The Situation in Guyana

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: Finland
Delegate Name: Ethan Han

The Republic of Finland fully realizes the intricacy of the border conflict over Essequibo between
Venezuela and Guyana, due in part to historical treaties and the recent finding of oil. Finland is
a nation dedicated to diplomacy and sustainable development, abdicating to a peaceful
resolution that can help the region stay at peace. Finland's stance respects the sovereignty of
the nations concerned and would like to facilitate a peaceful resolution in line with international
codes.
Whereas the humanitarian crisis of political and economic turmoil in Venezuela is juxtaposed
with the emerging development fueled by oil revenues in Guyana, these discrepancies open up
more avenues for further conflict. Finland seeks to bring humanitarian needs for Venezuelan
refugees, regional economic cooperation, and sustainable energy practices that reduce
dependence on oil to the fore.
Finland calls for the following measures to be taken by the committee aiming at a peaceful
solution:
International Law: Finland supports the rights of Guyana to its territory as defined in
international treaties. Finland believes that the 1966 agreement should be revised with the
assistance of ICJ or United Nations mediators to find a fair solution for both parties.
Diplomacy: There is a need to create a no-confidence framework involving regional
organizations such as CARICOM and OAS. These negotiations should incorporate confidence-
building measures, like demilitarization of the disputed border region to come up with a solution
that both Venezuela and Guyana can agree to and minimize further conflict.
Economic Cooperation: A development deal between Venezuela and Guyana could again prove
to be effective, and has precedent across different countries. Finland thinks the two countries
should manage the oil revenues from the Essequibo region with some international intervention
to avoid potential conflicts.
Finland understands that the best solution for the Essequibo dispute must balance sovereignty,
dialogue, and economic cooperation. While discussing the historical and economic aspects of
this issue, the SPECPOL committee must ensure lasting peace and prosperity in this region.
Finland stands ready to contribute and lay the foundations to solve this conflict.

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: Sierra Leone
Delegate Name: Adelaide Woltil

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: Sierra Leone
Delegate Name: Adelaide Woltil

Adelaide Woltil
Sierra Leone
The Situation in Guyana
Special Political Committee
Forest Hills Central High School

Natural resources are one of the most common causes of border disputes and conflicts, the most common resource disputes being over oil extraction. This can be seen through conflicts in the Middle East. These issues worsen even more so through undefined and ambiguous borders. Borders that are not clearly established, marked and agreed upon inevitably end in conflict. These conflicts can remain docile for long periods but always pose the risk of an outbreak of violence and retaliation. Sierra Leone can assure you that after our nation’s long history of repeated violence, we would like nothing more than to resolve this dispute peacefully. However, at this point in time, we don’t see a solution that doesn’t involve officially establishing a border between the two nations and, therefore, allocating the land in accordance with an agreed-upon treaty to put the dispute to rest. The Essequibo region makes up ⅔ of Guyana’s present-day territory, and over the past century, all treaties, no matter how unwillingly, have come to the agreement that the region belongs to Guyana. The dispute has only become a wider issue since the discovery of oil, which led Venezuela to claim that the previous treaty was void and later annex the region. Guyana began extracting oil in 2020, and since the oil production of the country has risen by 425%, a staggering amount that heavily influences global trade and economy (Guyana’s Oil-driven Economy). Sierra Leone hopes to develop an agreement that de-escalates the conflict and retains stability in the global trade market for trade partners of each nation, such as ourselves, and to keep the oil market steady.

As a trade partner of both Guyana and Venezuela and a nation that has suffered from long-standing internal conflicts that have resulted in a weakened economic state, the delegation of Sierra Leone would like nothing more than to see a solution that benefits both parties (World Bank in Sierra Leone). The ideal solution involves no military involvement in the conflict and no loss of lives of citizens living in the region who are being stressed due to the growing instability and urgency of the dispute. Sierra Leone doesn’t have heavy involvement in this conflict other than the motivations for a stronger global economy and the intention to avoid conflict.

To best de-escalate the situation, Sierra Leone proposes that both countries withdraw troops from the region until a final agreed-upon treaty can be decided on and an officially marked border has been established. The ultimate goal of Sierra Leone is to avoid conflict and meaningless deaths, and supports any solution that will result in the peaceful resolution of this dispute. The establishment of Guyana as a free nation from its imperial power retained the previously agreed-upon border, and the new treaty that agreed upon this involved Venezuela, the United Kingdom, and Guyana. Now that Guyana stands alone without a strong colonial power supporting its side, Venezuela has annexed the land and put Guyana under stress. The ICJ’s involvement is critical, but due to the urgency of the situation and the imminent risk it poses to the safety of the nations, it proves that a quick and final solution is needed much quicker than the ICJ may be able to provide. The solution seen most clearly by Sierra Leone is for the Essequibo region to be reinstated under Guyana’s power and for Venezuela to be given monetary compensation for the loss of the oil revenue and stresses over the dispute (Global Americans Guyana-Venezuela Dispute). Sierra Leone will support any agreement or negotiation that involves a peaceful resolution, however, and we hope that the long-withstanding stress that the dispute has put upon both nations and their citizens can finally be resolved and laid to rest with a firmly established border and consensus of how to split oil extraction and revenue rights.

Sources:
Our World in Data https://ourworldindata.org/data-insights/guyanas-oil-driven-economy-has-had-the-largest-gdp-per-capita-growth-in-the-world-in-recent-years
Global Americans Working
https://globalamericans.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Guyana-Venezuela-VBT.pdf
World Bank in Sierra Leone
https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/sierraleone/overview

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: Israel
Delegate Name: Chloe Falkenstern

The state of Israel acknowledges the standing conflict between the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and the Co-operative Republic of Guyana over the border of the Essequibo region. As a nation deeply invested in the principles of sovereignty and autonomy, Israel observes this ongoing dispute with measured interest.

The history of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and the Co-operative Republic of Guyana leads back many centuries, when both were colonized by larger foreign powers. The discovery of oil and gold has caused conflict, while not militarized, and is of great importance to all member states of the United Nations. The claim of the Republic of Venezuela over the territory of the Essequibo region has been dated when British commissioner Robert Shomburgk surveyed and laid borders for both parties. Needless to say, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, the United States of Venezuela at the time, protested the borders, and tensions arose when gold was later discovered in this very region. Heightened tensions and views in this conflict led to the involvement of the United States, which brought the conflict to view with the values of the Monroe Doctrine. In 1899, the Paris Arbitral Award declared that around 90% of the Essequibo region was to be held by Guyana, however, Venezuela still claimed the land as a part of their territory, with a claim that the judges had been paid off. Another committee was established in 1966 from the result of the Geneva Convention, and has met nine times since its establishment, but no result has prevailed. Due to the discovery of over 46 oil fields in 2016, Venezuela has since increased their claim over this region, which is about two thirds of Guyana’s total landmass. Israel believes, while not directly involved with the conflict, a solution in favor of sovereignty is of utmost importance due to the values that should be upheld under international law.

The state of Israel knows far too well about border conflicts, dating back many years with different aggressors over borders. When the state first declared independence on May 14, 1948 after gaining the United Nations approval, a conflict arose with many neighbors, such as Yemen, Saudi Arabia, and Sudan. These conflicts are still ongoing, as seen with the current conflict against the terrorist organization of Hamas. While our borders and conflicts have changed over many years, Israel has made importance to the values of autonomy and self governance. Intrinsically, Israel views Guyana’s approach as aligned with these principles while also recognizing the views and claims that Venezuela has made towards this region. Trade between Israel and Guyana has flourished, allowing much trade in chloride (chemicals that include bromine, chlorine, and variations of compounds), which was estimated to be 2.81 million dollars in 2022. Threats to the Essequibo region directly impact this trade, and as Guyana is a large exporter of both oil and metal resources, this impact is spread to much more than just our state. Overturning the already long standing boundaries that are a large part of a sovereign and globally recognized nation would be a detrimental stab towards situations similar to this prevailing internationally. Israel strongly negates the annexation of this region to Venezuela, as annexing the Essequibo territory would be detrimental to the Co-operative Republic of Guyana, but as a neutral nation is willing to compromise to achieve a clear solution that outlines the reasonable wishes of both parties. Israel also views this ongoing conflict as a great cause of instability in the Southern American international community, and urges for a solution to the conflict.

The matter of sovereignty as a nation represents a value that should globally be respected and protected, especially when it impacts the community of a larger region, such as South America. Values upheld by the Israel government and people both believe in a solution for stable borders of the defending nation. Israel believes that the UN has done too little involving the conflict, and hopes for a safeguarded resolution that can satisfy the value of sovereignty of both parties while mediating conflicts that may arise.

Works Cited:
Award regarding the boundary between the colony of … Accessed November 28, 2024. https://legal.un.org/riaa/cases/vol_XXVIII/331-340.pdf.
Cohen, Ariel. “Venezuela vs Guyana: The Battle for El Essequibo’s Oil.” Forbes, November 23, 2023. https://www.forbes.com/sites/arielcohen/2023/11/16/venezuela-vs-guyana-the-battle-for-el-essequibos-oil/.
English/dutch texts. Accessed November 28, 2024. https://jusmundi.com/en/document/pdf/treaty/en-treaty-between-his-britannic-majesty-and-the-king-of-the-netherlands-respecting-territory-and-commerce-in-the-east-indies-1824-anglo-dutch-treaty-of-1824-wednesday-17th-march-1824.
“Essequibo.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Accessed November 27, 2024. https://www.britannica.com/place/Essequibo.
“Guyana (Guy) and Israel (ISR) Trade.” The Observatory of Economic Complexity. Accessed November 27, 2024. https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-country/guy/partner/isr?redirect=true.
“Guyana Becomes Key Contributor to Global Crude Oil Supply Growth – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA).” Guyana becomes key contributor to global crude oil supply growth – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). Accessed November 27, 2024. https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=62103.
U.S. Department of State. Accessed November 27, 2024. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v32/d436.
Venezuela boundary dispute, 1895-1899. Accessed November 28, 2024. https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/gp/17463.htm.
“Venezuela: The Rise and Fall of a Petrostate.” Council on Foreign Relations. Accessed November 27, 2024. https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/venezuela-crisis.

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: Ghana
Delegate Name: Breck Suvedi

The Situation in Guyana
Ghana
Breck Suvedi
Forest Hills Northern

Guyana, located in Northern South America, has had lots of political turmoil. The story all starts 10 years ago when Guyana first struck found oil. many oil companies had been looking for oil in Guyana for years because it was adjacent to Venezuela, the country with the largest oil reserves in the world. because of this many, companies started looking for oil in Guyana. Around 10 years ago, they finally struck black gold and found oil. Ever since then they have been constantly drilling and building up more infrastructure to get as much of the oil out as quickly as possible. Since they are a democracy much of the money from the oil should go towards helping the people and making Guyana a better country. This has vividly shown that Guyana has been the world’s fastest-growing economy, growing at 60% a year. However, Venezuela sees this territory as its own and now is trying to annex around 2/3 of Guyana. Venezuela believes that this is their land and they even had a political referendum to annex Guyana that passed with unanimous support. Venezuela will do anything and its power to take Guyana over because of the newfound oil and the wealth that it could bring down Venezuela. However, this is Guyana land because it has been for a while and it should stay that way.

The Republic of Ghana recognizes the critical developments in Guyana, a nation with tremendous potential but also significant challenges. In terms of heritage and development, Ghana has specific bonds and interests that are similar to those of Guyana. Given this, measures of solidarity and mutual assistance necessary for tackling current hostilities towards Guyana are realized according to the Ghanaian principle. Concerning Guyana, efforts are being put in place to provide all the necessary infrastructure required to provide the country’s oil wealth to its proper use when Guyana obtains oil. Yet, the Republic of Ghana also knows that intense economic activities, unmitigated, can breed imbalances and waste of resources. Therefore, drawing from other countries’ learnings, Ghana calls for transparency in managing Guyana’s resources, as well as the formulation of fair laws that guarantee that the oil money benefits every citizen of Guyana. The rebuilding of societal institutions, the fight against corruption, and the comprehensive improvement in the social sphere are necessary measures for sustainability to be achieved.

Ghana also stresses the necessity of collective work in resource management at the international level. In this case, we support such steps as the adoption of the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) for the advancement of the principles of transparency and fairness in Guyanas’ resources. In the case of Guyana, it is unprovided for it is left out, thus, to such considerations is the vast rainforest of the country, which among other things is also of globally significant environmental importance owing to the rich biodiversity it hosts. There are difficult decisions to be made about how the national development will be executed while the environment also receives a fair portion of attention and can be preserved. Given that global warming is a prevalent problem worldwide, we also ask Guyana to continue with its progressive strategies, such as protecting its precious forests and following environmental conventions like the Paris Agreement.

Ghana wants to work with other countries to help build a solution that benefits Guyana without infringing On any nation’s sovereignty. Ghana recognizes that the situation is very critical and needs to be resolved quickly to avoid conflict. Intervention from the United Nations is the best way to achieve this goal without infringing on National sovereignty. Ghana hopes to see a resolution form that includes both Guyana and Venezuela’s ideas and a resolution that the UN decides fits.

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: Viet Nam
Delegate Name: PJ Valeros

With Guyana gaining independence in 1966, the question of the border came back into the spotlight. The Geneva Agreement, established between Venezuela and the United Kingdom, aimed to find a peaceful resolution to the territorial dispute, recognizing the need for dialogue and negotiation over the contested area. Despite these efforts, the situation remained unresolved, and suspicions persisted. In the years that followed, particularly in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, the dispute escalated, especially with the discovery of major oil reserves in the Essequibo region. The potential for significant economic gain intensified the conflict, as both nations recognized the strategic importance of the territory in light of global oil demand. Recognizing the need for an impartial decision, The United Nations turned to the International Court of Justice (ICJ), which was tasked with handling the dispute. In a ruling, the ICJ stated that Venezuela should refrain from taking any further action regarding its claims to the Essequibo. However, in 2023, Venezuela rejected the ICJ ruling and proceeded to annex the region, claiming it as part of its own territory. This act escalated tensions further to a worldwide scale of controversy. As of now, no armed conflict has erupted, and both nations continue to express a desire to avoid the use of the military. Nonetheless, without a concrete resolution, the dispute remains fervent on a worldwide scale and tensions continue to rise.

Vietnam has had a complex history of border disputes, particularly during the late 20th century. Between 1979 and 1991, the relationship between The People’s Republic of China and The Socialist Republic of Vietnam became increasingly strained, leading to a series of conflicts over territorial claims in the region that encompasses present-day North Vietnam. Throughout this period, there were at least six significant armed clashes between the two nations, resulting in the loss of thousands of lives and deepening hatred that goes back centuries. The conflicts left a profound impact on both countries, affecting their military strategies, economic policies, and societal perspectives. The scars of this turbulent phase still influence Vietnam’s diplomatic actions and military readiness today, as it continues to navigate a complex geopolitical landscape in Southeast Asia. In more recent times, Vietnam has taken a more measured approach towards international conflicts and regional disputes. Notably, as of now, Vietnam has not released an official political statement regarding the ongoing situation in Guyana. Despite this lack of formal commentary, it is clear that Vietnam advocates for diplomacy and dialogue as vital paths toward resolving conflicts.

The government hopes for a peaceful resolution between Guyana and Venezuela, emphasizing the importance of stability and cooperation in the region. Vietnam’s stance on international issues reflects its commitment to multilateralism through ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Countries) and peaceful negotiations as it works to foster stronger ties with countries across the globe.

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: Chile
Delegate Name: Anastasia Placanica

Chile is very focused on respecting sovereignty, solving problems peacefully, and following international law. The fight between Venezuela and Guyana over the Essequibo region is a big deal and could mess up the whole area if it doesn’t get sorted out. Chile thinks Guyana owns the Essequibo region because of the 1899 arbitration award, which was backed by international law.

This whole issue started in colonial times, with the 1814 treaty between Great Britain and the Netherlands, and then the 1899 arbitration. Venezuela doesn’t think the arbitration was fair, especially after the 1966 agreement, but Chile says issues like this must be solved legally and without violence. Things got even more complicated when oil was found in the Essequibo region in 2015, making it more important for both countries economically and politically.

Chile believes the United Nations should step in to help solve this peacefully. The 1899 arbitration award should stay the main legal rule for now unless both countries agree to change it or a new legal decision is made. Chile also thinks the UN should start fair negotiations between Venezuela and Guyana to make sure everyone gets heard and things don’t get worse in the region. To keep tensions down, Chile supports ideas like creating demilitarized zones at the border and stopping any aggressive moves by either side.

Chile also suggests that both countries could work together on economic opportunities in the area, especially by sharing oil profits from the disputed region fairly. Groups like CELAC and UNASUR should also get involved to back up diplomacy and stop this problem from turning into something bigger.

Chile is all about peace and working together. It’s ready to support any ideas or projects that help Venezuela and Guyana find common ground. This problem needs to be solved in a way that respects old agreements, protects sovereignty, and helps everyone in the region do better.

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: United Kingdom
Delegate Name: Mikey Beusse

Committee: Specpol
Topic: The Situation in Guyana
Country: United Kingdom
Delegate: Mikey Beusse (East Grand Rapids)

The situation in the Essequibo region started in 1814 with the Treaty of London. This resulted in Great Britain gaining control over several territories: the Demerara, Berbice, and Essequibo colonies. It resulted in what was known as British Guiana expanding and the border with Venezuela. However, the border between these two countries was undefined. This unclear border caused Venezuela to dispute it in 1841. However, the dispute wasn’t resolved until 1899 when American arbitrators gave control over the land in question to Britain Guiana. In 1966, Guyana gained independence from European control which brought up the discussion of the border with Venezuela once again. The issue needs a proper and peaceful resolution since oil was discovered in the Essequibo region in 2015.
The United Kingdom is closely related to this issue as we had past control over the Essequibo. The Treaty of London in 1814, led us to grow control in the northern region in South America. However, our say over this region is nullified now that Guyana is an independent country. The United Kingdom had problems trying to resolve the border debate with Venezuela, so we know this issue will be hard to resolve peacefully.
The most recent standing was when American arbitrators gave control over that land to Britain Guiana, which Venezuela begrudgingly accepted. Since Britain Guiana became Guyana once they were free from European control, it seems as if that land and the oil with it should be given to Guyana. However, Venezuela claimed that with the formation of the new nation of Guyana, the old solution in 1899 with the American arbitrators had been nullified. The current standing of who controls the land is currently unresolved.
The United Kingdom believes that a compromise is necessary in this situation. Oil is one of the main contributors to the economy in Venezuela. On the other hand, the same can be said with Guyana. It is stated that while Guyana has a stable economy, it is almost too reliant on oil. Since the situation is becoming more tense between the two countries, it does not seem possible they will reach a bilateral agreement. Because of this, the United Kingdom would support a neutral opinion to decide on a resolution. This could be done by the International Court of Justice (ICJ). This court would provide a definite standing that is completely neutral. It would also make sure that the situation does not get too hostile.

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: Venezuela
Delegate Name: Rekshitha Rajeshkumar Sharmila

The existing controversy between Venezuela and Guyana over the border region known as Essequibo has its origin in the 1814 treaty between Great Britain and the Kingdom of the Netherlands, whereby Dutch claims in Guyana were ceded to the colony of British Guiana. The treaty left the border between British Guiana and Venezuela undefined and ambiguous. Consequently, in 1835, a British mission charted the region to define a border that claimed some 30,000 square miles for British Guiana. Venezuela quickly disputed this in 1841; the matter remained unresolved until 1899 when American arbitrators ruled the region belonged to British Guiana—a treaty reluctantly accepted by Venezuela. The issue was revived in 1966 when Guyana attained independence, and then again when oil was found in the Essequibo region in 2015. In 2023, Venezuela annexed the region through a referendum that was internationally questioned, which further raised tensions. While an armed conflict hasn’t erupted, the potential for escalation is high. A peaceful solution is urgent to avoid regional instability.
Venezuela insists that the 1899 arbitration decision was unfair and that the 1966 agreement for further discussion of the border nullified the original ruling. The discovery of oil in the region of Essequibo gives the dispute great economic relevance for a country like Venezuela, at a time when the production of oil is already in decline. In this respect, domestically, Venezuela has pursued its claim through diplomatic and political channels and carried out military maneuvers along the border as a deterrent against Guyanese encroachment. On the international level, it has called for renewed negotiations and solicited support from its regional allies. The government of Venezuela has enacted legislation and publicly announced that it based its claim to the Essequibo region on historical grounds, calling for a solution that should be fair and reasonable, taking into consideration the economic needs and rights of both countries.
Venezuela proposes a mediated negotiation process under the auspices of the United Nations to solve the problem of the Essequibo border. This process should target a mutually beneficial agreement that takes into account the historical claims of Venezuela and the economic interests of Guyana. It is recommended that a joint development zone be established in the Essequibo region, where both countries will share the proceeds from oil exploration and production. It also calls for confidence-building measures to reduce military tensions, such as demilitarized zones and frequent diplomatic dialogues. The international community, for its part, should seek to support these efforts through technical and financial assistance in order to find a peaceful and sustainable solution. The ability to address the very basic origins of this dispute by means of fostering cooperation will be the surest way toward stability and prosperity for both Venezuela and Guyana.

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: Japan
Delegate Name: Isabella Frederick

The situation in Guyana, between Guyana and Venezuela, over the Essequibo territory, is both unfortunate and long overdue for a resolution. Through many treaties disputing this border, no answer has been found for what the border should actually end up being. It has been changed time and time again, going from British Guiana to Guyana gaining their independence, changing it once again. Another factor to this ever-changing border is the discovery of oil in the Essequibo territory which is between Venezuela and Guyana. This created a question about who actually obtained the once unnoticed territory of Essequibo due to the oil that it contains.

Japan firmly believes that a peaceful resolution to this problem is the best way to go about solving this conflict. Many conflicts similar to this have been going on throughout recent years and Japan believes that another conflict that has the possibility to become violent would be detrimental to the world Japan would like to build. Although Japan has not taken action on the issue Japan believes that the 1966 treaty that was created when Guyana originally gained their independence is the treaty that Japan believes the border should be based off of.

Although Japan is fairly indifferent on this issue and mainly believes that the most important aspect is a peaceful resolution to the conflict, Japan is immensely excited to work with other nations to come to an official border agreement and resolve the long going dispute between Guyana and Venezuela.

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: Russian Federation
Delegate Name: Christian Boyce

For over a century, disputes over the claims to the Essequibo Region have caused tensions between the nations of Venezuela and Guyana. Over that time, treaties and agreements such as the Paris Arbitral Award in 1899 and the Geneva Agreement in 1966 have affirmed Guyana’s claim over the region. However, Venezuela has also laid claim to the region. Since the 1970s Venezuela has claimed ownership of the region, deeming it a “zona de reclamacion “ (reclamation zone). Tensions peaked in December of 2023 when after holding a referendum on the matter, Venezuela sent troops into the region and began to create infrastructure. The issue is one of great importance to the region and poses the possibility of armed conflict.
The Russian Federation has had a history with the border dispute. Russian diplomat Friedrich Martens was instrumental in the creation of the 1899 Paris Arbitral Award. Recently, however, the nation has taken a less intrusive approach to the matter. President Vladimir Putin in 2023 encouraged that the matter be solved without violence through diplomacy. Furthermore, Russian Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Maria Zakharova stressed the importance of de-escalating the conflict and resolving the issue through diplomacy and international law. Additionally, the Russian Federation has close political and economic ties with Venezuela and supports the nation’s efforts to strengthen its national economy and sovereignty. Moreover, the Russian Federation was represented in the private 9599th United Nations Security Council meeting discussing the development of the situation.
The United Nations has issued statements on the matter. While generally taking a more passive approach, the UN has encouraged the use of bilateral bodies, such as the International Court of Justice (ICJ) to aid in resolving the issue. Former Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon encouraged the same method in 2017. Ultimately, the UN has done little to interfere with the dispute, instead encouraging the use of preexisting international law and third-party bodies to aid in resolving the issue
The Russian Federation encourages that the matter be approached delicately. The border dispute is one that has over a century of history behind it and cannot be resolved through military intervention or careless border redrawings. As a champion of national sovereignty, Russia advises that third parties reduce their interference in the matter to respect both nations’ autonomy. Moreover, external pressure to expedite the process or force certain decisions should be avoided for the aforementioned reason. The Russian Federation maintains the principle that Latin America must remain a zone of peace. Russia supports efforts across Latin America and the Caribbean to increase regional unity and to cement the region’s stance as a considerable power in an increasingly multipolar world. Ultimately, the Russian Federation looks forward to cooperating with its allies and other nations to maintain the two nations’ sovereignty and to promote unity and peace in the region.

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: Ecuador
Delegate Name: Talia McCollum

The situation in Guyana is a conflict between Venezuela and Guyana over land disputes. The Essequibo region covers more than ⅔ of Guyana and contains the world’s largest crude oil reserves. Venezuela’s historical claim on the land has conjured a rising conflict between the countries. Venezuela recognized the potential of the Essequibo region economically and politically and argued that the land rightfully belonged to them.
Dating back to the Spanish/Dutch colonial era, the Essequibo Region was originally a part of Venezuela. Though the Essequibo region was claimed by the Dutch it inhabited a large number of indigenous people, who were strongly influenced by European powers. Soon Venezuela declared independence from the Dutch in 1811, and they claimed that they owned the former territories of old Spanish colonies, which included Essequibo. However, Venezuela was independent which didn’t stop other European powers from invading. The British had taken over Dutch settlements near the area permanently occupying Essequibo. The British then established the British Guiana in 1831. A new colony of Spain ( Captaincy General of Venezuela) possessed the west border of the Essequibo River, which soon took over the Dutch West Indies settlements.
The two new colonies started to argue over territory, and for a solution, they came up with the Schomburgk Line. This line gave the British the upper hand by giving them the mouth of the Orinoco River. This agreement led to both leaving the Essequibo region un-colonised, until many years later when the British discovered gold. The Cuyuni Basin was well over Venezuelan territory beyond the Schomburgk line. In protest, Venezuela reclaimed its possession of the Essequibo River. After years of conflict, the Paris Tribunal in 1899, gave 90% of the land to Britain. It established a border between Venezuela and British Guiana, though Venezuela had a lot of the eastern territory, the gold mines, and the rest of the land given to Britain.
Guyana declared independence in 1966, which led Venezuela to invade surrounding islands to assert dominance over Guyana. To try and set peace, the presidents, Rafael Caldera and Forbes Burnham signed a 12-year moratorium for Venezuela’s huge complaint of the region of Essequibo, called the Port of Spain Protocol. This set peace for 12 years, and even after the protocol expired, as the president of Venezuela at the time thought it wasn’t worth it.
Years later, Guyana discovered an oil exploration vessel off Essequibio’s coast in 2015. This made Venezuela more persistent in its claims on the region. In December 2023, Venezuela held a referendum for its people to determine whether the region is a state of Venezuela as well as whether its population become citizens of Venezuela, and other questions. The Venezuelan government announced that the results were very supportive of this action. To take further steps after this referendum, Venezuela proceeded to publish new maps that showed the Essequibo region was a part of Venezuela and announced ways to develop the region.
After the actions of Venezuela took place many countries supported Guyana, such as the United States, Brazil, and the United Kingdom. Ecuador believes that in Latin America there should be peace over all territories. Like Ecuador, many other nations in South America want to highlight the significance of diplomacy and respecting international laws. After President Lenin Moreno replaced Rafael Correa Ecuador broke diplomatic relations with Venezuela as Ecuador did not recognize Moreno as a leader, who was a close ally of Correa. Therefore Ecuador would lean more towards support for Guyana rather than Venezuela. To propose peace between the two conflicting countries Ecuador proposes direct conversations between Guyana and Venezuela under supervision to mutually agree on a resolution, supporting the ICJ process to clarify each country’s standings on the situation based on historical treaties, and working through the structure like OAS (Organization of American States) to advocate for a unified stance on certain regions like Essequibo to find peace and unity.
This paper supports the use of diplomacy and international law to conclude the years’ of conflict between Guyana and Venezuela. To be more specific, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) provides an authorized platform to refine regional claims and make a true agreement, ensuring each country is content with the decision made.

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: China
Delegate Name: Alexandra Pryplesh

China sees the deescalation of the border conflict in the Essequibo region, and larger calming of tensions between Guyana and Venezuela as of the utmost importance, not only for the sake of both countries and their citizens, but for the larger region and globe. The first and only way to address the decades long disagreement is through bilateral negotiation. Previous attempts to conclude the issue, such as the 1899 treaty framed by American arbitration and the 1966 Geneva agreement keeping things stagnant have both proven fruitless in the quest to achieve resolution due to a lack of willingness to tackle the issue head on. The prevalence of this conflict has made its way firmly into the limelight of international relations since Venezuela’s 2023 referendum and subsequent annexation, raising the stakes of this committee’s discussion greatly. The risk is so immediate and apparent that the long wait in the ICJ is no longer an option. Action and resolution must occur now.

China maintains that a few pieces of context are integral to progress. Perhaps the primary factor motivating the heightening tensions in the region are the recent transformative political and economic history of each of these countries. In many ways, since the beginning of this conflict, the identities and circumstances of both Guyana and Venezuela have completely shifted. China urges that this background be kept in mind. This is not simply a disagreement of land, but of resources, oil in particular, that have the power to transform the lives of struggling Venezuelans and Guyanese. The potential consequences of armed conflict stretch far outside the disputed border, with the entire region at risk of instability, and global trading partners of both parties such as China in profound danger as well.

While it is essential that the international community facilitate communication and resolution of this issue as best it can, employing regional institutions’ collaborative expertise such as the Organization of American States (OAS) and CARICOM (Caribbean Community), it must be careful to empower the voices of those countries involved rather than give into the temptation to lead. Providing support to both countries will do the most good to reach its peaceful end, as internal strife is what ultimately inflames tension. Guyana has, naturally, struggled to achieve equal distribution of the incredible economic gains it has made in recent years due to oil production, many terming it the fastest growing economy on Earth. Much can and should be done to provide guidance to help it achieve sustainable development domestically. For its part, China has contributed to infrastructure projects, donated medical equipment, and provided rafts and assistance in the face of recent flooding in Guyana. Similar assistance, carefully administered to both Guyana and Venezuela, can nurse the inevitable sacrifices of conflict resolution. Venezuela’s crisis is well documented, but few have done, as China has through billions in loans, the work to intentionally invest and support it without infringing on its sovereign decision making power. This committee should be careful not to take action past its jurisdiction or pressure the Maduro administration into action. Rather, humanitarian assistance to deal with the consequences of hyperinflation and mass migration must be prioritized over direct, targeted action such as sanctions against Venezuela’s already struggling populace.

Ultimately, China believes the situation in Guyana should be met with halting of military action and carefully considered negotiation to the benefit of both parties, as facilitated by international mediators. Through aid to both parties the complete picture of the issue can be changed, moving the region and the world at large closer to peace and avoiding the pernicious perils of war.

Works Cited:
Andreina. “Venezuela Reaffirms ‘historical Truth’ over the Essequibo, Rejects ICJ Jurisdiction.” Venezuelanalysis, 10 Apr. 2024, venezuelanalysis.com/news/venezuela-reaffirms-historical-truth-over-the-essequibo-rejects-icj-jurisdiction/.
“Belt and Road Initiative.” World Bank, World Bank Group, 24 Mar. 2022, www.worldbank.org/en/topic/regional-integration/brief/belt-and-road-initiative.
“China’s Growing Influence in Latin America.” Council on Foreign Relations, Council on Foreign Relations, www.cfr.org/backgrounder/china-influence-latin-america-argentina-brazil-venezuela-security-energy-bri. Accessed 26 Nov. 2024.
“China’s Massive Belt and Road Initiative.” Council on Foreign Relations, Council on Foreign Relations, www.cfr.org/backgrounder/chinas-massive-belt-and-road-initiative. Accessed 27 Nov. 2024.
“How Venezuela’s Threats Are Restructuring China-Guyana Relations.” – The Diplomat, thediplomat.com/2024/06/how-venezuelas-threats-are-restructuring-china-guyana-relations/. Accessed 27 Nov. 2024.
Peace for Venezuela. “Third Place: The Role of the United Nations in the Venezuelan Situation.” Peace for Venezuela, 28 Oct. 2021, peaceforvenezuela.org/the-role-of-the-united-nations-in-the-venezuelan-situation-by-ansley-taylor/#_bookmark97.
SCRtweets. “Private Meeting on the Territorial Dispute between Guyana and Venezuela.” Security Council Report, www.securitycouncilreport.org/whatsinblue/2024/04/private-meeting-on-the-territorial-dispute-between-guyana-and-venezuela.php. Accessed 27 Nov. 2024.
“Summary of the Order of 1 December 2023.” Summary of the Order of 1 December 2023 | INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE, www.icj-cij.org/node/203344. Accessed 26 Nov. 2024.
“Trace China’s Rise to Power.” Council on Foreign Relations, Council on Foreign Relations, www.cfr.org/china-global-governance/. Accessed 26 Nov. 2024.
“Venezuela: Competing US, Russia Resolutions Fail to Pass in Security Council | UN News.” United Nations, United Nations, news.un.org/en/story/2019/02/1033832. Accessed 27 Nov. 2024.
“Xi Jinping Meets with Guyanese President Mohamed Irfaan Ali.” 中华人民共和国外交部, www.mfa.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xw/zyxw/202405/t20240530_11332142.html#:~:text=China%20supports%20Guyana%20in%20playing,security%20and%20energy%20security%2C%20and. Accessed 26 Nov. 2024.

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: Canada
Delegate Name: Shriya Nallan Chakravarthi

Allowing Venezuela to annex the Essquibo Border sets a dangerous precedent for future disputes. The border, first created by the 1899 Arbitral Award but never validly established, is now contested by Venezuela upon the discovery of oil in the region in 2015. Even though the International Court of Justice (ICJ) has declared its ruling and issued Venezuela a warning not to escalate the situation further, complete disregard for the warning has now escalated tensions to increase oil production. Peaceful negotiations are vital in resolving the current tensions.

Canada faces critical stakes in diplomatically resolving the dispute over the region due to Canada’s investments, engagement with the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and Organization of American States (OAS), and its focus on peaceful diplomacy. Firstly, among the foreign investors in Guyana, one of the largest are Canadian mining companies: G-Mining Ventures Corporation, Tajiri Resources, G2 Goldfields Inc, etc. The Essquibo region, rich in mineral resources and oil, is attractive for future mining ventures, profiting both Guyana and Canada. These profits, however, can only be realized through long-term stability and predictability of the region’s legal and political environment. A shift in territorial control, especially due to an escalation, will lower these profits immensely. Canada is not only investing in Guyannian economics but also in Guyannian stability. Secondly, CARICOM and Canada have had a strategic partnership since 2023, and Canada has been a part of the OAS since 1990. CARICOM and OAS rejected the internationally disputed referendum in 2023. The ICJ’s referendum and the Venezuela annexation completely violate international law prohibiting governments from seizing or annexing other states’ territory. Tensions cannot escalate when the ICJ and the United Nations Security Council enforce this international law upon Venezuela. Lastly, peaceful diplomacy is vital in resolving the tension within the region. With a long history of leveraging diplomatic channels to preserve peace through legal principles, and despite Venezuela’s rejection of the ICJ’s initial ruling, heightening the obstacles to secure peace, Canada supports continued appeals to the ICJ. These appeals underscore the commitment to legal and peaceful resolution of the dispute. Canada’s involvement in the Essequibo dispute highlights its focus on peaceful diplomacy and regional stability. With the goal of long-term stability, supporting international law, and appeals to the ICJ’s rulings, Canada reinforces its commitment to resolving tensions through legal and diplomatic means.

The Dominion of Canada’s multifaceted role in preserving peace is of prodigious importance. Canada urges the Special Political Committee to halt any annexation of the region without fair and just legal proceedings. Canada holds Venezuela responsible for ending its violation of international law and holds the UNSC accountable for enforcing this law.

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: Bangladesh
Delegate Name: Joshua Foor

SPECPOL
The Situation in Guyana
Bangladesh
Mattawan High School
The situation in Guyana is a complex and long-standing issue with deep historical roots. The dispute centers around the Essequibo region, where Venezuela asserts that certain territories belong to them, while Guyana contends that these lands are rightfully theirs. This boundary conflict originated from colonial-era agreements, involving Spain for Venezuela, and the Netherlands and the United Kingdom for Guyana, and has continued to persist even after both countries gained independence.
There have been many attempts to solve the border issue between the two countries. The 1966 Geneva Agreement between Venezuela and Britain/Guyana aimed to achieve a mutually satisfactory agreement by establishing the creation of a “Mixed Commission” composed of representatives of Venezuela and British Guiana which was given four years to arrive at a final resolution regarding the border controversy, or else choose some other form of peaceful settlement outlined by the UN. In 1970, at the end of these four years, Guyana, Venezuela, and the United Kingdom signed the Port of Spain Protocol to essentially “freeze” parts of the Geneva Agreement for twelve years. In 1982, Venezuela refused to ratify an extension of the Port of Spain Protocol, bringing the original 1966 agreement back into effect. In 1983, Venezuela proposed to make direct negotiations with Guyana. Still, Guyana refused and proposed three alternate routes to reach a deal: the United Nations General Assembly, the United Nations Security Council, or the International Court of Justice, each of which was rejected by Venezuela. Many ways of solving the conflict have been tried, but they failed, and no progress was made in the continuing decades.
The People’s Republic of Bangladesh has been a public supporter of Guyana in the past, and Bangladesh’s Foreign Minister, Abdul Momen, welcomed the ruling of the International Court of Justice in favor of Guyana. Later in the meeting, he said, “I look forward to our usual discussions, camaraderie, and, in accordance with the consistent views of Heads, our expression of unwavering support for Guyana’s territorial integrity.” However, The People’s Republic of Bangladesh’s top priority is a peaceful solution where both sides are content. Overriding Guyana’s sovereignty may be dangerous because The People’s Republic of Bangladesh’s sovereignty was hard-won in the wake of India’s partition. Taking away Guyana’s independence will set a dangerous precedent and go against what the People’s Republic of Bangladesh fought for in the past.
Many people in Bangladesh support the group’s proposal for a peaceful settlement of the dispute between Guyana and Venezuela through the intervention of the International Court of Justice (ICJ). The People’s Republic of Bangladesh supports this option because the ICJ was made to help settle disputes between states and help with border disputes as well.

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: Estonia
Delegate Name: James Zawacki

Special Political Committee
The Situation in Guyana
The Republic of Estonia
James Zawacki
Forest Hills Eastern High School

In 1839, a border was drawn between British Guiana and Venezuela, giving British Guiana around 30,000 square miles of the Essequibo region. Unhappy with the border, Venezuela started disputes over the border in 1841, which would remain unsettled for some time. Then, in 1899, an American ambassador, who was appointed to resolve the conflict, ruled in favor of British Guiana, granting them the land, which Venezuela resentfully agreed to. The topic then remained relatively quiet until 1966 when Guyana gained independence. Negotiations and agreements with The United Kingdom, Venezuela, and Guyana later that year put the dispute to rest, leaving the border as it was. However, the recent discovery of oil in the Essequibo region in 2015 created a resurgence in the conflict. Venezuela claimed the treaty from 1899 was nullified and the conflict remains a large issue in the region as Venezuela started an annexation, leaving us in the current situation. Estonia is ready to help settle the dispute and is committed to bringing agreement to the region.

Estonia has not had any major involvement in the dispute over the border in Guyana, but Estonia struggles with border disputes with Russia over the Buoy Region in the Narva River. Estonia’s foreign policies often focus on stability and external economics. Estonia has passed several policies to help with its border issues such as a treaty in 2005 defining a border with Russia and also passing bills that improved border security by adding posts, fences, and monitoring technology. Estonia also cooperates with neighboring countries, the UN, and NATO to help create broader security in the region and around the world. Estonia has supported many resolutions regarding peace, international security, and sustainable development. Over Estonia’s 338.6 kilometer border with Russia, they have around 2000 personnel stationed to defend it. Overall, so far Estonia has had little involvement in the situation in Guyana, but has faced similar challenges and worked with the UN to resolve similar issues in its regions and around the world.

Estonia would strongly encourage coming to a legal agreement within diplomatic channels. Estonia strongly encourages a peaceful approach with negotiations and possible third-party involvement. Alternatively, Estonia would support taking the issue to the International Court of Justice. Ultimately, Estonia would like to keep military response and efforts as a last resort and for extreme measures.

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: Austria
Delegate Name: Adilyn Petros

Guyana, a country located on the Northeastern coast of South America, has had its political/social history complicated by colonialism, ethnic tension, and disputes over natural resources. Originally a Dutch colony, it was later taken over by the British in the 19th century and gained independence in 1966. Since then, Guyana has witnessed political turmoil, usually along ethnic lines between the Indo-Guyanese, or descendants of Indian indentured labourers, and Afro-Guyanese, or descendants of African slaves. This tension has been compounded by the large supply of natural resources, ranging from bauxite to gold and, most recently, oil. The discovery of substantial supplies of oil off its coast during the last decade has unleashed new political dynamics and struggles over the division of oil wealth. This situation is further complicated by the generally tense border issue with Venezuela, which claims a portion of Guyana’s territory. The dispute has threatened regional stability amid efforts at a resolution through diplomatic channels.

Because Austria is a member of the European Union, a direct bilateral relationship does not exist between Austria and Guyana; much of its involvement with Guyana has been through multilateral mechanisms. The European Union has been part of Guyanese development through many humanitarian, trade, and aid programs, especially within the context of its partnerships with CARIFORUM-the Caribbean Forum of African, Caribbean, and Pacific States. The EU has defended Guyana in its democratization efforts and political stabilization; it has provided support during electoral processes and promoted good governance initiatives. Austria, while sharing the concerns of the EU regarding democracy and human rights, has backed peaceful resolution of political crises and expressed approval for the EU’s diplomatic stance on the border controversy with Venezuela. The EU has also been active in supporting Guyana’s sustainable development, notably since this country has the challenge of managing its new oil wealth for the benefit of all its citizens without further polarizing its ethnic and social divides.

Austria and the European Union have several common interests in finding solutions to the situation in Guyana, especially on political stability, human rights, and sustainable development. First, Austria is committed to continued diplomatic efforts toward a peaceful resolution of the border dispute with Venezuela, in support of the UN good offices as mechanisms for conflict resolution. Austria advocates for multilateral dialogue, including via diplomatic channels within the EU, to ensure respect for the sovereignty of Guyana. Second, Austria and the EU are concerned with ensuring transparency and accountability in the management of the new Guyanese wealth. They have urged Guyana to implement effective governance frameworks that guarantee fair distribution of resources and avoid increasing ethnic tension. In addition, Austria wants to be actively involved in helping Guyana restructure its economy to be being more diverse and environmentally friendly. This means mitigating the environmental impact of oil extraction by promoting such sectors as agriculture, renewable energy, and tourism. Austria’s aid and development cooperation with Guyana will remain EU-centered and oriented toward these areas, in efforts to consolidate long-lasting peace and prosperity for Guyana. In addition, Austria is committed to supporting human rights initiatives, particularly those concerned with the lightening of social and economic inequalities that have plagued Guyana over three decades. The underlying intention of Austria and the EU through such initiatives is to promote peace, stability, and inclusive growth in Guyana, by entrenching democracy and respect for international law.

Sources:
https://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/austrian-embassy-bogota/bilateral-relations/caribbean-countries/guyana
https://www.inewsguyana.com/bilateral-relations-between-guyana-austria-forge-ahead/
https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/whatsinblue/2024/04/private-meeting-on-the-territorial-dispute-between-guyana-and-venezuela.php

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: Afghanistan
Delegate Name: Cosmo Steffke

Cosmo Steffke
The Roeper School
Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
Special Political Committee (SPECPOL)

Currently, Guyana and Venezuela’s conflict over the Essequibo region which has escalated in recent months is approaching a boiling point and needs to be addressed. Even though the International Court of Justice has declared its ruling and issued Venezuela a warning not to escalate the situation further, the amount of natural resources has driven Venezuela to continue claiming it as its own. A referendum was “claimed” to be completed amongst their citizens (which international analysts and media contest the validity of) and the law claiming the Essequibo region has been formally submitted to the Supreme Court.

There are reported concerns with the Maduro regime and possible government corruption. Various U.S. agencies such as the GAO have reported that Venezuela has direct ties to various illicit finance, such as illicitly mined gold, drug trafficking, and more. This level of corruption is concerning to the international community as a whole, and raises questions on the overarching motives behind this conflict, and how this conflict will play out.

As the tensions increase between both nations, the delegation of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan would like to recognize that if military buildup and foreign involvement continue to build, the conflict will reach a breaking point. Both countries are not willing to lay down arms to the other region, and military expansion/attacks near the region have been seen in the form of runways being built, militarisation of nearby borders, and troop building. This conflict needs to be solved peacefully and without further escalation, with special attention being directed to fairness for both countries.

Considering that the Essequibo region contains large amounts of natural resources that contribute significantly to Guyana’s economy and is currently recognized as Guyana’s territory, and also that many Venezuelan nationals live in the Essequibo region and Venezuela does have some claims to the region, many possible solutions involve peaceful sharing of resources between the two countries. Some possible solutions include joint development of the area, where the two countries can jointly explore the area and split profits as regulated, and resource management by a third party, where both countries are guaranteed to get an even split of resources and profits without worries of conflict, and many more. The delegation of Afghanistan would finally like to implore the need for security buildup in conflict regions, as even though the ICJ has reached a conclusion and both countries have tried to solve this diplomatically, conflict has only continued to surmount.

Sources
https://www.gao.gov/blog/venezuelas-political-unrest-has-made-drug-trafficking-money-laundering-and-other-crimes-easier
https://country.eiu.com/guyana
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Venezuelan_referendum
https://www.icj-cij.org/node/203344
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-12-07/lula-reluctantly-adopts-mediator-role-in-venezuela-guyana-crisis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana%E2%80%93Venezuela_crisis_(2023%E2%80%93present)#Guyanese_helicopter_crash

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: Sweden
Delegate Name: Martinson Arnan

Country: Sweden

Topic: Situation in Guyana

School: Mattawan High School

The current situation between Guyana and Venezuela is an unfavorable one, with conflict going back all the way to 1814, roughly a 200-year span. The situation dates back to a treaty between Great Britain and the Kingdom of the Netherlands, in which all Dutch claims were given to British Guinea. This treaty left British Guinea and Venezuela without a border, leading to later conflict. Britain actually came back in 1835, to settle the border dispute, but this did very little to resolve the conflict. In 1841, just 6 years later, there were more conflicts. However in 1899, America tried to solve the issue by forcing Venezuela to subdue the conflicted region to British Guinea; it actually lasted a while, until Guinea gained its own independence from Great Britain in 1966. Unfortunately, more fuel to the fire was added when oil was discovered in the Essequibo region in 2015. You see, Oil is an integral part of Venezuela’s economy. That is the main reason why their Gross Domestic Product is at 105 billion dollars. It’s currently the 12th largest producer of oil in the world. So whenever there’s a chance to gain more, Venezuela will seize to gain the opportunity.

Sweden seeks a peaceful resolution to Guyana and Venezuela’s territorial dispute. Sweden advocates for dialogue and negotiations between the two countries. Although it doesn’t really choose a country to side with, it pushes for peace. Sweden also tends to push for international law, human rights, and peaceful resolution in its foreign policy. Sweden would like to advocate for a solution grounded in international legal principles and respect for territorial integrity. Sweden is neutral and seeks a resolution where both sides are satisfied. However, Sweden condemns Venezuela’s threats to invade Guyana and supports Guyana’s rights to maintain its sovereignty over the Essequibo region.

The Kingdom of Sweden strongly seeks a peaceful solution to this conflict without getting too involved. As mentioned earlier, Sweden isn’t really pushing for a country to actually win; they are currently in a neutral state. But just because they are neutral, that doesn’t mean that they want nothing to happen between them. More than anything, Sweden is a promoter of peace, and it wants to achieve that ultimate goal by any means necessary.

Bibliography:

https://www.worldometers.info/oil/oil-production-by-country/
https://glica.org/glimun/committees/the-situation-in-guyana/
https://www.statista.com/statistics/370937/gross-domestic-product-gdp-in-venezuela/

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: Belarus
Delegate Name: Toby Leopold

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: Belarus
Delegate Name: Toby Leopold
School: The Roeper School

The border dispute between Guyana and Venezuela dates to a treaty made in 1814 which left the western boundary of British Guiana undefined. The border was then later defined in 1835, however was disputed by Venezuela. In 1899 American arbitrators ruled that the region would belong to British Guiana and Venezuela reluctantly agreed. When Guyana gained independence in 1966, The border issue resurfaced. Although Guyana and Venezuela agreed to maintain the status Quo, tensions remained. After oil was discovered in the Essequibo region in 2015 the dispute was reignited with Venezuela claiming the 1899 border invalid and annexing the area. Although there has been no armed conflict, tensions are high. Both nations heavily rely on oil and neither can afford to give up the resource-rich region.

The Republic of Belarus views the dispute between Guyana and Venezuela as a matter of significant concern. Belarus wishes for a peaceful resolution to maintain political stability in the region. The Republic of Belarus is advocating for the involvement of the International Court of Justice to address these issues. Although Belarus has not directly intervened in the dispute.

The Republic of Belarus believes a peaceful resolution to the Venezuela-Guyana dispute is crucial to maintaining regional political stability. Belarus is advocating for negotiations made with the support of neutral mediators. However, The Republic of Belarus does not wish to be directly involved. Instead, Belarus wishes to call upon the United Nations to help with negotiations and address the economic issues that caused the dispute. Belarus believes a peaceful solution is essential for long-term stability in the region.

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: Iran
Delegate Name: Natalie Gibbs

Islamic Republic of Iran
On the Situation in Guyana

The dispute in the Essequibo border region is a crisis that must be addressed immediately to ensure that proper sovereignty over the region can be taken and promote longterm stability. Disagreements about who should control Essequibo have existed since before the borders of Venezuela and Guyana were drawn. The area was part of Venezuela during Spanish colonial rule but was awarded to the British in 1899. Though both have since become their own nations, this issue has not been solved. The discovery of oil in the area in 2015 has intensified the need to decide ownership. Recent rulings by the ICJ and results of Venezuela’s referendum on the issue have also played a significant role in the conflict’s development. It’s clear that this issue needs to be solved fairly, with a focus on the history of the area, as soon as possible.

Iran is no stranger to border disputes. Disagreements with Iraq, Afghanistan, and the UAE over boundaries have shaped much of Iran’s foreign policy. Most notably, control over the Shatt al-Arab Waterway escalated into conflict between Iraq and Iran in 1974. The issue was temporarily resolved by the Algiers Agreement, until Iraq invaded Iran and began the Iran-Iraq War in 1980. Though relations between the two countries have since recovered, with valuable economic and cultural ties uniting them, Iran recognizes that the divisions caused by border disagreements were a major cause of the war. Guyana and Venezuela should seek to avoid such destructive conflicts, and if a just solution can be found without the interference of third party actors, agreeing to one is of the utmost importance.
While Guyana’s case, filed with the International Court of Justice in 2018 and adjudicated in December of 2023, was determined in Guyana’s favor, ordering Venezuela not to take any further action in the area, Venezuela disagreed about the court’s compulsory jursidiction over the case. However, the countries agreed just two weeks later at a peace summit in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines to not use force against each other over this issue in any circumstances. This declaration is an excellent step toward deescalating the issue and a clear sign that both nations are willing to work together and find a solution.

However, following this summit, tensions have begun to boil again as Venezuela signed into law a referendum to claim sovereignty over Essequibo. Additionally, in a joint statement from 55 nations, including Guyana, grave concern over the fairness of Venezuela’s elections was expressed. This undoubtedly is a statement of Guyana’s doubt about the Venezuelan referendum’s support from Venezuelan citizens. Though the two nations were supposed to meet three months following the initial summit, no meeting was scheduled, so further progress through that method of diplomacy has not been successful. A more rigid framework encouraging the nations to meet and work out the issue should be implemented by this committee so significant progress can be made.

The Islamic Republic of Iran proposes a solution that gives Venezuela control of the Essequibo region, as it was originally part of Venezuelan territory. Though the area is a substantial part of Guyana’s territory, accounting for more than two thirds of the country’s claimed land, Essequibo’s population is only around 15% of Guyana’s population. In return for this generous addition to Venezuela, Guyana could receive a percentage of Venezuela’s earnings from any proceedings involving the oil fields of the region. That way, economic growth would be fostered in both countries. However, both nations should be in full agreement on how to best resolve the issue. Iran understands that asking Guyana to cede its supposed claim over the area is demanding, but if the reimbursement is sufficient, the benefits of doing so more than outweigh the costs.

Lastly, Iran would like to emphasize that in finding a solution to this pressing issue, the committee must be careful not to overstep its role or detract from the national sovereignty of either nation. Instead, SPECPOL should facilitate a just resolution that benefits both countries, allowing them to grow more prosperous through Essequibo’s rich natural resources and their cooperation with each other.

Works Cited
https://www.britannica.com/place/Essequibo
https://mecouncil.org/publication_chapters/from-rivals-to-allies-irans-evolving-role-in-iraqs-geopolitics/
https://opil.ouplaw.com/page/502
https://rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/rusi-books/the-three-islands-mapping-the-uae-iran-dispute
https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%201017/volume-1017-I-14903-English.pdf
https://www.csis.org/analysis/miscalculation-and-escalation-over-essequibo-new-insights-risks-venezuelas-compellence
https://data.worldbank.org/country/venezuela
https://www.icj-cij.org/node/203344
https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2024/01/falqs-guyana-venezuela-territorial-dispute/
https://caribbeannewsglobal.com/guyana-venezuela-joint-declaration-of-argyle-for-dialogue-and-peace-between/
https://www.state.gov/joint-statement-on-the-situation-in-venezuela/
https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/guyana-condemns-venezuela-for-signing-into-law-a-referendum-approving-annexation-of-disputed-region

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: United States of America
Delegate Name: Samuel Solow

The land now known as Guyana was first seen by Europeans in 1498 when Columbus
sailed past, but decided not to dock. The land was later claimed by the Spanish Empire.
European development of the land and trading posts were not established until 1580 by Dutch
colonizers. While under the control of Britain, gold was discovered in the region in 1879, making
the land much more valuable than it was previously1
. The area of Guyana bordering Venezuela
was discovered to be mineral and timber rich, and the United States supported Venezuela’s claim
to the land in 1895. In February of 1897, the United Kingdom and Venezuela signed the Treaty
of Arbitration in Washington D.C. which set the rules and regulation the Tribunal would need to
follow while drawing the border line. The Tribunal was made up of two British representatives,
two United States representatives (representing the interests of Venezuela), and one Russian
representative (who were thought to be neutral). The Venezuelan Government had the United
States represent the Tribunal after breaking off relations with Great Britain. The Tribunal ruled in
favor of Britain, giving them the majority of the land and all of the gold mines, but control of the
entire Orinoco river was given to Venezuela2
.
Currently, the United States is showing support for Guyana by performing military
demonstrations with the Guyana Defense Force. In 2015, oil was discovered off the shore of
Guyana and since then, more than 30 other gas and oil site discoveries have been made.3 The
United States Secretary of State Antony Blinken told Guyanese president Mohamed Irfaan Ali that the United States’s support of Guyana is unwavering.4 This was confirmed by Pentagon Press Secretary John Kirby who said that the United States has and will “absolutely stand by our unwavering support for Guyana’s sovereignty.”5 The United States remains the largest donor of humanitarian aid to Venezuela despite supporting Guyana in the border conflict6. The specialized military groups that the United States have been sending to Guyana in the past will continue to arrive in 2024. The United States will not waver in its commitment to Guyana as a free and democratic state. The situation on the Guyanese and Venezuela border is a major issue and needs to be addressed in order to find a solution that satisfies both parties, especially since tensions in the region are rising. The discovery of oil in the area has only made the land more valuable and made both of the states want the land more, and the United States will ensure that the land remains under the control of Guyana. Daniel Erickson, the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for the Western Hemisphere at the Pentagon stated that the United States will continue
support for Guyana by helping them create a more organized and better equipped military in
20247
. Erickson also stated that the United States will help Guyana’s military meet the challenge,
especially as the challenge continues to rise.
6 U.S. Department of State, U.S. Department of State, Accessed 20 Nov. 2024.
5
“Guyana–Venezuela Crisis (2023–Present).” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 12 Nov. 2024
4U.S. Department of State, U.S. Department of State, Accessed 21 Nov. 2024.
3
“Guyana Becomes Key Contributor to Global Crude Oil Supply Growth – U.S. Energy Information
Administration (EIA).” Guyana Becomes Key Contributor to Global Crude Oil Supply Growth – U.S.
Energy Information Administration (EIA)
2
“Guyana–Venezuela Territorial Dispute.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 11 Oct. 2024,
1 Menke, Jack. “History of Guyana.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., 19 Nov.
2024

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: Mexico
Delegate Name: Devinicus Wong

The ability of a nation to control and use it’s own land is a fundamental right of all sovereign states. The recognized territories of any country must be respected, including in times of poor foreign relations, and an infringement upon these territories are rightly considered by any reasonable nation to be an act of hostility. As such, it is vital that territorial disputes between nations be resolved in a timely manner, so as to reduce tensions and decrease the likelihood of further escalation. With this in mind, the ongoing situation in Guyana over the Essequibo region is a critical concern for not only the states of Guyana and Venezuela, but also their surrounding neighbors, who wish to avoid a larger conflict. As a nearby nation which would certainly be affected by increased hostilities, the delegation of Mexico is alarmed by the recent events regarding the disputed territory, especially the 2023 Venezuelan referendum and the following increase in military activity. Although tensions have since calmed, the situation still remains tense and further discussion is necessary.
Mexico has had a strong history of promoting peace throughout the American continent. Abiding by a strict, noninterventionist policy, it has frequently condemned hostile actions against, and from, its neighbors. In 1983, Mexico voted to adopt a resolution condemning the United States’ invasion of Grenada as a violation of international law, citing concerns that the invasion would destabilize the region, and in 1989, similarly condemned the invasion of Panama. Mexico employs a policy of persistent cooperation with other nations, and believes that discussion is the best method of avoiding conflict. In 1964, despite regional pressure, Mexico did not cut ties with Cuba, choosing instead to fight against the expulsion of Cuba from the Organization of American States (OAS). As a member of the OAS, Mexico has chosen to push for cooperation-based solutions to problems and will continue to work towards peace and unity.
Following the resurgence of this issue into international spotlight late last year, the delegation of Mexico firmly believes that the best and most reliable solution to the situation in Guyana’s Essequibo region is to further talks on the matter. We reiterate the need for international cooperation and strongly urge all parties to find a quick and peaceful resolution to this conflict. This delegation encourages other nations to do their part in reaching this resolution by continuing to stand for peace in the region. For now, we commend the nations of Guyana and Venezuela for their efforts so far in de-escalating the situation and hope to see further communication and agreement from both sides of the dispute.

Sources:

https://www.oas.org
https://tldrnews.co.uk/
https://www.upi.com

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: Belgium
Delegate Name: Frinz Fisher

Committee: General Assembly – Special Political Committee
Topic A: The Situation in Guyana
Country: Belgium
Delegate: Frinz Fisher
School: Williamston High School

The Essequibo border region between Venezuela and Guyana promises profitable outputs due to the area’s abundant natural resources of over 61,600 square miles. However, disputes arose between Venezuela and Guyana regarding who would benefit from the region’s economic potential especially when the region remains to be informally asserted. Disputes concerning the region can be traced back to the early 1800s when the Kingdom of the Netherlands surrendered their claims to the area to the colony of British Guiana. Later on, the region would be argued over by Venezuela in 1841, but left unresolved. Further along, British Guiana gained control over the territory in 1899 via a treaty after American negotiators disputed alongside Venezuela for the domain. Since then, Guyana has gained independence, and oil has recently been discovered. Yet, the matter regarding who owns the territory is left ambiguous adjoining with amplified militarization tensions for financial yields.

The delegation of Belgium recognizes the importance of propriety in this situation. Belgium prioritizes a peaceful resolution for further efforts concerning territorial integrity, however, financial importance remains feasible. Venezuela has put forth effort into petroleum exports as its primary source of economic influence, invariantly harboring the largest crude oil reserves in the world. Belgium finds the significant abundance of Venezuela’s resources to stand as a beneficiary to the rest of the world, however even with nearly 303 billion barrels of oil, or about 17 percent of the world’s total oil reserves, Venezuela remains diminished. Venezuela’s government is corrupt and warrants the defamation of the country’s reputation, exemplified by the country’s reliance on drug cartels and trade exports, child labor, and commercial sex trafficking. Guyana has proficiently provided substantial support towards reduced political corruption under Mohamed Irfaan Ali, a distinguished People’s Progressive Party member. His actions toward economic capital through agricultural and gold exports are respectable among the UN, therefore, Belgium recommends a peaceful negotiation that implores Guyana to regulate the territory for transnational trade and commerce.

Belgium seeks peace and cooperation between Venezuela and Guyana to remain a suitable ally for trade. In addition, Belgium would pursue others’ interests in monitoring the area due to the intense military tensions that encircle the area and threaten international stability. Belgium applauds both countries’ means for prosperity, but not at the expense of countless lives. Thus, Belgium supports the idea of arbitration agreements among both parties, as both can be mutually compensated for the immense pressure they have been put through. As a member of the UN, Belgium hopes to conclude this recognizable solution.

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: Peru
Delegate Name: Joseph Cox

Country: Peru
Committee: SPECPOL
Topic: Situation in Guyana
Delegate: Joey Cox
School: Williamston High School

The region of Essequibo in the western half of Guyana has long been disputed between Guyana and Venezuela. Recently Venezuela has held a referendum to annex the Essequibo region with 96.13% of voters in Venezuela voting in favor of the annexation. The Essequibo region of Guyana comprises two thirds of Guyana’s total land area and contains 15% of Guyana’s population. The dispute stretches back to a dispute between the British colony of Guyana and Venezuela. It was solved through US intervention and in 1899, an arbitration determined that Guyana owned the region. In 1966 when Guyana gained independence the border was further cemented as what it is today. Recently when oil reserves were found off the coast of the region Venezuela’s interest in the region dramatically increased. The Venezuelan annexation has not yet resulted in armed conflict but there is not a planned solution and tensions are very high.

Peru has urged for a peaceful resolution to the conflict hoping to de-escalate tensions in the region. Peru has issued official statements supporting Guyanas territorial claims and has stated that the International Court of Justice should play an important role in resolving the conflict. The ICJ ruled that Venezuela should not take any action to disrupt the current territorial boundaries. Peru has had border disputes with its neighbors and has found that a peaceful diplomatic resolution is by far the best for both parties. Peru supported Guyana’s position in the Organization of American States general assembly in 2018. Peru strongly opposes the Maduro administration and is a member of the Lima Group that is opposed to the dictatorship in Venezuela. Peru signed the 1966 Geneva agreement and still backs the framework it provided to solve any disputes through peaceful negotiations and arbitration.

Perus plan toward resolving the dispute in Essequibo is to come to an agreement between Venezuela and Guyana through peaceful diplomatic negotiations. It is of the utmost importance that the negotiations stay peaceful so as to not cause instability in the greater region of South America. Peru strongly supports the ICJ ruling and is of the opinion that Guyana should keep their claims to Essequibo. Venezuela is simply reigniting an issue that was solved over 100 years ago. Guyana should be able to keep its claim to a territory that it has legally held for a century. Peru pledges to support the endeavors of Guyana to keep their claim to the Essequibo region and its rights to the oil reserves off the coast. Peru aims to support a fair and peaceful agreement between the two nations that upholds the sovereignty of Guyana and their right to the Essequibo region.

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: Saudi Arabia
Delegate Name: Naya Dike

Boundaries are never free of conflict, which is something that is very adamantly shown between Guyana and Venezuela. The underlying dispute over borders has been generational, dating back to the early 1800’s. In recent years, however, it has escalated due to natural resources within the Essequibo region that would be beneficial to both countries. Currently, this region is considered to be Guyana’s territory, but because of the abundance of oil found there in the past, Venezuela would like to have ownership over this region. But, because Guyana has become wealthy in oil and has a rapidly growing economy due to their ownership of the Essequibo region, they don’t plan on willingly giving up their land to Venezuela.

Previously, Saudi Arabia has shown support for Guyana. In 2023, the kingdom of Saudi Arabia signed loan agreements with Guyana through the Saudi Fund for Development that were worth $150 million. Later in the year, Irfaan Ali, president of Guyana, shared that he was working with Saudi Arabian leaders to invest $25 million into a facility focused in agriculture that would improve The Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM) and their food production. Also, during 2023, Mohammed bin Salman, Saudi crown prince, met with the Venezuelan president to discuss “diplomatic relations”.

Saudi Arabia acknowledges the ongoing conflict between the two nations of Guyana and Venezuela, and, as the top global exporter of oil, recognizes that the reluctance of Guyana to give up their control over the Essequibo region is very reasonable due to its benefits towards the nation’s development and economy. However, Saudi Arabia has relations with both Guyana and Venezuela, and, because of this, would not like to squander the alliances with these countries. Saudi Arabia will proceed to give diplomatic support and aid to both countries when they’re in need of it.

Works Cited
Revista, Cebri. “Notes on the History of the Venezuela/Guyana Boundary Dispute.” CEBRI Revista, cebri.org/revista/en/artigo/138/notes-on-the-history-of-the-venezuelaguyana-boundary-dispute#:~:text=The%20Venezuela%2FBritish%20Guiana%20boundary%20dispute%20went%20to%20arbitration%20in,that%20it%20is%20oil%20rich.

Stabroek News. “Guyana, Saudi Arabia Sign US$150m Financing MoU.” Stabroek News, 12 May 2023, www.stabroeknews.com/2023/05/12/news/guyana/guyana-saudi-arabia-sign-us150m-financing-mou.

Essaid, Salim A. “Venezuela’s Maduro Visit to Saudi Arabia Is Another Signal to US.” Al-Monitor: The Middle Eastʼs Leading Independent News Source Since 2012, 6 June 2023, www.al-monitor.com/originals/2023/06/venezuelas-maduro-visit-saudi-arabia-another-signal-us.

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: India
Delegate Name: KenZie Low

Special Political Committee
The Situation in Guyana
Republic of India
KenZie Low
City High Middle

The Republic of India has kept a close eye on the Venezuela-Guyana border dispute. Cordial relations and crude oil sourcing from both nations have concerned India with the tensions between these two Latin American countries, as potential war talks could devastate not just the Indian economy, but the international economy. The situation in Guyana began in the 16th century: first with the Schmoburgk line drawn by British explorer Robert Schomburgk, the arbitral tribune award in 1899, and Venezuela declaring the 1899 arbitral award tribune null and void in 1962. This has resulted in a long-standing border issue between the two nations. Now, tensions between Venezuela and Guyana escalated once again when the US company Exxon Mobil discovered vast amounts of oil in the Essequibo region in 2015. The Essequibo region is currently under Guyana’s borders, however, the president of Venezuela, Maduro, has set a referendum to annex the Essequibo region in 2024. As Venezuela is facing economic and social instability, the profits that could be gained from the Essequibo region could tremendously support Venezuela, and combat the sanctions and declining profits the nation has been facing. However, the international community is in the midst of two wars, and a third one would be significantly harmful to the global community. War in these countries would also harm the global economy, as many countries rely on Venezuela and Guyana for crude oil exports; India is one of these nations. Since the Republic of India does not wish to see the detrimental effects of a Venezuela-Guyana war, the nation supports a solution of diplomacy.
India has taken a stronger interest in the Venezuelan-Guyana border dispute in the 21st century. Since US arbitration was mostly involved in the Venezuela-Guyana affairs before the 21st century, India recently rose to global prominence and now plays a larger role in international affairs. Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited Guyana on November 20, 2024, the first visit from India to Guyana since Indira Ghandi in 1968. Modi offered aid to Guyana in terms of health, the economy, and agriculture, and continues to strengthen cordial ties with Guyana. According to Modi, both India and Guyana have seen similar border issues. Specifically, India continues its longstanding border dispute with China, facing a similar position to Guyana. Additionally, British colonization caused many indentured East Indian laborers to enter Guyana in the 19th century; currently, about 40% of the Guyana population is East Indian. India-Guyana trade is also flourishing. From 2022-2023, Indian-Guyanese trade amounted to 32.86 million USD.
In an address before the National Assembly of the Parliament of Guyana, Prime Minister Modi stated, “‘For the world, this is not a time for conflict… In the last 250 years, India and Guyana have seen similar struggles, similar slavery’” (Divya A). Modi was the first Indian prime minister to address the Parliament in Guyana. Modi also advocated for the Guyanese voice, and the Indian mantra of ‘humanity first’ in the recent G20 Summit in Brazil. Indian spokesperson, Arindam Bagchi, for the Ministry of External Affairs, also stated during his weekly briefing his advocacy for a diplomatic approach.
Given that humanity and empathy for the suffering remain the guiding principles for India’s foreign policy, the Republic of India proposes diplomacy and dialogue to resolve the Venezuelan-Guyana border dispute. Modi notes that India “‘never moved forward with selfishness, expansionist attitude’, and has always been away from harboring any feeling of seizing resources” (Divya A). India advocates for the international community to closely monitor the situation and prevent any military escalations from occurring. India supports any form of diplomatic initiatives and appreciates the efforts from Venezuela and Guyana, like the diplomatic talk hosted in Brazil in January 2024, with the Brazilian, Venezuelan, and Guyanese foreign ministers. Ultimately, the Republic of India urges that Venezuela and Guyana resolve their border dispute with diplomacy and humanity, and respect each nation’s autonomy and economy.

Works Cited
Bharat, ETV. “Why India Will Be Concerned about Guyana-Venezuela Territorial Conflict.” ETV Bharat News, ETV Bharat National, 12 Dec. 2023, www.etvbharat.com/english/international/top-news/why-india-will-be-concerned-about-guyana-venezuela-territorial-conflict/na20231212200647459459166. Accessed 25 Nov. 2024.
Divya A. ““Space and Sea Must Unite, Not Divide Us”: PM Modi in Guyana Parliament.” The Indian Express, 21 Nov. 2024, indianexpress.com/article/india/space-sea-should-be-subjects-of-cooperation-not-conflict-pm-modi-9682549/. Accessed 24 Nov. 2024.
International Crisis Group. “Thin Ice in the Himalayas: Handling the India-China Border Dispute.” International Crisis Group, 14 Nov. 2023, www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-asia/india-china/334-thin-ice-himalayas-handling-india-china-border-dispute. Accessed 24 Nov. 2024.
Siddiqui, Huma. “Financial Express.” Financialexpress.com, Financial Express, 8 Dec. 2023, www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-crude-realities-indias-stance-amidst-the-venezuela-guyana-strife-3332753/. Accessed 25 Nov. 2024.
WILKINSON, BERT. “India’s Prime Minister Meets with Caribbean Leaders in Guyana.” AP News, The Associated Press, 20 Nov. 2024, apnews.com/article/guyana-india-summit-modi-caribbean-c29177f4a19449cc3ccc2fc5adc40750. Accessed 24 Nov. 2024.

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: Thailand
Delegate Name: Jessica Liu

Special Political Committee
The Situation in Guyana
Kingdom of Thailand
Jessica Liu
Forest Hills Northern

Thailand acknowledges the current border conflict between Guyana and Venezuela in the Essequibio region, with historical origins in the 1814 Treaty of Paris. This treaty, in which Britain gained the territory of British Guiana (now Guyana) without a defined west border, set the stage for the ongoing conflict. The situation has further developed through actions taken by the United Nations, disputes, and incidents such as the Schomburgk Line, which claimed an additional 30,000 miles for Guiana; the 1899 arbitration ruling favoring British Guiana; and the 1996 Geneva Agreement, which established a Mixed Commission to resolve the dispute, but ultimately fell through due to a lack of cooperation. The Geneva Agreement of 1996 itself states, “…any outstanding controversy between… British Guiana, on the one hand, and Venezuela, on the other, would prejudice the furtherance of such cooperation and should be amicably resolved in a matter acceptable to both parties,” advocating for an amicable resolution and referencing closer cooperation, leading to mutual benefit. As the global geopolitical landscape is interconnected, and instability in one region can have ripple effects worldwide, Thailand, recognizing the wishes of both sides involved, advocates for and emphasizes the importance of peaceful negotiations.
Thailand has consistently supported international efforts to mediate and resolve conflicts peacefully. A proponent of international law and adhering to principles of sovereignty acknowledged in the United Nations Charter, Thailand is dedicated to its commitment to multilateral diplomacy. Since the 1950s, Thailand has sent over 20,000 military and police personnel to various UN missions in regions affected by territorial, ethnic, and humanitarian disputes and crises, such as Cambodia, Timor-Leste, Haiti, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Lebanon, and Sudan. Most notably, Thai troops have been involved in missions such as UNTAC (1992) in Cambodia, in which Thailand provided humanitarian relief along the Thai-Cambodia border and supported refugee aid through United Nations programs; UNTAET (1999-2002) in Timor-Leszte, in which Thailand has contributed to military personnel and civilian police personnel, with Lieutenant-General Winai Phattiyakul serving as Force Commander; and UNMOGIP (1949-present) in India and Pakistan, in which Thailand is one of the top 10 military contributors. While Thailand does not have a direct military interest in the Venezuela-Guyana conflict, Thailand would like to back initiatives that promote cooperation and amicable resolution to the dispute. Additionally, Thailand has historically supported the ICJ as a critical institution in upholding international law, as demonstrated by its adherence in the 1962 case of Cambodia v. Thailand, where the ICJ ruled in favor of Cambodia, affirming its sovereignty over the Temple of Preah Vihear, Despite being a point of dispute between Thailand and Cambodia and a controversial ruling, Thailand respected the verdict, demonstrating and reaffirming its commitment to diplomacy and peaceful conflict resolution.
Adhering to our peaceful diplomacy principles, recognizing the need for a fair resolution to the dispute, and emphasizing the importance of maintaining peace and stability in the region, Thailand advises the United Nations that international legal systems, such as the International Court of Justice (ICJ), which was not enforced in the 1996 Geneva Agreement, is an essential way to approach the resolving of the conflict. By international legal frameworks, Thailand urges Venezuela and Guyana to submit the dispute to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) for a definitive legal ruling, as it has done in past disputes. Of course, Thailand realizes that the Venezuelan-Guyanan border dispute is not solely due to territory but also due to economic and resource-based issues, namely the oil reserves in the Essequibo region. Thailand advocates for the UN to implement measures to facilitate a renewed dialogue and cooperation between the two nations to assist with both parties’ compliance with the ICJ ruling. Actions such as the establishment of a joint Venezuelan-Guyanese commission to discuss the management of oil and other resources in the Essequibo region, with the involvement of international observers to ensure equity, as well as a close monitorization of the current ceasefire, are crucial to resolve this dispute and ensure the peace and stability of the region.

Works Cited:
“Milestones in the History of U.S. Foreign Relations – Office of the Historian.” State.gov, 2024, history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/venezuela. It was accessed on 14 Nov. 2024.
“Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand).” Icj-Cij.org, 2017, www.icj-cij.org/case/45. It was accessed on 14 Nov. 2024.
To Contributors. “Border Treaty between Venezuela and UK Regarding Guyana.” Wikipedia.org, Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., 3 Oct. 2015, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Agreement_(1966). It was accessed on 14 Nov. 2024.‌
“Secretary-General Chooses International Court of Justice as Means for Peacefully Settling Long-Standing Guyana-Venezuela Border Controversy | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases.” Un.org, 30 Jan. 2018, press.un.org/en/2018/sgsm18879.doc.htm. Accessed 14 Nov. 2024.
No. 8192 VENEZUELA and UNITED KINGDOM of GREAT BRITAIN and NORTHERN IRELAND Agreement to Resolve the Controversy over the Frontier between Venezuela and British Guiana. Signed at Geneva, on 17 February 1966 VENEZUELA et ROYAUME-UNI de GRANDE-BRETAGNE et D’IRLANDE DU NORD. treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20561/volume-561-I-8192-English.pdf.
“UNITED NATIONS TRANSITIONAL AUTHORITY in CAMBODIA (UNTAC) – Background (Summary).” Un.org, 2024, peacekeeping.un.org/mission/past/untacbackgr1.html. Accessed 14 Nov. 2024.
“Thailand, the Land of the Free, and Its International Peacekeeping Efforts.” Asia Society, 2014, asiasociety.org/korea/thailand-land-free-and-its-international-peacekeeping-efforts. Accessed 14 Nov. 2024.
“Policy Statement of the Council of Ministers of Prime Minister Paetongtarn Shinawatra – กระทรวงการต่างประเทศ.” กระทรวงการต่างประเทศ, 2024, www.mfa.go.th/en/page/foreign-policy?menu=5e1fcc1657b01e001a03f7d2. Accessed 14 Nov. 2024.

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: Lithuania
Delegate Name: Pradham Nalam

Pradham Nalam
Lithuania
The Situation in Guyana
Special Political Committee
Forest Hills Central High School

Natural resources are one of the most reliable sources of income for many established nations. They allow each country to specialize themselves in aspects of trade with other delegations and help them create trade relations as well as increase the value of their economy in the process. However, not all nations find the advantages of natural resources to be singularly established just for them, some find themselves in dispute with neighboring countries in the moral right to take what is theirs. This is presently the scenario in Venezuela and Guyana. Both these nations have been in bad relations ever since the establishment of British Guyana on the premise of border disputes in who gets more land. The disputes were never peacefully aligned nor resolved as foreign parties had to involve themselves to convince both countries to begrudgingly compromise. Consequently, when oil was discovered in the borderlands of both nations in 2015, land disputes as well as the right of ownership for the oil deposits resurfaced between Guyana and Venezuela. Although both countries entered an agreement to not engage in war or violent conquests with each other, no trials for peaceful negotiation were successfully organized as both countries absently skipped out on the scheduled meeting to peacefully settle the matter, dampening any chance of a civil resolve involving only these two parties.

The delegation of Lithuania firmly stands on the topic of resource distribution. We believe that the oil deposits lying under both nations are for equal partition for Venezuela and Guyana. As the delegate representing Lithuania, I present sympathy and reformation on this matter as Lithuania has many experiences with oil production as well as disputes with neighboring countries similar to the situation at hand. Lithuania produces a substantial amount of oil every day as well produces 37 percent of its reserves every year.” (Worldometer 2016). We believe that there is a cavernous amount of a grey area that would allow Venezuela and Guyana to work alongside each other and profit from the oil as well as split the crude oil extraction evenly to increase their reservoirs. I hope this committee peacefully comes to a resolution about this matter and I also hope that all delegates work together to help to reach the end of this dispute.

Lithuania’s proposition for this matter is to encourage the United Nations to help the countries in dispute to come to peace with equal benefits as well as equal investments from the oil deposits. The proposed plan is to allow both nations, Venezuela and Guyana, to have equal participation in the investment and collaboration of extracting the oil from the deposits. This means that both nations would have to financially and labouredly invest in the process of extraction. The oil extracted from the deposits will then be equally split by both nations to proceed with whatever action they want with their share of the extract. The sub-committee for programs and coordination from the UN will foresee the application of this plan until the stage of splitting the extract. After the first round of extraction, it will become the duty of both nations to establish a proper order and process to evenly and equally split the oil. This will allow both of these nations to prosper as well as create a foundation for future interactions between Guyana and Venezuela with an order of peace.

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: Tunisia
Delegate Name: Devon Willis

From Ukraine and Russia, to China, and India, to Palestine and Israel many countries have faced border disputes for many different reasons. One of these territorial disputes that has been getting less attention throughout the world is the situation going on between Guyana and Venezuela. Guyana has access to the Essequibo region which has recently been discovered to have rich oil reserves, both of these countries are in deep need of the economic opportunities that a new source of oil could present, hence why Venezuela is calling upon the vague framework of the Geneva Agreement of 1966, and the previous rough border lines of 1814 treaty between the Dutch and British on Venezuelan borders which later led to the carving out of 30,000 square miles for Guyana, these consistent border disagreements have led to current terms in which both countries agreed that Guyuna would have the Essequibo region but tensions have since flourished and Guyuna has filed for proceedings in the International Court against Venezuela for the disputes in 2018.

As the Republic of Tunisia we have developed mutual relations with Venezuela in recent years, for example, we had a meeting in June of 2023 between the Minister of Venezuelan and African Foreign Affairs and Tunisia’s Social Affairs Minister. Tunisia is looking to maintain these relations with Venezuela and though do understand Guyuna’s point of view in some capacity, we are inclined towards the needs and callings of the impoverished petroleum nation of Venezuela, who in 2022 had their petroleum makeup to somewhere around 75% of total exports. We believe that the discovery of oil-rich reserves in the Essequibo region calls for an updated and profound discussion on where state borders should lay.

The Tunisian Republic acknowledges that the overwhelming factor for this border dispute is clearly based on the recent discovery of oil reserves in the region. Both nations who were virtually at rest about the region, whether they agreed with the decision in its entirety or not, have attempted to move forward but have had severe economic hardships as of late, especially Venezuela who has been dealing with many socio-economic and civil rights related issues, along with many medical/health related issues raveging throughout the country. Now both nations have to try and cooperate on this border, while also trying to gain an extremely desirable source that could make the economic change to help turn their country around. We aren’t looking for just one beneficiary of this situation, both nations should attempt to come to a permanent resolution that will allow for economic growth for both nations.

The Republic of Tunisia believes that as made clear in the 1966 Geneva Agreement, further discussions regarding the Essequibo region must take place; we do not wish for the annexation that is currently taking place to become violent or in any way hostile for either nation. We hope for a quick resolution and for the needs of each country to be heard and the economic and social state of both nations to be recognized as an important factor. Tunisia calls on the nations within the U.N. specifically calling to the U.K. who had originally had a place within the Geneva Agreement to help aid in the reintroductions of an official and mutual decision to be made about the territory where both nations can be of some benefit economically.

Sources: https://dppa.un.org/en/mission/border-controversy-between-guyana-and-venezuela
https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2020/09/the-volatile-tunisia-libya-border-between-tunisias-security-policy-and-libyas-militia-factions?lang=en&center=middle-east
https://www.social.gov.tn/en/scaling-cooperation-between-tunisia-and-venezuela-social-field
https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/venezuela/trade-profile#:~:text=The%20country’s%20economy%20strongly%20depends,1.6%25%20(data%20WTO).
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/venezuela/

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: Syrian Arab Republic
Delegate Name: Simon Beljak

Territory has always been a primary reason for conflict between nations. As is well known, these conflicts often end with mass casualties, thousands displaced, and millions, if not billions, of dollars lost. Additionally, these conflicts create widespread instability. This instability can be seen within many modern conflicts, like that of the war in Gaza, where around 43,300 Palestinians have been killed. It is in Syria’s best interest to prevent the outbreak of a war over the Essequibo region, not just for the nations disputing the territory, but for the stability of the area of conflict.

In order for the Syrian Arab Republic (SAR) to be satisfied with a resolution, we look for it to address our concerns. One such concern is the possibility of giving one side an advantage over the other, if this were to happen it might still lead towards a conflict. For this reason, we look favorably upon the creation of a safeguard in order to ensure that conflict will not break out. Another of our concerns is that land around a new border solution might be hard to settle. Therefore the SAR believes that establishing an initiative to assist in developing the land around and within the disputed region would be wise.

Consistent with the ideals of the SAR, a possible resolution should contain the possible permission for militant entities to be stationed near a new border as to provide both nations with the ability to protect themselves from threats. A resolution should also address the allocation of natural resources such as the valuable oil in the Essequibo region.

Seeing as Syria has had a history of territorial struggles with nations such as Israel, it would be a reasonable course of action for the SAR to pursue a resolution that benefits the population of the disputed region and the surrounding area. This is of vital importance to Syria as 6.865 million citizens have fled Syria due to its ongoing civil war since 2011 (for CIA – The World Factbook), and we are aware of the negative effects that a loss of population can do to a region. Another core value that the SAR would like to see in a resolution would be the creation of a joint sovereign solution, in which both nations will have partial control and say over the newly established arrangement. This is a concern of Syria’s as the SAR has experienced the complications peacekeeping groups can add to a situation. For example, the way the UNDOF had struggled to maintain a secure force on the Golan Heights ceasefire lines in 2014.

In conclusion, the Syrian Arab Republic would like to see a strong bilateral border put in place in order to protect civilians, and ensure those living in the Essequibo region can go about their lives without worry of an invasion. In addition, the SAR would like to see the preservation of each nation’s right to defend themselves from threats beyond the borderline.

Works Cited:
Central Intelligence Agency, Central Intelligence Agency, www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/syria/#introduction. Accessed 25 Nov. 2024.
“Golan Heights Profile.” BBC News, BBC, 29 Aug. 2023, www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-14724842.
“UN Documents for Golan (Israel/Syria).” Security Council Report, www.securitycouncilreport.org/un-documents/golan-israelsyria/. Accessed 25 Nov. 2024.
Moench, Mallory. “Nearly 70% of Gaza War Dead Women and Children – UN.” BBC News, BBC, 8 Nov. 2024, www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn5wel11pgdo.

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: Philippines
Delegate Name: Sam Fairo

The nation of the Philippines is one of the only countries in Southeast Asia that still values its neutrality and peace. With the situation in Guyana, we have stayed neutral and will continue to. We understand the severity of the situation and want to work with other nations to resolve this conflict and remain impartial. The relationship between the Philippines and Venezuela, along with Guyana, is one of diplomatic relations and peace. Both countries have trade and economic and cultural support of the other.

The Philippines will be taking an observing step when it comes to this issue, though we do have ideals we want to be respected. We believe we need to respect each nation’s sovereignty in the face of a problem that does not directly affect us.

As I stated before, we will be taking a more diplomatic outlook. The relationship between Venezuela and the Philippines is one of friendly diplomacy, both countries have been on the pleasant side since August 27, 1968. The Philippines and Venezuela have diplomatic trade together and we would not like that to be done away with. As the Philippines are not involved in the oil industry they will still support the countries who are. We are not involved in the oil industry due to not having a large oil reserve such as these countries have, we tend to focus more on agriculture and manufacturing. The nation of the Philippines will be staying out of this international conflict. We advocate for peaceful resolutions and respect for adherence to international law.

We would like a resolution to include a neutral approach to help in aid, and above all stay out of conflict to make sure all sovereignty and diplomatic relations stay the same. We would like this to ensure our allies remain the same and our respect towards one another. We value aid for other nations for allies, to ensure our country’s stability and longevity.

Lastly, the Philippines will remain neutral on the matter of this conflict, as we will be able to help with resources for both sides. We would like to remain impartial and will be staying out of any conflict that erupts. Since we have diplomatic relationships with Venezuela and Guyana, we will be staying neutral so as to not lose our relations with these countries. We wish to respect national sovereignty and international law.
Works Cited

https://glica.org/glimun/committees/the-situation-in-guyana/
(Glica)
https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/guyana/
(state gov)
https://www.britannica.com/search?query=the+situation+in+guyana
(Britanica #)

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: Colombia
Delegate Name: Owen Krueger

Colombia has been intently watching the very tense situation between Venezuela and Guyana as our nation and people hope to see a decisive solution to this problem very quickly. Colombia values a fast and effective solution as we do not want an explosion of violence on our doorstep. Colombia seeks a coordinated international effort for the arbitration of this dispute.

Firstly, Colombia agrees with the 2023 ICJ ruling to prevent action being taken by Venezuela using the results of their referendum in the disputed Guyanese territory. Although the election appeared to show that a majority of citizens wanted to become a part of Venezuela, Colombia does not believe that this referendum accurately reflects the opinions of the people within the disputed Guyanese territory due to extremely low turnout rates. These low turnout rates could be hiding a “silent majority” of pro-Gayanese voters who did not vote because they do not believe the referendum is legitimate.

Colombia and many other nations are skeptical of the official results of the 2024 Venezuelan Presidential Election. Colombia believes that there may have been tampering by or on behalf of incumbent president Nicolás Maduro against the opposition leader Edmondo González, because of the fact that Maduro may not even still even be the rightful leader of Venezuela.

To combat these possible injustices Colombia wants to see an internationally controlled recount of the votes from the 2024 presidential election or an internationally monitored special election for the presidency to certify presidential legitimacy if there is no longer access to the ballots. Colombia believes along with many other countries that the Venezuelan people have the right to know the state of their democracy and who is actually their next president.

Colombia will call on the UN to continue to enforce the halting of any action taken by Venezuela at large, especially if the flawed referendum is used as justification for the exchange of land. Our nation would look favorably upon reinforcing the 2023 ICJ ruling which can solve the previously mentioned problems and uphold peace. Colombia believes that on top of halting action by Venezuela and further enforcing the ICJ ruling Colombia would like an Internationally monitored referendum in the disputed Guyanese territory so that the international community can be confident that the people of this territory have their right to self-determination. Overall Colombia hopes to see both Venezuela and Guyana adhere to Article 33 of the UN charter and seek peaceful arbitration if Venezuela does not give up their claims.

Works Cited
FHEDelegates. (2024, November 25). The situation in Guyana – GLICA.org. https://glica.org/glimun/committees/the-situation-in-guyana/

Guyana | Cancillería. (n.d.). https://www.cancilleria.gov.co/en/guyana

Milestones in the history of U.S. Foreign Relations – Office of the Historian. (n.d.). https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/venezuela

Jazeera, A. (2023, December 1). UN’s top court bars Venezuela from action in Guyana border dispute. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/1/uns-top-court-bars-venezuela-from-action-in-guyana-border-dispute

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: Albania
Delegate Name: Elena Wright

The Republic of Albania expresses concern over the ongoing territorial dispute between Venezuela and Guyana regarding the Essequibo region. Albania is committed to a peaceful, fair, and lasting resolution that respects both countries’ interests while prioritizing regional stability and preventing conflict escalation.

The dispute stems from colonial-era treaties, like the 1814 agreement between Great Britain and the Netherlands, which left the western border with Venezuela undefined. The issue was further complicated in 1899 when arbitration favored British Guiana and has since flared up again, especially after the 2015 discovery of oil in the region. The economic significance of the Essequibo region, especially its oil reserves, complicates the situation, making it crucial to find a solution that respects both nations’ territorial claims and offers regional stability.

Albania strongly supports peaceful conflict resolution through dialogue and adherence to international law, particularly the 1966 Geneva Agreement. We believe the International Court of Justice should play a key role in determining the boundary, ensuring an unbiased resolution. While recognizing the importance of the Essequibo region, Albania emphasizes that economic benefits should not come at the cost of peace. Cooperation between Venezuela and Guyana in managing these resources could contribute to mutual economic development.

Albania stresses the need to address underlying conditions in both countries. Venezuela’s economic difficulties and Guyana’s emerging oil industry make compromise challenging. Albania encourages both nations to explore joint resource management agreements, which could ease tensions and benefit both economies. Additionally, the broader regional context, including instability in neighboring countries, requires a controlled and peaceful environment, with strengthened international mediation.

Albania urges the continuation of a United Nations-led dialogue, and its support, with third-party mediation, to hold impartial judgment on the discussions between the parties. This dialogue needs to nurture mutual understanding and aim for a peaceful resolution. The Government of the Republic of Albania would also like to propose a cooperative agreement between Venezuela and Guyana on jointly managing the resources of the Essequibo region while sharing control and revenue equally. Further in the interests of equity, Albania proposes that the dispute be referred to the ICJ for a binding legal determination of the boundary. Consistent with the need to preserve peace and to monitor compliance, Albania proposes the deployment of a UN peacekeeping force. Finally, Albania underlines broader regional cooperation by calling for trade, infrastructure development, and joint environmental management as ways of establishing confidence and building relationships among the participating nations.

Albania advocates for a peaceful, negotiated resolution that respects both Venezuela’s and Guyana’s sovereignty, with the support of international institutions like the UN and ICJ. Albania remains committed to promoting a fair and lasting solution to this long-standing dispute. Albania looks forward to working with other countries in committee to come to a peaceful solution.

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: Malta
Delegate Name: Levi Klein

Committee: SPECPOL
Topic Area: Situation in Guyana
Country: Malta
Delegate: Levi Klein, Fishers High School
I would like to apologize in advance for the shortness of this paper, as it was difficult to find much relevant
information on Malta’s stance on the Guyana-Venezuela Border Dispute.
The Maltese Republic believes that resources that lie in countries border, belong rightfully to that country. The Venezuelan Government is attempting to argue that the Arbital Award of 1899 about the frontier between Guyana and Venezuela is null and void. The dispute is over the Essequibo region, a circa 160,000 square kilometer stretch, which is 2/3 of Guyana’s total landmass. Venezuela insists that the area is theirs, after finding oil reserves off the Essequibo coast. It should be said, that Guyana is a one of, if not, the poorest country in South America, and Venezuela holds the 3rd largest economy in South America (Primarily from oil).
Malta’s Government would hope to strive for a peaceful resolution to this conflict. Our Foreign Minister has taken a stance on this topic, having submitted a paper at the CFAMM to formally address the dispute. Even here, in Malta our primary border dispute is with Libya, and us, as well as Guyana, have took our dispute cases to the International Court of Justice. But, unlike Guyana, we have been able to successfully lessen tensions with Libya. We have expressed our concern about the possible escalation of tensions to Security Council, and we stressed that ensuring Latin America and the Caribbean remains a zone of peace, is imperative. The members of our security council have urged the parties to peacefully resolve the dispute and uphold obligations under international law.
Malta believes that U.N Peacekeepers should be positioned in Venezuela and Guyana, in hopes to minimize risk of violent encounters, and to increase relations between the two countries. A Peacekeeping operation would be beneficial by protecting civilians from unwanted, surprised violence, add field support in compromised areas, and keep conflict at a minimum in general. We believe that Venezuela and Guyana can come to a peaceful resolution to this conflict.

Citations:
“Security Council Press Statement on Guyana–Venezuela Situation.” Press.un.org, https://press.un.org/en/2024/sc15665.doc.htm. Accessed 19 Nov. 2024.
“Commonwealth Foreign Ministers Plan for Malta Summit and Address Guyana-Venezuela Border Dispute.” Commonwealth, https://thecommonwealth.org/news/commonwealth-foreign-ministers-plan-malta-summit-and-address-guyana-venezuela-border-dispute. Accessed 19 Nov. 2024.
“Private Meeting on the Territorial Dispute between Guyana and Venezuela.” Security Council Report, https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/whatsinblue/2024/04/private-meeting-on-the-territorial-dispute-between-guyana-and-venezuela.php. Accessed 19 Nov. 2024.
“Border Controversy between Guyana and Venezuela.” Dppa.un.org, https://dppa.un.org/en/mission/border-controversy-between-guyana-and-venezuela. Accessed 19 Nov. 2024.

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: Guyana
Delegate Name: Josh Machnacki

The Situation in Guyana involves Venezuela disputing Guyana’s claim to the Essequibo border region, which comprises over two thirds of Guyana’s landmass. In 1814, Dutch claims of Guyana were ceded through treaty to Great Britain, taking the form of British Guyana. Areas between British Guyana and neighboring Venezuela were left undefined by the 1814 treaty. Subsequently the land was explored and a border leaving territory to British Guyana was defined in 1835, this being disputed by Venezuela several years later in 1841. The situation then went unremedied until 1899, when the border was decided by an international Tribunal of Arbitration which gave Guyana control over the contested region. At the time, Venezuela agreed this arbitration would be final. With Guyana gaining independence from the British in 1966 an agreement on how to proceed was reached. The border stayed as it was, with a Mixed Commission consisting of representatives of Venezuela and Guyana put in place to try and reach an agreement. If an agreement was not reached, the treaty stipulates the situation be referred to an international organization agreed upon by both countries or the Secretary General of the United Nations. As of 2017, the Secretary General chose the International Court of Justice (ICJ) as the means to a solution of the dispute. Venezuela chose not to take part in these proceedings and denies the ICJ has jurisdiction over the situation. Guyana supports this path to a solution but has no objection to additional collaborative discussion with Venezuela on the issue.

When oil was discovered in the Essequibo region, Venezuela blatantly disregarded previous settlements and, claiming the 1899 border was null and video due to alleged corruption, illegally annexed the territory. The 1966 treaty clearly states “No new claim, or enlargement of an existing claim, to territorial sovereignty in those territories shall be asserted while this Agreement is in force.” Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro directed oil extraction from Essequibo and provoked Guyana by brazen military movements near the border. Guyana views these actions as an external threat. Military conflict is viewed as regrettable by Guyana, but Guyana is readying military forces for the event that Venezuelan movement necessitates a response. Troop exercises in conjunction with the U.S. Southern Command are for the purpose of strengthening regional cooperation.

Guyana recognizes economic hardship experienced by Venezuela in the form of hyperinflation and sanctions. However, Guyana will not fall victim to Venezuelan desperation and allow more than two thirds of Guyana’s territory to be unjustly seized. There are other approaches Venezuela can take to better its economy than risking a military conflict that would undoubtedly harm both nations. Before the discovery of oil in the Essequibo region, agriculture was the backbone of Guyana’s economy with mining adding a significant revenue source. Oil has driven unprecedented growth for Guyana, helping to attract foreign investment and transforming Guyana into one of the fastest growing economies in the world.

The Situation in Guyana is at its root caused by Venezuelan deception and refusal to respect international law. Military provocation by Venezuela has disrupted peaceful discussion on the disputed region. Guyana prefers to settle the dispute cooperatively if at all possible but will defend its territory if necessary. Guyana is open to reaching an agreement with Venezuela that enables some level of oil revenue sharing to a small extent if Venezuela ceases hostilities and recognizes Guyana’s legal right to the Essequibo region. If Venezuela continues military aggression, Guyana calls for other nations to condemn Venezuela’s actions and use measures such as sanctions to protect Guyana’s sovereignty. Allowing Venezuela to illegally annex territory would provide a dangerous precedent to other outlaw nations seeking to commit similar crimes.

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: Argentina
Delegate Name: Gavin Dakhi

The border dispute between Guyana and Venezuela has been a constant point of political stress for both countries dating back to 1814 when a treaty was passed leaving the border undefined. Later in 1899 the territory was belonging to British Guiana with Venezuela agreeing to these terms bitterly. With the two countries maintaining a relative peaceful relationship over this territory for some time, the tensions have risen dangerously high as of late. Oil production has been the main driver of Guyana’s economic growth over the recent years. With Venezuela also having an enormous oil store, around 300 billion barrels. Both countries are dependent on oil and this region is home to a massive stockpile of unrefined oil. This is a very large and highly profitable spot of territory which makes it understandable why it is so desirable for surrounding countries.

With Argentina having the fifth largest oil reserve in Latin America, oil is also highly valued. As recent events have led to Argentina disbanding trade routes with Venezuela over fraudulent records, the relationship is still under stress between the governments of both countries. Argentina would like a peaceful resolution to this problem as any conflict within neighboring regions could lead to uprisings.

Argentina will make action to push for the OAS (Organization of American States) to be more active in mediating a peaceful resolution between the two countries. With strong ties between other Latin American countries, Argentina looks to increase the pressure on both countries to abide with diplomatic reason. Pushing for a greater role played by the UN Secretary-General in this matter is another key Argentina hopes to utilize to resolve this conflict. The UN Secretary-General would push for peaceful meetings between countries where leaders can discuss their differences without external pressures. If these measures suggested by Argentina are considered by other Latin American countries and a plan of action is devised that fits all countries involved needs and terms, this conflict will be resolved. Taken with all seriousness of this dispute over land, Argentina sides with peace above all.

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: Italy
Delegate Name: Benjamin Fischer

The situation in Guyana
Introduction
As the situation in Guyana continues to worsen, the need for change in the country increases. The flooding, the lack of power and other basic needs, and the overall safety of the citizens are all on a decline. We, The Republic of Italy, formally recognize the need for change. We believe that one’s own country should be somewhere that feels safe, rather than a place where crime is on the rise and power is scarce. This article goes over Italy’s stance on Guyana’s pressing matters that simply must be addressed, as well as possible solutions to some of the main issues.

Italy’s Perspective
We recognize the large problems that currently plague the country of Guyana. The unsafe and borderline unlivable conditions in some of Guyana are taking a toll on the general population in the country. We take pride in being a very safe nation and if that were to change, you best believe we will do everything in our power to protect our citizens and their ways of life.
In order to have a similar situation in Guyana, some measures must be taken. Some of the main concerns are as follows:

High crime rates
Crime rates and robberies are at an unreasonable level in Guyana. Citizens are afraid to leave their homes in broad daylight, let alone at night. Rightfully so too, Guyana has some of the highest rates of homicide, robbery, and murder in the world. Levels have begun to decrease, but it is still a major problem.

Flooding
There is excessive flooding in Guyana, mainly as a result of recent heavy rains. Over 1,500 people have had their homes swept away, taking away the life they once knew along with them. High water levels also have damaged infrastructure in the country, resulting in many other problems.

Lack of power and other necessary recourses
Guyana is experiencing a shortage of electricity in homes partially due to the flooding, but also due to aging and bad infrastructure in regards to the power grid.

Proposed Solutions
To attempt to resolve or at least address these issues, The Republic of Italy proposes the following solutions.

Law Enforcement
In order to help decrease the crime rate, we believe one of the following actions should be taken. The first option would go supply Guyana with grants from the UN to provide much needed funding to police forces as well as other peace keeping organizations. The other and more durastic action would be to send in UN peacekeeping troops. Italy supply’s about 3.3% of said troops, and we believe they should be used to help better the world.

Power problems
The Republic of Italy has a few plans we believe could help with the power shortages. For some background information, Guyana has recently discovered large oil deposits near the border. We believe that this oil could be used to help the country if done correctly. First of all, Guyana could place taxes on oil exports and use the money from foreign countries to help improve their power grid. The other, more direct possibility would be the advocation of oil based power plants. While this would be terrible for the environment, it could serve as a short term solution to help the country get back on it’t feet.

Flooding
We believe the best solution to the problem of flood damage would be UN grants to citizens that have been affected by the natural disasters. It would help citizens return to their normal lives and kickstart the full recovery of the area.

Conclusion
Overall, Italy believes that a lot should be done in order to help Guyana with its struggles of crime, floods, and a lack of power. These issues place significant stress on the citizens of Guyana and issues should be addressed as soon as possible.

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: Spain
Delegate Name: Wyatt Keller

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana

Country: Spain

Committee: Special Political Committee

Delegate Name: Wyatt Keller

School: New Prairie High School

The Resurgence of Tensions in the Essequibo Region

A previously settled border dispute has become a source of renewed tension. The Essequibo region, located on the Venezuela-Guyana border, has long been a point of contention. A previous ruling, consistently rejected by Venezuela, declared the area rightfully part of Guyana. The discovery of significant oil reserves offshore in 2015 further inflamed these tensions. In 2023, Venezuela renewed its claim to the Essequibo region, prompting the involvement of the International Court of Justice (ICJ). Despite this, Venezuela has continued to bolster its military presence near the disputed territory.

Spain’s Position

Spain’s perspective aligns with the general stance of the European Union. As a member of both the United Nations and the European Union, Spain firmly believes that conflicts should be resolved through diplomacy and recourse to international law. Therefore, Spain fully supports the ongoing proceedings before the International Court of Justice and will respect its final ruling.

The stability of the region is of paramount importance to Spain, given our strong trade partnerships and diplomatic relationships within Latin America. With utmost respect for previous rulings, pre-existing international law, and established boundaries, Spain has a vested interest in a peaceful and prosperous Essequibo region, both economically and socially.

Promoting Peaceful Resolution

Spain’s policies prioritize regional stability, upholding international law, and discouraging military escalation. Given our established relationships in the region, Spain strongly supports efforts by regional organizations, such as CARICOM, to mediate and de-escalate tensions. As a champion of international law, Spain urges all parties to adhere to its principles and allow established processes to resolve the conflict.

Let us be clear: war benefits no one and must be avoided at all costs. Therefore, Spain calls upon Venezuela to withdraw its military build-up and urges both sides to cease all armed activities on the border.

Works Cited

Arbitral Award of 3 October 1899 (Guyana v. Venezuela). International Court of Justice. https://www.icj-cij.org/case/171 (Accessed November 25, 2024)
Border Controversy between Guyana and Venezuela | Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs. United Nations. https://press.un.org/en/2024/sc15665.doc.htm (Accessed November 25, 2024)
The CARICOM Secretariat. caricom.org (Accessed November 25, 2024)

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: France
Delegate Name: Molly O’Donnell

Great Lakes Invitational Model United Nations Conference 2024
Delegation: France
Committee: Special Political and Decolonization
Topic: The Situation In Guyana
The current situation in Guyana revolves around a border dispute between Guyana and Venezuela concerning the specific region lying between the Essequibo River. (Kumar) This issue emerged in 1966 when Guyana gained independence which brought into question where the border would lie. After dialogues between Venezuela, Guyana and the United Kingdom it was decided that the border would remain where it was with the Essequibo region in Guyana. This agreement held until 2015 when it was discovered that the Essequibo region was rich in natural oil bringing a huge economic factor into the discussion. Shortly after the oil was found, Venezuela annexed the region and claimed the original borders to be null and void. This annexation led to high tensions between the two sides, though there has not been any armed conflict and dialogues to prevent one are underway, both have greatly increased military presence along this new border. (Guyana)A meeting to discuss these factors of the issue went unattended by both parties, extinguishing hope of a peaceful solution. Many neighboring countries as well as members of the Security Council are aware of the drastic effects a war would have on both Guyana and Venezuela. Both countries have a history of struggling with their economies, as well as a large refugee population, which concerns many citizens of both parties. (Guyana)
The Delegation of France became involved shortly after the annexation, and has called upon Venezuela to refrain from any unilateral action. Recently the Minister of Europe and Foreign Affairs spoke to the President of Guyana about these territorial disputes during which the Minister emphasized France’s commitment to maintaining peace, with the topic of recourse to the International Court of Justice (ICJ). (Ministère) The ICJ has warned Venezuela to “refrain from taking any action which would modify that situation that currently prevails”. (Imternational) Guyana’s initial request for a ban against the annexation of the Essequibo region was denied, however Guyana was welcomed as a non permanent member of the Security Council for the time being. France as well as other members have called upon both parties to fully implement the decisions of the ICJ leaving it up to the court to decide where the border should lie. (UN’s)
To solve this issue without compromising sovereignty, a third party could be added to extract the oil from the Essequibo region and then equally distributed between the two countries. This third party would be a United Nations (UN) organization such as the UN Development Programme (UNDP) which would oversee environmental aspects of the situation and could work alongside the UN Department of Peace Operations which could be facilitated by France due to their past connections. This plan would help create successful dialogues as well as reduce the need of military presence along the borders. By using the UN it would ensure neutrality and help both sides to comply with each other to create a long term solution in which both sides are able to take advantage of this great economic factor.

Works Cited:
“Un’s Top Court Bars Venezuela from Action in Guyana Border Dispute.” Al Jazeera, Al Jazeera, 1 Dec. 2023, www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2023/12/1/uns-top-court-bars-venezuela-from-action-in-guyana-border-dispute.
Ministère de l’Europe et des Affaires étrangères. “France and Guyana.” France Diplomacy – Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs, www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/country-files/guyana/france-and-guyana-65062/. Accessed 13 Nov. 2024.
“Guyana–Venezuela Land Boundary.” Sovereign Limits, 4 Apr. 2024, sovereignlimits.com/boundaries/guyana-venezuela-land.
“International Court of Justice.” Home | INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE, www.icj-cij.org/home. Accessed 15 Nov. 2024.
Kumar, Vishal. “Guyana River Map: River Map of Guyana.” MapsofWorld.Com, 4 Aug. 2022, www.mapsofworld.com/amp/guyana/river-map.html.

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: Ireland
Delegate Name: Sophia Harper

Country: Ireland
Committee: SPECPOL
Topic: Situation in Guyana
Delegate: Sophie Harper
School: Williamston High School

The border dispute between Guyana and Venezuela is a conflict that dates all the way back to the Treaty of London in 1814, giving the land that is being fought over to British Guiana. After Venezuela gained independence, the country also sought to claim the Essequibo region as their territory. In 1899, British Guiana was granted the region as part of their land, which was agreed upon by both sides of the dispute. Venezuela was ultimately unhappy with this decision, and claimed that what happened in 1899 was not valid anymore. Tensions started to grow all over again, with both countries firmly holding their stance. Guyana had gained independence in 1966, also the year that Guyana and Venezuela signed the Geneva Agreement in attempts to keep peace between the nations. Recent findings of oil in the Essequibo region sparked the dispute again in 2015. Venezuela believes that Guyana does not have the rights to the newfound oil, insisting that the land it was found in belongs to them. Dismayed by this, Guyana went to the International Court of Justice to reaffirm the Arbitral Award from 1899 was valid. The ICJ declined, but brought the case back up again in December of 2020 to address the validity of the award. Nothing has yet to be determined from the ICJ, leaving tensions high between the two parties involved.
Ireland is a country that is committed to peaceful relationships and resolutions to conflict. In the past, Ireland and the United Kingdom have had confusion over borders of their own. One recent example of this includes the signing of The Northern Ireland Protocol. Created to avoid a hard border in Ireland, it has allowed for a secure long-term solution to the issues brought up after the UK left the European Union. This protocol has helped to preserve the economy of Ireland and the United Kingdom and protect peace.
Ireland believes that the way to approach this conflict is with diplomatic conversations attended by both parties. Staying away from armed involvement is detrimental to a peaceful and fair resolution, which can be reached by negotiating. Ireland supports the efforts of the ICJ in trying to come to an agreement, encouraging Guyana and Venezuela to follow and respect whatever ruling the court may come to. The UN should back up the ruling of the ICJ. However, there should still be conversations and respectful communication between the two countries while the court is working on a resolution, so as to not let tensions increase further.

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: Niger
Delegate Name: Avery Weber

Situation in Guyana – Niger

Guyana and Venezuela are opposed in a territorial dispute over their shared Essequibo border. Historically, Venezuela ceded the Essequibo border region to Guyana by treaty. In 2015, oil was discovered in this region, and Venezuela rejected its treaty with Guyana and claimed the border region as its sovereign territory. This is the dispute that the United Nations is working to resolve.
Niger has no direct interest in this dispute other than its interest as an oil producing country. Niger produces 20,000 barrels of oil per day (b/d) and has an estimated 1 billion barrels of oil in proven reserves. Venezuela produces 85,000 b/d and has an estimated 300 billion barrels in proven oil reserves, the largest in the world. Venezuela produces 4 times more oil than Niger on a daily basis and they are often competitors in the oil industry. Guyana produces 650,000 b/d and has an estimated 11 billion barrels in proven oil reserves. Niger is not particularly invested in the conflict between Guyana and Venezuela but wants to find a resolution that is in the best interest of the oil markets.
Niger shares similar interests with Guyana like poverty reduction, sustainable development, and energy access. They would both benefit from technical collaborations in the oil industry, could work cooperatively with other OPEC countries to ensure optimized oil profits, and would be more compatible because of their aligned values. Additionally, Niger and Guyana, having parliamentary governments with strong executive branches are more similar in government structure as opposed to Venezuela, which is governed by dictatorship. Niger and Venezuela don’t have many overlapping values and no beneficial alliance seems possible because US and EU trade sanctions on Venezuela would restrict trade alliances with this country. Venezuela has nationalized its oil industry resulting in harsh US and EU trade sanctions which have severely limited its oil production and has caused economic decline in the country.
Niger supports Guyana’s claim to the Essequibo border. First, Guyana has a historical claim to the border region established by treaty with Venezuela. Venezuela respected this treaty until oil was found in the now-disputed border territory. It has no rational basis for rejecting its treaty with Guyana. Any beneficial trade alliances, social policy collaborations, or cooperation in steering oil markets would be more probable with a friendly Guyana having greater oil producing capability, because it is not encumbered with harsh trade sanctions imposed by the US and EU. While this probably is small, the probability of furthering any Niger interests or forming any beneficial trade alliances with Venezuela resulting from its ownership of the Essequibo border is zero, and could potentially be harmful for Niger – aligning with a dictator could alienate Niger with the rest of the world. For at least these reasons, Niger supports Guyana’s claim to the disputed Essequibo border.

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: South Africa
Delegate Name: Liem Krueger

Special Political Committee
The Situation in Guyana
The Republic of South Africa
Liem Krueger
Forest Hills Eastern High School

The Essequibo border region is a large forested area which is a combination of highlands, savannas, and low coastal plains, but it is primarily hinterland forests. This region encompasses two thirds of present-day Guyana. Christopher Columbus discovered the Guyanese coast in the late 15th century, and Spain subsequently claimed most of northern South America including Guyana. However, the Dutch were the first people to settle in the area and established the first settlement in 1616. They began to import enslaved people to grow sugarcane. Control of Guyana shifted around multiple times throughout the late 18th century mostly between Great Britain, France, and the Netherlands. Great Britain acquired control of Demerara, Berbice, and Guyana in 1814 from the Netherlands, at the London Convention in 1814, but the treaty did not set a western boundary. In 1831, Great Britain united their possessions and the Spanish and Dutch possessions into one territory. British explorer Robert Hermann Schomburgk was commissioned in 1835 by the British government to explore British Guiana. He believed that the borders of the colony should be made by survey at the end of his mission in 1839. Great Britain sent him back to Guyana in 1841 to set a boundary which was known as the Schomburgk Line, and it incorporated the Essequibo region into Guyana. Venezuela, who had gained independence from Spain, disputed the border claiming that it encroached on their land. Venezuela enlisted the help of the U.S to prohibit European involvement in the Americas with their passing of the Monroe Doctrine. In 1899, an international tribunal (one Russian, two American, and two British judges) awarded Britain with control of the Essequibo region and Venezuela with land at the base of the Orinoco Basin. Venezuela unhappily agreed to the treaty, the Paris Arbitral Award. A recent discovery of oil in this area resparked disputes between Guyana and Venezuela (Guyana gained independence in 1966). South Africa is worried about the matter and is working with the ICJ (International Court of Justice) to resolve the issue.
South Africa faces the issue of large gas and oil companies trying to obtain rights to explore gas and oil deposits in seabeds off of the South African coast. Recently, a judicial panel of three judges ordered Shell and its South African affiliate, Impact Africa, to stop exploring the coast for oil because they did not properly consult the residents about the project. However, there is still the pending issue of another large oil company stepping in and obtaining those rights through lobbying. South Africa is the largest consumer of oil in Africa and heavily relies on imports from the Middle East. Almost all of the country’s oil reserves are offshore. South Africa is facing an energy crisis and has embraced fossil fuel use even though they are committed to green energy. The victory against oil company expansion is a rare one, however, as South Africa has historically favored oil development over environmental efforts.
South Africa proposes the solution of allotting each country their needed amount of oil for the foreseeable future and expediting the remaining oil to countries in need of fuel including us. Therefore, the oil can be distributed in a manner which is the most beneficial on a global scale. Guyana and Venezuela can both have their own vast amounts of oil and make money by expediting the gallons of oil that they don’t need to other countries which need it. Finally, it would resolve the dispute over which country would have possession because all they care about is the oil reserves. Once the oil is distributed, the conflict over territory would likely settle.

Extra info: Britain, Portugal, and Germany set up frontiers on modern South African states in 1890 and 1891.

Works Cited

https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/02/world/africa/south-africa-shell-oil.html#:~:text=South%20Africa%20is%20the%20largest,its%20proven%20reserves%20are%20offshore.

https://unctad.org/news/africas-rise-global-supply-chain-force-unctad-report

https://www.supplychainbrain.com/articles/38906-south-african-supply-chain-disruptions-far-from-over-pwc-says

https://www.britannica.com/place/Essequibo

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: Jordan
Delegate Name: Ell Johnson

SPECIAL POLITICAL COMMITTEE
The situation in Guyana
The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
Portage Central High School
Ell Johnson

The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan recognizes the importance of addressing the current situation in Guyana. As a nation dedicated to international cooperation, Jordan affirms the need for a peaceful settlement of the current situation. The conflict in Guyana traces back to 1841 when Venezuela challenged the territorial drawings that had been established when Venezuela claimed independence from Spain in 1819. Since then, both Venezuela and Guyana have claimed the right to the Essequibo region, in 1899 American arbitrators were appointed and ruled the land should belong to Guyana. This was the standing until Guyana gained independence from Britain in 1966 when the topic was revisited. However, it was decided to leave the Essequido region under Guyanian control until recently. Tensions heightened when in 2015 Exxon Mobile discovered 11 billion barrels of oil and gas in the region, making it desirable to Venezuela. In recent years, the tensions at the Guyana-Venezuela border have been skyrocketing, approaching a full-scale armed conflict. Jordan recognizes the urgency of minimizing tensions and avoiding the potential for conflict. Understanding the negative implications of this conflict on all, the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan calls for decisive and peaceful mitigation of conflict.
The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan calls for the United Nations Special Political Committee to address this issue. Jordan will continue to take an impartial stance, we encourage a fair outcome for both nations. Jordan asks for international cooperation and encouragement of direct negotiation between Guyana and Venezuela. We believe that peace must be enforced by an international court of law, protecting both countries involved and the rest of global society. We encourage stability, as war in the region would harm global trade and peace. Jordan asks that this issue be handled by the International Court of Justice. We request an even sharing of resources between the two nations. Jordan calls for oversight by the United Nations and other global entities to maintain tranquility and foster discussion to achieve a resolution of peace between Venezuela and Guyana. We suggest that a UN sub-committee be created dedicated to the issue and that peacekeepers be sent to the region. Jordan requests that any nation sending military aid to Venezuela or Guyana limit their support to de-escalate the chance of military conflict in the Essequibo region.
Jordan demands that every nation understands the dire consequences that would occur if a war were to occur. Understanding this, we hope that the international community addresses the situation in Guyana with urgency and care.

Sources:
https://history.state.gov/countries/venezuela#:~:text=Summary,relations%20with%20Venezuela%20in%201835 https://glica.org/glimun/committees/the-situation-in-guyana/
https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=62103#:~:text=The%20first%20significant%20oil%20discovery,project%20in%20the%20Stabroek%20block.

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: Republic of Korea
Delegate Name: Hayden Graham

Country: Republic of Korea
Committee: SPECPOL
Topic: 2024-Situation in Guyana
Delegate: Hayden Graham
School: Williamston High School

Guyana, located in the northern part of South America, has undergone significant political, economic, and social changes in recent years. The discovery of vast oil reserves offshore has transformed Guyana’s economic outlook, attracting international attention and investment. However, this newfound wealth has also brought about challenges, including concerns over governance, environmental sustainability, social inequality, and the management of natural resources. Guyana’s political landscape has also experienced tension, particularly in the aftermath of the 2020 general elections, which saw disputed results and prolonged political instability. The situation has raised concerns about the integrity of the electoral process, the rule of law, and the protection of democratic norms. While the political environment has calmed since the peaceful resolution of the election dispute, the country still faces significant challenges in consolidating democratic institutions, ensuring good governance, and addressing the needs of its diverse population.
The South American country of Guyana has been at the focus of a protracted territorial dispute with Venezuela over the Essequibo region for a long time. Although tensions remain high since the region’s declaration of independence, the conflict extends back to the 19th century. The International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled in 2018 that the dispute should be resolved through peaceful negotiation and why. While Venezuela has expressed opposing views, the Republic of Korea strongly believes in upholding the rule of law and promoting peaceful conflict resolution through dialogue. In addition to its territorial issues, Guyana has seen tremendous economic growth in addition to the territorial dispute, especially due to the recent discovery of substantial offshore oil reserves. However, this progress has created new issues, such as the possibility of economic mismanagement, environmental concerns, and the necessity for strong infrastructure to accommodate rapid economic growth.

The Republic of Korea is dedicated to assisting Guyana’s sustainable development and acknowledges these complexities. The Republic of Korea asserts its adherence to international law principles such as sovereignty, territorial integrity, and peaceful conflict resolution. According to the International Court of Justice’s verdict, the ROK thinks that diplomatic negotiations are the best way to settle the conflict between Guyana and Venezuela. The Republic of Korea encourages both countries to participate in constructive negotiations and reiterates that military solutions are unacceptable under any circumstances. The Republic of Korea recognizes the value of regional collaboration in preserving South American stability. The ROK believes that Guyana’s territorial conflict with Venezuela should not lead to wider regional instability. Supporting multilateral measures that encourage communication and cooperation between Guyana, Venezuela, and surrounding nations is a priority for the Republic of Korea. Furthermore, the Republic of Korea is willing to contribute to international efforts to promote peace and regional security through institutions such as the United Nations and the Organization of American States (OAS). To advance regional stability, the Republic of Korea advocates for increased regional cooperation. This involves encouraging conversation between South American countries and international entities to ensure that the situation in Guyana does not lead to widespread instability. The Republic of Korea is completely committed to Guyana’s peaceful, sustainable, and successful future. The Republic of Korea thinks that by encouraging communication and cooperation, as well as promoting responsible economic progress, Guyana may overcome its obstacles and become a model for regional development. The Republic of Korea remains committed to cooperating with the international community to ensure that Guyana’s territorial dispute is addressed peacefully and that its economic development is inclusive and environmentally responsible.

Works Cited
McDonald, Lewis, and Murat Üngör. “New Oil Discoveries in Guyana since 2015: Resource Curse or Resource Blessing.” Resources Policy, vol. 74, Dec. 2021, p. 102363, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102363. Accessed 19 Nov. 2024.
“Migration and Development.” Google Books, 2015, books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=XESeBgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA92&dq=guyana+population&ots=zfGmRacu_I&sig=6FqrUMigZI3bqzRlYUPJ9oTow4A#v=onepage&q=guyana%20population&f=false. Accessed 18 Nov. 2024.
Premdas, Ralph R. “Elections and Political Campaigns in a Racially Bifurcated State: The Case of Guyana.” Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, vol. 14, no. 3, Aug. 1972, p. 271, https://doi.org/10.2307/174918. Accessed 17 Nov. 2024.
“World Bank Open Data.” World Bank Open Data, 2017, data.worldbank.org/country/guyana. Accessed 20 Nov. 2024.

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: Germany
Delegate Name: Ava Cousineau

Delegate: Ava Cousineau
School: Williamston High School
Country: Germany
Committee: SPECPOL
Topic: Situation in Guyana

The recent border dispute involving Guyana centers on a longstanding territorial disagreement with Venezuela over the Essequibo region, an area rich in natural resources, including oil reserves. The conflict dates back to the 19th century, when the British colonial government and Venezuela’s predecessor state had conflicting claims over the region. The dispute escalated after Guyana gained independence in 1966, with Venezuela continuing to assert its claim to the Essequibo territory. In 2018, tensions increased following the discovery of significant offshore oil fields in the disputed area, which both countries see as crucial to their economic future. Despite various diplomatic efforts, including the involvement of the United Nations and international arbitration, the dispute remains unresolved. In 2023, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled that it has jurisdiction to settle the matter, prompting both countries to continue their legal and diplomatic engagements. The outcome of the dispute has significant implications not only for national sovereignty but also for the economic and geopolitical interests of both Guyana and Venezuela, as well as the wider region.

Germany has played a supportive role in addressing the Guyana-Venezuela border crisis, mostly through diplomatic and humanitarian assistance. In recent years, Germany has been part of international efforts to resolve the territorial dispute between the two countries. Germany has provided financial aid to support refugees and displaced individuals. Additionally, Germany has engaged in multilateral discussions, backing the work of organizations like the United Nations and the Organization of American States (OAS) to promote peaceful negotiations and conflict resolution. Germany’s contributions have helped strengthen Guyana’s ability to manage the border issue while also offering support to Venezuela’s refugees and migrants through aid and advocacy for human rights.

Germany’s future involvement in the Guyana-Venezuela border crisis is likely to focus on continued diplomatic support, humanitarian assistance, and fostering multilateral efforts for peaceful resolution. Germany has consistently backed negotiations as the best way to resolve the territorial dispute between Guyana and Venezuela. Germany will likely continue to support initiatives led by the United Nations and other international bodies to encourage both countries to engage in peaceful dialogue and follow international legal rulings. On the humanitarian side, Germany is expected to continue providing aid to the growing number of Venezuelan refugees and migrants in the region, particularly in Guyana. This assistance could include funding for refugee services, healthcare, education, and integration programs. Additionally, Germany may increase its support for local capacity-building in border regions, helping Guyana manage the social and economic pressures from an influx of refugees.

https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/en/aussenpolitik/guyana/233294
https://rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/venezuela-guyana-dispute-and-brazils-foreign-policy-ambitions
https://reporting.unhcr.org/donors/germany

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: Indonesia
Delegate Name: Noah Lewis

The situation between Guyana and Venezuela is one of a disagreement over land. This dilemma can be traced back to 1814, but the problem just recently grew into a larger issue. In 1814, Guyana and Venezuela signed a loose agreement to define the border between the two countries. Then, when Guyana gained its independence, the issue flared up again. After oil was discovered in Guyana, Venezuela claimed it owned all of the land. It seems there will not be a peaceful ending, although there hasn’t been any armed conflict yet. A potential war could easily flare up, and no real solution has been proposed. Guyana is about a fourth the size of Venezuela but is supported by much larger countries.

Indonesia has ties with both countries, but they are not strong enough to fight a war over. Indonesia and Guyana share a common history of colonization. Current ties are not strong, but both countries have an interest in strengthening them. They are both a part of the Non-Aligned Movement. Indonesia and Venezuela are both members of the World Trade Organization, the Non-Aligned Movement, and the Forum of East Asia-Latin America Cooperation. Venezuela donated money to Indonesia after the tsunami in 2004. The two nations used to have fairly good ties, but those ties have weakened. Both nations look forward to strengthening ties. Although these ties are present, Indonesia believes in staying out of the conflict. This is because Indonesia does not have strong enough with either country to support them in war. They are both too distant, and Indonesia is unaffected by the conflict.

Bibliography

Border Controversy Between Guyana and Venezuela:
https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/indonesia-digital-economy#:~:text=National%20Focus%3A%20Indonesia’s%20government%20has,leading%20digital%20economy%20by%202030

Guyana and Indonesia Relations:
https://op.gov.gy/index.php/2018/05/19/guyana-and-indonesia-to-explore-trade-investment-opportunities/#:~:text=Guyana%20and%20Indonesia%20established%20diplomatic,which%20Guyana%20joined%20in%201970

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: Australia
Delegate Name: Brayden Savoie

Conference: GLIMUN
Committee: SPECPOL
Country: Australia
School: Fishers High School
Author: Brayden Savoie

Topic 1: The Situation in Guyana
The Essequibo border dispute between Guyana and Venezuela stems from a complex colonial history dating back to the 19th century. After British Guiana claimed the region in 1835, Venezuela disputed their ownership, which resulted in a 1899 ruling in favor of British Guiana. Venezuela accepted this decision until 1966 when Guyana claimed their independence. Recent developments, including the discovery of significant oil reserves in the Essequibo region in 2015, have increased tensions. Venezuela’s 2023 policy, which annexed the Essequibo region despite international objections, has further strained relations. Both nations have escalated military activities near the disputed area, increasing the risk of conflict and destabilizing a region already struggling with economic challenges and refugee crises​
Australia is committed to the principles of protecting international law, particularly the peaceful resolution of disputes and the sovereignty of states. Australia strongly supports Guyana’s legal claim to the Essequibo region, which aligns with the 1899 uling and the ongoing proceedings at the International Court of Justice (ICJ). Australia opposes Venezuela’s annexation efforts, as they violate the Geneva Agreement of 1966 and undermine the stability of the region. As a global advocate for the rule of law, Australia urges both parties to abide by ICJ decisions and international norms. Additionally, Australia recognizes the importance of Essequibo’s resources to Guyana’s economic development and calls for fair access to these resources for the benefit of both nations​. Venezuela depends on oil for 95% of its export revenue, while Guyana is seeing major growth in its oil industry, which is projected to contribute over $8 billion to its GDP by the next year.
To resolve the conflict peacefully, Australia advocates for a multilateral approach involving regional organizations like CARICOM and global institutions such as the United Nations. First, an immediate ceasefire agreement should be brokered to prevent military escalation. Second, both nations should engage in ICJ-mediated negotiations, ensuring the ruling is respected by all parties. Third, economic cooperation should be encouraged, with shared agreements on the development of the Essequibo’s resources to benefit both economies. Finally, international observers should monitor compliance with agreements to build trust and transparency. These measures aim to create a sustainable resolution that respects sovereignty, promotes regional stability, and ensures equitable resource sharing​

Sources:

United Nations Press Release SG/SM/18879-ICJ/630
The Geneva Agreement, 1966
Stabroek News
Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS)

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: Kenya
Delegate Name: Perla Perez-Montiel

Conference: GLIMUN
Committee: SPECPOL
Country: Kenya
School: Fishers High School
Author: Perla Perez-Montiel

Topic 1: The Situation in Guyana

The dispute over the Essequibo region between Venezuela and Guyana dates back to the colonial era. In 1814, the Netherlands ceded its claims in the area to Great Britain, leading to the creation of British Guiana. The border between British Guiana and Venezuela was undefined, sparking tensions after a British expedition in 1835 mapped the region and claimed 30,000 square miles for British Guiana. This disputed area, making up about 60% of Guyana’s total land, became a focal point after the 1899 arbitration where American and European powers ruled in favor of British Guiana. Although Venezuela reluctantly accepted the decision, the dispute persisted, especially after Guyana’s independence in 1966. In 2015, tensions reignited with the discovery of significant oil reserves in Essequibo, estimated at over 8 billion barrels. In 2023, Venezuela held a controversial referendum, declaring Essequibo as part of its territory, a move condemned by the international community, including the United Nations. While no direct conflict has occurred, both countries have significantly increased their military presence along the border. Venezuela conducts regular drills while Guyana strengthens its defenses, raising concerns about a potential escalation in an already unstable region, where over 7 million Venezuelans have fled due to economic instability.
Kenya, as a member of the United Nations and a strong advocate for peaceful conflict resolution, believes in upholding international law and fostering diplomatic dialogue. Kenya understands the historical complexities of the Essequibo dispute and the significant economic stakes, particularly in oil. Venezuela depends on oil for 95% of its export revenue and faces a severe economic crisis with hyperinflation exceeding 1,000,000% and declining oil production. In contrast, Guyana is seeing economic growth with its oil industry projected to contribute over $8 billion to its GDP by 2025. However, Kenya stresses that these economic interests must not lead to war, as a militarized conflict would devastate both countries and the wider region. Kenya supports the 1966 Geneva Agreement, which calls for continued negotiations, and believes the dispute should be resolved through peaceful dialogue under the guidance of the United Nations and international law. A peaceful resolution is essential for regional stability and the long-term interests of both nations.
Kenya advocates for a comprehensive approach to resolve the dispute. First, Venezuela and Guyana should return to negotiations under the 1966 Geneva Agreement, with the United Nations and Organization of American States (OAS) playing an active role in facilitating the talks. Second, both parties should agree to halt military maneuvers along the border to reduce tensions and create a better environment for dialogue. Third, Kenya supports establishing a joint development zone in the Essequibo region where both nations can share the economic benefits from oil resources. This would create mutual incentives for peace and cooperation. Finally, Kenya believes long-term stability requires addressing broader economic and social challenges, including poverty and humanitarian support, particularly for the millions of Venezuelan refugees. By prioritizing peace, diplomacy and regional cooperation, Kenya is confident a fair and lasting solution can be reached for both nations and the wider Caribbean region.

Sources:
https://press.un.org/en/2018/sgsm18879.doc.htm

https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20561/volume-561-I-8192-English.pdf

https://hias.org/where/guyana/

https://www.unfpa.org/data/emergencies/guyana-humanitarian-emergency

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: Algeria
Delegate Name: Liam Ahmad

Special Political Committee
The Situation in Guyana
The People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria
Liam Ahmad
Forest Hills Eastern High School

Venezuela and Guyana have had a continuous border conflict that can be traced back to an 1814 treaty where the Netherlands gave control over what is now Guyana to Great Britain. This treaty left the border between British Guiana and Venezuela indistinguishable and prone to cause future conflicts. In 1835 a British explorer marked the border granting 30,000 square miles to British Guiana, which Venezuela argued over in 1841. Later, Venezuela reluctantly accepted a agreement made in 1899 that favored British Guiana until Guyana gained independence in 1966, sparking a renewed debate. The situation escalated further in 2015 when vast oil reserves were discovered in the region, estimated to be 8 billion barrels. Their find boosted Guyana’s GDP by 62% in 2022 alone, making it one of the fastest-growing economies in the world. However, Venezuela’s oil production has fallen to roughly 700,000 barrels per day, significantly lower than its 2013 production of 2.3 million barrels. In 2023, Venezuela held a referendum on the annexation of Guyana which caused a rise in attention. The United Nations has held meetings addressing the conflict, stating that they aim to maintain peace and find a diplomatic resolution from both Guyana and Venezuela. Algeria has caught the attention of the situation and is committed to finding a solution that can protect the peace and sovereignty of both nations.

Algeria’s unique history with colonization has led to the country’s strong stance and example of peaceful resolution revolving around mediation and the protection of sovereignty. With that said, Algeria has so far proposed a renewal of mediation by having the UN send a special envoy to overseas peace talks. In addition, Algeria has also suggested that regional organizations such as CARICOM and the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) join the mediation. Furthermore, Algeria promotes a peaceful resolution by actively participating in peace organizations such as The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), The African Union (AU), and The Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). While Algeria has not taken direct action on a national level, they have advocated internationally for peaceful stability in international forums such as the United Nations General Assembly and through its membership in the Non-Aligned Movement. Algeria also supports the use of the ICJ in resolving territorial disputes, aligning with the approach taken by Guyana in seeking an ICJ agreement. Finally, Algeria has shown its strive for peace through its many signed resolutions such as: The UN Charter Chapter VI, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, and UN General Assembly resolutions supporting the jurisdiction and decisions of the ICJ.

the People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria strongly suggests that the United Nations should promote mediation and diplomatic resolutions while also advocating for economic cooperation. Algeria also wants to take a back seat approach and let internal communities play a proactive role, while Algeria acts as a meditation observer. More specifically Algeria wants to foster regional collaboration with organizations such as CARICOM and UNASUR and offer economic and development aid to help both countries to provide stability to the economic hardships that contributed to the conflict.

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: United Arab Emirates
Delegate Name: Tejasvi Annadurai

Committee: Special Political Committee
Topic: Situation in Guyana
Country: United Arab Emirates
Delegate Name: Tejasvi Annadurai
School: Forest Hills Northern

The long-drawn-out border conflict over the Essequibo region between Venezuela and Guyana originated in agreements made during the colonial era and has been contentious for almost two centuries. It finds its roots in the 1814 treaty between Great Britain and the Kingdom of the Netherlands, transferring the Dutch claims in the area into the hands of the British. This agreement finally led to uncertainty as to the exact boundary between British Guiana and Venezuela because the treaty had not defined it clearly. This was somewhat resolved in 1835 when a British explorer mapped this region. Still, in 1841, Venezuela disputed this map; it wasn’t until 1899 that the matter was settled when the American and European powers ruled in favor of British Guiana. This was done by the Paris Arbitral Award of 1899, although Venezuela accepted this with much reluctance. When Guyana gained its independence in 1966, the dispute broke out once again. The Geneva Agreement of 1966 provided ways for the continuing discussion of the issue without changing the border that exists today. Tensions over the conflict began to rise significantly in 2015 when oil was discovered off the Essequibo region, and Venezuela invoked the agreement of 1966 in laying a claim to the region through the disputed direct vote in 2023. There has been militarization of the situation with both nations reinforcing their military presence on the border to raise tensions, more so given their dependence on the exportation of oil. The UN has been trying to broker the conflict through its highest judiciary body, the ICJ, but with no definitive result so far. Indeed, the UAE has a deep interest in the promotion of peace and stability in resource-rich areas like Essequibo, particularly in view of its economic interests in oil and gas.

The UAE considers the controversy between Venezuela and Guyana as one of the most important questions of regional stability in South America and, consequently, world peace, for it is capable of ratcheting up tensions in an already unstable region. Conflicts should be settled through peaceful diplomatic dialogue, insists the UAE, who said it supported international efforts toward such conciliation of disputes. The UAE has continued to respect a hands-off policy in matters relating to sovereign states, especially if it respects the principles of international law on territorial integrity, coexistence, and settlement of disputes through various mechanisms, especially within the UN system. The UAE has also supported a number of UN-led processes on solution-finding, including those by the International Court of Justice in dealing with boundaries in dispute. While the UAE has not taken a direct approach to this specific controversy, it has underlined the importance of adherence to international law and peaceful means in the settlement of disputes. Nationally, the UAE is committed to stability and security in regions of economic and geopolitical interest, including Latin America. Internationally, it participated in the UN and other multilateral organizations through initiatives that promote peace and development. As part of the United Nations, the UAE has signed declarations reiterating its commitment to the UN Charter and voiced support for resolutions directed toward the peaceful resolution of territorial disputes and conflicts.

The United Arab Emirates calls upon the international community to increase efforts toward a peaceful resolution of the Essequibo dispute by fostering direct negotiations between Venezuela and Guyana with the support of impartial international mediators. The UAE underlines the all-inclusive diplomatic approach, recognizing the territorial claims of both nations, but having the long-term objective of peace and stability in the region. It is our stance that both countries should enter into peaceful dialogue or negotiations to prevent further military escalation and enter constructive negotiations facilitated by the United Nations or another reputable unbiased international organization. The UAE further supports the establishment of an independent commission responsible for investigating historical claims on the border and its legal status in the light of modern international law, upon which a durable agreement can be built. By doing so, the UAE also expresses support for the demilitarization of the area while encouraging the international community to provide technical support to both Guyana and Venezuela in their effort to resolve shared economic interests over the exploitation of oil supplies of the disputed territory. The UAE consequently calls on the global community, more so the UN, to play an active role in ensuring both countries continue in their commitment to dialogue and peaceful resolution of conflicts.

Works Cited

CIA World Factbook. “Guyana.” Central Intelligence Agency, https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guyana/.
“Venezuela – Guyana Boundary Dispute,” United Nations, https://press.un.org/en/2018/sgsm18879.doc.htm.
“Geneva Agreement 1966,” United Nations,
https://www.un.org/en/1966-geneva-agreement.
“Venezuela – Essequibo Region Dispute,” United Nations Office for Legal Affairs,
https://legal.un.org/.
“Venezuela Country Profile,” CIA World Factbook, https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/venezuela/.
“Venezuela-Guyana Border Dispute.” CIA World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook
“Essquibo Dispute: Venezuela and Guyana.” United Nations News. UN News Centre.
https://news.un.org
“1966 Geneva Agreement.” United Nations.
https://www.un.org
“Venezuela.” World Bank Data. World Bank Group.
https://data.worldbank.org/country/venezuela
“UAE’s Foreign Policy and Regional Diplomacy.” Emirates Policy Center.
https://www.epc.ae
“International Court of Justice.” ICJ Case Law. International Court of Justice.
https://www.icj-cij.org

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: Ethiopia
Delegate Name: Shruthilaya Venkatesh Kumar

Committee: Special Political Committee
Topic: The Situation in Guyana
Country: Ethiopia
School: Portage Central High School

The current situation in Guyana recedes in its almost two-hundred-year dispute with Venezuela. Starting in 1841, the Venezuelan Boundary Dispute began, resulting in a conflict over who was given the Essequibo region. Currently, Venezuela claims the region while Guyana controls it. However, the dispute continues since in March of 2024, Venezuela passed a law that designates Essequibo as a new state of Venezuela. It governs the region from Tumeremo. The Supreme Court was given the law to validate its constitutionality. Currently, the solutions I am presenting are negotiation and arbitration which will benefit Venezuela and Guyana as they will reduce conflict and propose a way to split the Essequibo region.
The Venezuelan-Guyana conflict affects the world and various countries’ economies and trade such as Ethiopia. Though Ethiopia is not near Venezuela and Guyana, its ties with both countries will be harmed by border disagreements. The alignment is extremely secure when looking at the statistics of how much Guyana relies on Ethiopia. According to the Observatory of Economic Complexity (OEC), in 2014 Ethiopia exported $13,200 to Guyana which was not part of the main exports. However, in five years of exporting, the annual rate has increased to 138%. Looking at Guyana, the main products that were exported to Ethiopia were non-knit women’s coats which cost $983. Although Guyana does not have much impact on the global economy, Venezuela has tremendous importance as it supplies the largest oil production in the world.
Additionally, it has large quantities of coal, iron ore, bauxite and gold. BBC News claims that Venezuela has been one of the world’s leading oil exporters, but the country experienced poor economic management at the beginning of the twenty-first century. The country also struggles with increased inflation, shortage of goods, unemployment, and crime. Essequibo is an oil-rich region that helps Venezuela and other countries receive most of their crude oil. The ongoing conflict between Guyana and Venezuela affects both countries as well as other places such as Ethiopia. With Venezuela going through economic difficulties and experiencing an ongoing border dispute with Guyana, the global economy will struggle in terms of oil production and other necessary supplies. Therefore, I propose two solutions to help end the conflict between Venezuela and Guyana.
My first solution is negotiation. According to the Department of Justice Canada, negotiation is a fair way to settle a dispute which results in fair endings for both countries. This method focuses on both sides’ mutual needs, interests, and use of mechanisms. These mechanisms include objective standards, meaning there is a higher likelihood of reaching an agreement that satisfies both countries. For a border conflict, negotiation is a smart option as it gives both countries a chance to claim the land with an equal amount of space that they prefer. Negotiations between countries can help enhance their relationship in the future, which is why this is a good solution that the UN should consider.
The second solution I propose is arbitration, which has a third-party member decide on how to solve the conflict. From what ASL Law Firm says, one of the key advantages of arbitration is flexibility, which means internationally, this method allows parties to choose their arbitrators, language, venue, and applicable law for the process. These proceedings are also confidential, which means most of the country’s secrets or struggles will not be revealed as it could be seen as a weakness. Another reason why this solution should be considered as well is that according to the Giambrone International Law Firm, arbitration provides a greater degree of agreement than mediation or negotiation because a professional arbitrator will eventually come to a reasonable decision in every case.
To conclude, these two solutions are the most considerable solutions to resolve the Venezuelan-Guyana border dispute. Both of these countries are necessary to the world in one way or another, and if they are damaged, that could destroy the global economy, which is why we must take action fast.

Bibliography
ASL Law Firm, “The role of international arbitration in resolving cross-border disputes.”
https://aslgate.com/the-role-of-international-arbitration-in-resolving-cross-border-disputes/
BBC News, “Venezuela Country Profile.”
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-19649648#:~:text=Venezuela%20is%20one%20of%20the,iron%20ore%2C%20bauxite%20and%20gold
Department of Justice Canada, “Dispute Resolution Reference Guide.”
https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/csj-sjc/dprs-sprd/res/drrg-mrrc/03.html#:~:text=By%20focusing%20on%20their%20mutual,Negotiation%20is%20a%20voluntary%20process.
Giambrone International Law Firm, “Advantages of Arbitration in Cross-Border Disputes.”
https://www.giambronelaw.com/site/advice/dispute-resolution/commercial-cross-border-disputes/arbitration-in-cross-border-disputes/#:~:text=Arbitration%20is%20a%20type%20of,decision%20that%20resolves%20the%20conflict
Observatory of Economic Complexity (OEC), “Guyana/Ethiopia.”
https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-country/guy/partner/eth

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: Slovenia
Delegate Name: Ava Tate

The Republic of Slovenia is deeply aware of the importance of ensuring relations are solely diplomatic. Slovenia acknowledges that the border dispute between The Co-operational Republic of Guyana and Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela should be addressed, for the sake of preventing any potential armed conflict. As a sovereign nation, committed to fostering a peaceful international community, Slovenia pledges to remain neutral, and to work to reach a fair, and nonviolent resolution, in which the desires of all parties are accounted for.
Slovenia is all too familiar with the troubles of territorial disputes. Slovenia found resolvement in our dispute, while remaining devoted to the upholding of international law. In 2009 Slovenia, alongside the Republic of Croatia, submitted an arbitration agreement, with regards to ownership of The Bay of Piran. Notably, article 7 of the agreement states ¨the award of the Arbitral Tribunal shall be binding on the Parties and shall constitute a definitive settlement of the dispute. […] Parties shall take all necessary steps to implement the award¨. Both parties are members of the UN. These means of resolving the dispute were thus most practical, and reaffirming to the effectiveness of international law. Slovenia sees the extent to which our past dispute with the Croatia resembles that of Guyana and Venezuela; and furthermore, believes that the previously noted articles are applicable to the situation at hand.
With the vast discoveries of valuable oil in the disputed area of Essequibo’s shore, tensions are undeniably high. Venezuela claims themselves victims of land theft, as in 1899 the boundaries of Guyana, previously a British Colony, were decided by arbitrators in the Paris Arbitral Award. With Guyana acquiring independence in 1966 the question on ownership of the Essequibo was renewed. The Geneva agreement between the UK, Guyana and Venezuela, left the area as it was. Notably to Slovenia, article 4 of the treaty states that ¨If, within three months of receiving the final report, the Government of Guyana and the Government of Venezuela should not have reached agreement regarding the choice of one of the means of settlement provided in Article 33 of the Charter of the United Nations, they shall refer the decision as to the means of settlement to an appropriate international organ upon which they both agree or, failing agreement on this point, to the Secretary-General of the United Nations.¨
The secretary general referred to the ICJ. In 2018 Guyana’s jurisdiction over the land was confirmed. In 2023 after a Venezuelan referendum the court stated ¨Pending a final decision in the case, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela shall refrain from taking any action which would modify the situation that currently prevails in the territory in dispute,whereby the Co-operative Republic of Guyana administers and exercises control over that area. Both Parties shall refrain from any action which might aggravate or extend the dispute before the Court or make it more difficult to resolve.¨
With regard to the previous statements, Slovenia strongly urges that the UN stand by the conclusions made by the court for the time being, thereby honoring and standing by article 33 of the UN charter, stating ¨The Security Council shall, when it deems necessary, call upon the parties to settle their dispute by such means.¨ Furthermore, as a devoted member of the European Union, Slovenia stands by the statement given by High Representative/Vice-President Borrell i Fontelles on behalf of the European Commission ¨ The EU underlines the importance of a peaceful and diplomatic solution in accordance with international law and the multilateral framework. Any escalation can put the stability of the region at risk and has to be avoided.¨
Conclusively, Slovenia encourages this matter to be resolved through the Hague Based permanent court of Arbitration as our past dispute was. As upholders of international law and order, the court can address the situation in a fair manner, of which both parties can recieve some satisfaction. Futhermore, we urge both parties to sign arbitration agreements, as Slovenia and Croatia did in 2009. As firm believers in the effectiveness of international law and diplomatic means of communications, we believe this can be most practical for attaining a non-violent and unbiased resolution that both parties can accept. As both parties are members of the UN, if they truly consider themselves believers and upholders of international law, peace, and diplomacy, this resolution should be executed.

Works Cited
CANO, REGINA GARCIA, and DÁNICA COTO. “Tensions are soaring between Guyana and Venezuela over a territorial dispute. Here’s what to know.” AP News, 9 December 2023, https://apnews.com/article/venezuela-guyana-essequibo-territory-dispute-maduro-referendum-d956cc4d5d2a70e3a1e762b744e397de. Accessed 18 November 2024.
“Cases.” Cases | PCA-CPA, https://pca-cpa.org/en/cases/3/. Accessed 18 November 2024.
“Chapter VI: Pacific Settlement of Disputes (Articles 33-38) | United Nations.” the United Nations, https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter/chapter-6. Accessed 18 November 2024.
Goitom, Hanibal. “FALQs: Guyana-Venezuela Territorial Dispute | In Custodia Legis.” Library of Congress Blogs, 8 January 2024, https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2024/01/falqs-guyana-venezuela-territorial-dispute/. Accessed 18 November 2024.
Jozwiak, Rikard. “Court Rules In Favor Of Slovenia In Sea Border Dispute; Croatia Rejects Decision.” Radio Free Europe, https://www.rferl.org/a/slovenia-croatia-sea-border-dispute-hague-ruling-piran/28586589.html. Accessed 19 November 2024.
“Parliamentary question – E-003575/2023(ASW).” European Parliament, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/E-9-2023-003575-ASW_EN.html

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: Pakistan
Delegate Name: Jack Kingston

Committee: Special Political
Topic: The Situation in Guyana
Country: The Islamic Republic of Pakistan
School: Portage Central High School

While the border conflict between Venezuela and Guyana goes back centuries, it has, in recent times, flared up and is threatening the stability of the region. Venezuela has only started claiming this land in recent times after the discovery of oil in the area, and held a sham referendum on whether or not the territory should join Venezuela. Venezuela went further by publishing maps with the territory annexed in the nation. This dispute covers an oil rich territory that makes up two thirds of Guyana’s total land area. If Venezuela would see the territory ceded to them, it would not only threaten the balance of power in the Americas, but would also deprive the national sovereignty of the Guyanese people and could be considered appeasement by some. Despite being an Asian nation, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan recognises the situation in Guyana as a matter of high strategic importance to both South America and the world as a whole.
Pakistan understands and recognises the attempts made to safeguard the border integrity of the nation of Guyana, with notable steps taken during the 1966 Geneva Agreements, which should have helped ease tensions and establish a safe path to peace between the nations. Unfortunately, no such path has been realized, and the situation continues to deteriorate. Pakistan encourages that both sides take steps to normalize talks and ease tensions between them, for the sake of international stability and peace. The steps taken by the United Nations have been inadequate in the preservation of peace in South America, and more work will be needed in order to establish a safer world
As a nation with border conflicts, Pakistan understands the importance of national sovereignty and the establishment of borders that are fair, and so Pakistan stands firmly in the camp of national sovereignty and against the encroachment of borders by foreign powers. In the future, Pakistan hopes that peace talks can be arranged, and an agreement can come to fruition between both nations involved. Pakistan would be open to hosting such talks, and would help outline a plan in order to see a speedy and safe solution to the problem in South America

Topic: 2024-The Situation in Guyana
Country: Brazil
Delegate Name: Cailu Jiang

Topic: Situation in Guyana
Country: Federative Republic of Brazil

Delegate Name Cailu Jiang
Committee: Special Political Committee
School: Portage Central High School
In 2023 Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela held a referendum regarding the disputed Essequibo border to officially claim it as officially Venezuelan territory This dispute between the Co-operative Republic of Guyana and Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela has its origins regarding the Anglo-Dutch treaty of 1814. When the Dutch ceded Essequibo, Demerara, and Berbice to the British Empire. However, the border was not clearly defined and the later British expedition in 1835 was quickly refuted by Venezuela. According to the Office of the Historian this was because of the Schomburgk Line, a boundary that effectively claimed an additional 30,000 square miles for Guiana. Venezuela’s officials disagreed and regarded that borders extended as far east as the Essequibo River. The situation could quickly escalate beyond the point of recognition and destabilize South American peace resulting foreign intervention.
The finding of gold and oil respectively in the 1840’s and 2015 further accelerated the speed of conflict. Especially during the 2015 oil discovery by ExxonMobil as Guiana’s oil holds are estimated to be 11 billion barrels of discovered oil estimated by both the Harvard International Review and the U.S Energy Information Administration (EIA). Although Venezuela had the territory originally claimed by them and finding such resources only worsened ties. Brazil’s current stance regards the sense that both parties have a mediated talk over the situation to have a compromise. Our stance is rather in neutrality as seen with Russia-Ukrainian and Israel-Palestine conflicts taking action relatively in diplomatic ties rather than direct support . However, we are also not hesitant to deploy troops. As currently we have both criticized Venezuela’s actions and deployed troops around Boa Vista. Additionally, Brazil will not allow any troop movement from our territory as the only road between Guyana and Venezuela is in Brazil.

Brazil seeks to cooperate with both Guyana and Venezuela on the situation about their dispute on the Essequibo border. Brazil also asks for other countries to also closely monitor the situation as not only the border dispute destabilizes South America, it also gives in a chance in foreign intervention. As regarding the Essequibo border conflict over these natural resources might guarantee foreign intervention such as how the United States of America interviewed during the Iraq-Kuwait war. As of now Brazil continues in favor of peaceful meditation regarding the border dispute as we do not want a war right on our doorstep within such a close range to the Brazilian mainland. However, if war were to come Brazil guarantees actions to de-scalate the conflict and collaboration with other countries to end the conflict. Nations of the world, Brazil advocates for collaboration and a mediation towards the Essequibo border dispute. It is absolutely critical for the diffusion of the situation in order to guarantee South American peace and to protect countries’ interests within the region.

Works Cited
https://brazilian.report/liveblog/politics-insider/2024/01/24/venezuela-guyana-talks-amid-border-tensions/
https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/venezuela#:~:text=The%20Venezuelan%20Bound
https://rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/venezuela-guyana-dispute-and-brazils-foreign-policy-ambitions

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