economic growth. By 1961, General Park Chung Hee began to build an economic empire based on the foundation that Syngman had established.

Upon this opportunity of economic growth, the Republic of Korea developed manufacturing, electronics and steel industries. The manner in which a country should develop their economic sectors is contingent on the current state of that nation’s economy. Developing countries need to prioritize agriculture, forestry, fishing and mining in order to support basic needs of the population. Similar to the Republic of Korea, many governments of developing countries focus on physical infrastructure to establish a foundation for economic growth. As a country meets these basic needs, they can develop manufacturing and education in order to accelerate productivity. In 2010, Korea became the twenty-fourth member of the Development Assistance Committee of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and development (OECD) with the intentions of sharing its development experience with other developing nations. It is a priority to help and support other nations in their search for economic success.

Although Korea has experienced impressive economic growth, the path to success has not been smooth. In 1997 and 1998, South Korea suffered from an economic crisis. The banking sector endured non-performing loans due to large corporations funding intense expansions. Many businesses failed to ensure returns and profitability. Since the crisis, Korea has improved the financial and corporate sector. Relating to the financial sector, the supervisory and regulatory regime has been strengthened; the reform ameliorated the observance of international standards and codes. The banking sector experienced significant reform from banks cutting costs, retrenching staff, and developing branches. By 2001, the banking sector had tripled since 1996.

The Republic of Korea has been a model for economic growth and global integration. Since the 1960’s, the nation has grown from an economy with GDP per capita that compared with poor nations in Asia and Africa into one of the world’s largest economies. With this economic success, the Republic of Korea can assist nations in the development of economic sectors.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Spain
Delegate Name: Jacob Converse
School: Vicksburg High School

There are three main sectors in a nation’s economy including Primary, which “involves the retrieval and production of raw materials,” Secondary, which is the manufacture of raw materials into goods, and Tertiary, which is the appointment of “services to consumers and businesses.” The flawless process of these three sectors working together is what makes a sufficient and sustainable economy. However, in many countries these sectors do not work together leaving parts of their economy underdeveloped, hindering on their economic potential. Those countries may be referred to as “developing countries,” where countries that are able to take advantage of their updated sectors are known as “developed countries.”

Spain is an example of a “developed country” as our exceptional production of raw goods, manufacture, and services contribute to our top GDP being the 16th best in the world. However, Spain’s economy hasn’t always been especially functional as the Global Financial Crisis of 2008 hurt us severely causing major businesses to go bankrupt and unemployment to rise. We solved this issue by going back to our roots in the primary sector by increasing production of raw materials, specifically in agribusiness. From 2004, Spain had managed to increase exportation of agriculturally based goods 95% by 2014. We were able to increase production in the primary sector due to our advanced infrastructure that placed 10th best in the world according to the “Global Competitiveness Report,” and just 5th in the European Union.

Spain believes that solution to economic development lies within the primary and secondary sectors. Providing developed infrastructure and technology to improve the production and manufacture of raw goods is key to a healthy and efficient economy. The developments are believed to result in a “trickle-down effect,” where secondary and tertiary sectors will benefit from increased demand of manufacture of raw goods and demand for services to teach proper techniques and procedures.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Sri Lanka
Delegate Name: Charlotte Emily Mathias
School: Forest Hills Northern High School

Each nation develops economic sectors according the resources available in that country. These economic sectors are resource extraction, manufacturing, and services. Typically, developing nations are responsible for resource extraction, while developed nations are responsible for manufacturing as they have the technology to do so in an efficient manner. Each of these sectors is essential in global trade and helps develop the economy in every nation. It is the United Nations’ responsibility to discuss the economic sectors a country should develop and how to prioritize those sectors. This is important because through specialization, global trade can become much more efficient, which will contribute to economic growth in each nation.

The major products that are manufactured in Sri Lanka are apparel are rubber manufacturers. Sri Lanka also extracts resources such as coconut products, and fish. Also, Sri Lanka has become known for its excellence in providing jobs related to professional services, such as architecture, engineering, construction, and healthcare services. Sri Lanka's economy involves all three economic sectors, all of which are very important to the Sri Lankan economy. The development of the rubber industry has been especially successful in Sri Lanka. This is because in this nation, both raw rubber and finished rubber goods are now produced. This includes both the production and processing of the rubber, which greatly benefits the Sri Lankan economy because they do not have to import raw materials from other nations. The development of higher educational institutions, such as universities, has greatly affected the professional services provided by Sri Lankan citizens, and some of Sri Lankan techniques are much more advanced than other parts of the world. Sri Lanka still depends on global and regional trade for many products, such a petroleum, machinery, and foodstuffs.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Sudan
Delegate Name: Mitchell Cole
School: Forest Hills Central High School

There is potential for every nation to become a great one at the moment. Sudan is a developing country in eastern Africa whose economy as been rapidly expanding off of its natural resource exports, mainly crude oil. Sudan has the potential previously stated. With several decisions and policies, Sudan could be on its way to the most economically sound country in Africa. While a lot of the country is under the poverty line. However, the somewhat recent exportation of crude oil has led to an economic expansion that has supported the country through rough times. Although a lot of untapped crude oil was lost in the split with South Sudan, this country can still ride on the back of oil money all the way to industrialization.

With the aid of wealthier countries, the infrastructure of Sudan could be built to last. After many actions are made to stabilize unrest and corruption, the infrastructure of the economy will be able to withstand and withhold the rapidly expanding economy. With smart investments, social security could become a main goal in this country while poverty is high. An increase in industrial processes, sustainable energy and resource use, and human capital is a main goal of mine that will have great effects on this country's economy. A larger focus onto education will prepare the citizens of Sudan for a life hopefully different than their majorly agricultural parents'. The future of Sudan looks bright, and this is the year to prove it.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Sweden
Delegate Name: Ryan Hilbert
School: Forest Hills Central High School

Developing countries across the world have potential but need direction. An issue faced by many economically established countries is how to go about helping underdeveloped countries. The issue is not so much about how to help them grow, but how to go about keeping other countries from exploiting the resources and/or people of the underdeveloped country. Sweden is an avid benefactor of the Trade in Services Agreement (TiSA) which strives to enable fair trade between developed and developing countries. Furthermore, in its 2016 economic budget bill, Sweden mentioned several proposals to increase its cooperation with underdeveloped countries.

In order to see the scope of the problem a brief history of Africa is all one must read to realize that changes need to be made in rules regarding the interaction between developed and underdeveloped countries. Take, for instance, the blood diamonds incident that killed over three million Africans, the oil wars, or even the African slave trade and step back to realize that these issues have destroyed and continue to destroy not one state, on country, or one continent, but rather the entire world. Sweden has implemented one of the best Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) programs in the entire world. This program contains rules and regulations for companies regarding the stability and fairness of each company’s business affairs. This includes, but is not limited to, guidelines for the environment, gender equality, non-corrupt business, and sustainable economic procedure. Many Swedish companies that have implemented this ruleset are currently ranked among the top ten companies in the world for the aforementioned criteria.

Sweden recommends that ideas with influence from Corporate Social Responsibility be used in conjunction with the UN to create global trade policies to improve the interactions between developed and underdeveloped countries.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Switzerland
Delegate Name: Brett Bauman
School: Forest Hills Northern High School

Developing countries face many problems developing their economy. Most developing countries are very dependent on their natural resources, and instead of managing them, they are depleted and the country has nothing to rely on. Another problem developing countries have is the development of infrastructure, which is vital to the economy. Additionally, many developing countries aren’t able to develop their economies because they appropriate much of the workforce to agriculture, and then don’t have a workforce to develop other sectors of their economy.

The country of Switzerland does not rely heavily on the extraction of natural resources like many other countries. The economy of Switzerland has grown through the service sector (generates 32% of GDP) and the industrial sector (generates 27% of GDP). The Swiss industrial sector began with the textile industry in the 19th century and is now composed of the chemical and pharmaceutical industry, machine, electrical engineering and metals industry, and the watchmaking industry. Switzerland’s banks are a pillar of the Swiss economy and Switzerland is known as one of the world’s largest financial centers. The Swiss economy has been able to develop partly because of the excellent infrastructure in the country. The agricultural sector faces some difficulties developing due to the poor terrain and soil quality. Even with these limitations, due to the fact that agriculture is highly regulated in Switzerland, the country produces 60% of its food needs.

The World Bank has had many projects which promote the development of the economy such as the Second Rural and Main Roads Project for Guatemala in which the World Bank gave money to Guatemala to improve their infrastructure and build social cohesion. Another World Bank project promoting economic development is the Business Development and Investment Project in Haiti which was designed to improve the conditions for private sector investment.

The country of Switzerland believes in the importance of the the development of a country’s private sector through investment and trade. For economic development there must be a functioning, effective state that protects the rule of law, passes legislation, creates an independent judiciary, combats corruption, and protects the natural resources. Switzerland also believes in the need for record keeping with land ownership to ensure organization. Developing countries should focus on developing economic sectors that are secure and the country’s infrastructure is vital to the growth of the economy.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Syria
Delegate Name: McKenna Swanson
School: Forest Hills Eastern High School

Governments shape the well being of a country, in part by developing their economies. All economies fall into three sectors or branches resource extraction, manufacturing, and services. The first sector, the extraction of resources, allows for domestic production and trade. Many developing countries rely on resource extraction such as agriculture, forestry, fishing, and mining. The second sector, physical infrastructure includes the building of roads, bridges, ports, energy production and the purification of drinking water. In addition, countries help improve their economic standings by investing in physical infrastructure and by having business friendly policies. The third sector of developing countries is services. These services include health care and education, which in turn, provide a more productive and efficient workforce. A healthy workforce can support other areas such as tourism, industry and distribution which strengthen the economy. Due to differences between countries, it is important to keep in mind that every country stands at a different stage of development.

The end of 2011 marked a significant downfall in the Syrian economy. Suffering from international sanctions, widespread infrastructure damage, diminished domestic consumption and production, and high inflation the economy began to crumble. By 2014, Syria’s economy had further contracted due to the dwindling foreign exchange reserves, rising budget and trade deficits, and the decreasing value of the Syrian pound. The ongoing conflict and economic decline has lead to a humanitarian crisis. The number of Syrians living in need of assistance has increased from 9.3 million to 12.2 million, and the number of Syrian refugees increased from 2.2 million to more than 3.3 million. These issues have brought about the discussion of new economic policies including cutting lending interest rates, opening private banks, consolidating multiple exchange rates, and raising prices on some subsidized items. But long-term economic constraints such as foreign trade barriers, declining oil production, and high unemployment keep Syria from restoring and strengthening its economy.

Syria would like to call upon developed nations to limit the number of politically charged sanctions placed upon developing nations, as to prevent the stunting of developing economies. It is important to strengthen and further develop all three branches of the economy. For Syria, reinforcing resources extraction and physical infrastructure damaged after 2011 would promote the health and stability or the economy. In the best interest of Syria and its economy, it is recommended that sanctions are lifted in order for economies to flourish.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Togo
Delegate Name: Alex Woznicki
School: Royal Oak High School

Developing different sectors of the economy is one of the best ways in which any country can seek to grow and support its people, this much is obvious. And yet many countries are unable to properly stimulate their economies in a way that manages to provide proper support for growth. A large portion of this economic stagnation may be due to improper development on the part of a government, either through ignorance of what is needed or ignorance of how to properly develop. It is necessary, then, for there to be a way of advising nations on how to develop in order to best maximize their economic growth. This must be individualized to each country's needs, as it would not make much sense for developed country such as the united states to focus primarily on resource extraction. Instead, a country must be able to identify what is most essential to its economic infrastructure, and focus on improving that. This is where we must make a resolution that can assist.

Before any resolution can be passed, or even created, certain vital decisions must be made. Decisions about what exactly to focus on improving. One important qualifier for assisted development is the projected fruitfulness of the improved sector. If a country addresses that which is lacking, instead of that which will grow, then it is possible that no improvement will come whatsoever. In Togo, for example, the agricultural sector is extremely fruitful. Over 45% of the Gross Domestic Product comes from agriculture, both cash and food crops, and approximately 65% of the workforce is employed in an agricultural field. If, earlier in development, the government of Togo had decided to ignore agriculture, on the basis that it was already fairly developed, there is little doubt that the economy would be in shambles. That's not to say, however, that a blind eye should be turned to weaker sectors. It is evident that no country can survive on a single well-developed economic sector. Therefore it is absolutely necessary for the majority of support to be given to areas of the economy which are less developed, provided there is ample evidence that they will aid the country significantly if they are stimulated.

A successful resolution must be able to accurately identify that which needs to be improved in a country's economy, as well as which stands the best chance of being fruitful and growing in itself once the government has stopped focusing on developing it quite as much. This must be individualized for each country, and therefore any resolution to be passed must be more a set of guidelines than a blanketing plan. Despite the inherent difficulties in this, if we do succeed in making such a resolution, it is the personal opinion of Togo that the whole world will prosper economically.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Turkey
Delegate Name: Madeline Kugler
School: Williamston High School

Governments shape the well being of their countries. This is under two categories; one involves obtaining raw materials and basic foods. The second is transforming unprocessed materials into finished products.

Many developing countries tend to focus on resource extraction, involving agriculture, forestry, fishing, and mining to sustain their economies. To improve their country’s economic standing, governments tend to invest in physical infrastructure and encourage entrepreneurs to form small and medium sized businesses (roads, water, bridges). Healthcare and education provide a more productive workforce (illness is less efficient). Countries tend to engage primarily in agriculture and further developing their manufacturing and education sectors. (This committee should discuss what economic sectors a country might choose to develop and how to determine which gets priority).

Turkey’s economy is the 70th freest in the 2015 index that is that we have free liberties and a democracy. Turkey’s economic freedom score has declined by 1.0 point since 2011. Turkey has a structural economic weakness; this includes an overregulated (labor market, high minimum wages, and low female participation in the workforce, poor education, and the fastest growing economy in Europe). Our nation has the world’s leading producers in agricultural products; textiles; motor vehicles, ships and other transportation; construction materials; consumer electronics and home appliances.

Turkey’s commitment to economic freedom is vital given its position as an important emerging market (its economic freedom rests on relatively stable). Turkey’s government emphasizes on the need to reduce public growth. Trying to increase their manufacturing and export goods to merging market nations, such as Iraq.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Turkmenistan
Delegate Name: Kaichen Tang
School: Grand Blanc High School

Turkmenistan is one of the world’s fastest-growing economies. Turkmenistan’s economy is mainly based on its natural gas and oil resources; its economy is primarily upon a resource extraction sector. As a result of a resource extraction based economy, the country’s economy is peaking. Turkmenistan is one of the only countries with a well developed economy based on a resource extraction sector rather than a service sector.

Turkmenistan is ranked number four in the world for natural gas resources, it is one of the most successful countries in the world, economy wise. Not only is Turkmenistan ranked number four in natural gas resources, but it is also one of the top ten one of the cotton producers in the world. With three and more factors fueling our economy, we have been at a pretty “stable” state as an economically developed country. Turkmenistan’s natural resource reserves has also made a promising foundation for the growth of a diverse set of industries and economic sectors.

Other countries should follow the footsteps of Turkmenistan and find a way that can either put their land to use or produce a product that sets them apart from other countries so that they can gain more in export, than they do imports, A resource extraction based economy provides an advantage and a need for the country pertaining to other countries. An economy based on resource extraction can provide a country with a sort of invincibility, especially if their resource is a necessity. If a country can produce their own resources, it would be both beneficial for them, and other countries. Turkmenistan fully supports an economy based on resource extraction. If other countries were to follow a resource extraction model, prosperity would be a common economic situation throughout the world. Resource extraction has kept Turkmenistan’s economy booming, as well as enabled them to become one of the most successful countries in the world. Turkmenistan has prospered like no other and if countries begin to follow an economic plan based upon resource extraction, they will prosper alongside with this great

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Ukraine
Delegate Name: June Battjes
School: Williamston High School

Economics of development comes into play across the globe as developing countries struggle through shifts from economies that are reliant on industry and services, as opposed to agriculture. As incomes rise per capita in a country, the natural limit on the need for food is reached. This makes agriculturally based economies not sustainable and creates a need for industrialization. Eventually the nations needs will also become less material and the need for post-industrialization will become prominent. Many developing countries do not know how to strengthen such economic sectors as their economies progress. The United Nations should create a plan to assist in these transitions for developing nations that are struggling.

The Ukraine is passionate about solving this issue because of the need to move forward from an agriculturally based economy itself. After its split with the Soviet Union, the Ukraine struggled to transition to a free market. A rigid labor market and bureaucratic business regulations inhibit the development of a private sector. The lack of a central government has also prevented the Ukraine from developing on the economic front. The Ukraine has attempted to open up to the West, yet has not been able to because of disputes with Russia. The Ukraine is still heavily reliant on Russia for oil and natural gas, and many of the Ukraine’s exports still go to Russia. All of these factors contribute to the Ukraine’s need for economic assistance.

The Ukraine proposes that The United Nations work with governments in developing countries to create measures to prioritize certain economic sectors, such as industry and services. The Ukraine also asks assistance in separating its economy from Russia. The Ukraine expects that countries such as Germany and Italy will support their efforts.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: United Kingdom
Delegate Name: Austin Jacks
School: Mattawan High School

The United Kingdom understands that a countries development is the key to providing a sustainable and productive economy. There are so many different sectors and facets that accumulate to what is eventually the economy of a particular country, but the United Kingdom feels there should be fundamental building blocks to any basic economy. Ensuring that these areas of focus are honed down and refined to a point of prosperity is the ultimate goal, because the sky is the limit with what a country is capable of once the seeds of prosperity are planted.

There are three main sectors of the United Kingdom’s GDP: services, manufacturing, and construction. Historically, a champion of economic freedom in Europe, the United Kingdom has developed its economy based on a strong rule of law, an open trading environment, and one of the world’s most advanced financial sectors. With a relatively liberal labor market, this ultimately compliments one of the world’s most efficient business environments. Being one of the most powerful and influential world powers since the beginning of modern history, the United Kingdom knows true success from its existing infrastructure and constant fluidity with the changing world.

A reasonable solution for expanding economies and promoting their prosperity is to build a solid infrastructure within regions that need foundational backing. If the source of the country’s economy is corrupted, weak, or brittle, the chance of developing and possessing the means of sustainability is significantly low. Now, what do I mean by infrastructure? It includes building physical structures such as roads, bridges, tunnels, railways, factories, better houses, energy facilities, etc. It also entails creating a solid educational system where people can go through school and learn how to be a part of the working world around them after proper training and learning with current school standards. When all of these elements become implemented within a particular country, it also begins to help diversify the different sources of revenue the country receives. This makes it so that countries aren’t reliant on one particular industry to provide for their needs when there is a whole plethora of other fields waiting to be tapped. The United Kingdom would like to work with neighboring European countries and African nations to see this goal become reality.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: United States
Delegate Name: Adam Barnhill
School: Fishers High School

The American people understand that balancing and developing all three economic sectors—resources, manufacturing, and services—creates a powerful and prosperous nation. The United States also believes that a nation must develop its economy one sector at a time—starting with resources, then progressing to manufacturing, and finally services. The United States has but only to look back to our own history to find proof.

Settlers developed a strong resource economy, defined by crops, lumber, fishing, and mining. This economy was built on the backbone of slavery and indentured servitude, allowing suppliers to produce more goods for more capital. After many many years, the settlers had established a sustainable and reliable resource economy. With that, they were able to begin developing a strong manufacturing based economy. Manufacturing in this time was done by skilled tradesmen such as carpenters or bakers and not in factories which would later define the American economy. As the American people threw off the shackles of monarchy, we continued to grow the manufacturing sector: the Industrial era brought with it the cotton gin, interchangeable parts, and the sweatshop, further maximizing economic efficiency. The two sectors continued to grow in size until the nearer part of the modern era: with a fully developed manufacturing and resource sector, people could be assured that they would constantly have food on the table, electricity, and other goods and luxuries without making it themselves. This allowed many Americans to pursue careers in the service industry—which is today the

American people’s largest and most honored sector. This allowed professionals such as doctors and educators to practice their talents throughout the nation in greater numbers than had been seen anywhere in the world.

The American people thus believe that a stable economy must be built on the foundation of ensured resources, then manufacturing, and only then should it focus on services. A nation must prioritize its most basic and unique economic needs before it can focus on developing large scale enterprises.

One of the greatest economic challenges the American people have faced in recent times is the decrease of the domestic resource and manufacturing sectors and increased investment in their foreign counterparts. Because labor regulations have increased the price of domestic labor, it has become much more efficient and easier to outsource the resource and manufacturing sectors to countries with rampant human trafficking, slave labor, sweatshops, child labor, and cheap factory and wage conditions. Though (most of) the people of the United States of America are ashamed of the nation’s past involvement in slavery, we are aware of the ambiguous morality surrounding slavery in other countries, and would thus rather the market sort itself out rather than directly interfere.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Yemen
Delegate Name: Cameron Grogan
School: East Grand Rapids High School

With recent outbreaks of war within our country, Yemen, we are on the verge of economic collapse. Recently started this year in Yemen is a war between southern separates, loyal to the government of Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi, and Houthi forces, loyalists toward the former president of our country, Ali Abdullah Saleh. A third party in the war is also the muslim extremists, the Al-Qaeda, who have also made attacks with Yemen. Already 400 have died. The problem which is buried under all this chaos is yemen's economy.

Yemen’s main source of revenue through trade comes from oil. We only produce now about 25% of our GDP in oil, which leads to the problem that oil earns use 70% of our revenue annually. With fear of our oil running out, as well as our water running out within the next 20 years we are searching for other ways to stimulate economic growth within our county by trying to export other goods, such as natural gases. Our country has a high unemployment rate and our citizens are starving.

A possible outcome or solution to our economic problem is flourishing in mining for metals. Yemen has many valuable metals within it country and will allow our country to flourish. Many metals such as, copper, gold, iron ore, nickel, cobalt, and many more are located within our country. With our country focusing on the wrong subject of crude oil, we are ignoring the fact that Hydrocarbon exports accounted for 85% of the value of yemen exports and contributed 51% of yemen's revenue in the year 2013. If we focus more on mining hydrocarbon we can obtain a higher revenue to the government and also help unemployment rate.

Our goal is to produce more economic revenue by exporting hydrocarbon from yemen. Sense this has worked in the past and earned much of yemen's old revenue in exports then we shall try it again in order to keep our country from falling into economic collapse.

Topic: Economics of Development
Country: Zimbabwe
Delegate Name: Nicholas Sherard
School: Forest Hills Central High School

An increase in the capacity of an economy to produce goods and services, compared from one period of time to another. Economic growth can be measured in nominal terms, which include inflation, or in real terms, which are adjusted for inflation. For comparing one country's economic growth to another, GDP or GNP per capita should be used as these take into account population differences between countries. Zimbabwe is in the state of repair, we see the need and use for a change. The state of the country currently deals with things ranging from inflation to unemployment.

Zimbabwe experienced a deteriorating economic and social environment since 2000 that was caused by illegal economic sanctions imposed by the Western countries. This resulted in a deep economic and social crisis characterised by a hyperinflationary environment, industrial capacity utilization of below 10% and an overall cumulative Gross Domestic Product (GDP) decline of 50% by 2008. The social sector along with health and education were greatly affected experiencing high dropout rates and low pass rates in primary and secondary schools coupled with the large amount of citizens succumbing to cholera and other epidemic diseases,but the real impacts taking place in the agricultural, manufacturing, and mining sectors of the economy seeing some light but soon going into the crisis state that it currently dwells in.

In pursuit of a new trajectory of accelerated economic growth and wealth creation, my Government has formulated a new plan known as the Zimbabwe Agenda for Sustainable Socio-Economic Transformation (Zim Asset): October 2013 – December 2018. Zim Asset was crafted to achieve sustainable development and social equity anchored on indigenization, empowerment and employment creation which will be largely propelled by the judicious exploitation of the country’s abundant human and natural resources. This plan was formally enacted by the President of Zimbabwe himself Mr.Mugabe. This plan is built around four strategic clusters or packs that will enable Zimbabwe to achieve economic growth in policy and other ventures making them one of the most economically powerful countries in Africa.

Zimbabwe having a situation not different from many have pushed back in the right way. While Zimbabwe is receiving imports and exchanging exports the tariffs greatly hold back the potential, but through the implication of the Zim Asset the country has a template for which it can follow, for Zimbabwe through all of its corruption and economic landslides still see that they need to focus on retrieving and salvaging the economy with the Zim asset and the policies that would not only strengthen the various sectors that are in economic crisis but solidify Zimbabwe's position on their current stance on what is most important not letting such problems go unnoticed which is why they are pushing for such policies. In case Zimbabwe wants to increase economic stability through the Zim asset plan.