Future of Nuclear Power

Topic: Future of Nuclear Power
Country: Argentina
Delegate Name: Henry Brown
School: Ann Arbor Community High School

Argentina believes that nuclear power is an important part of how we will begin to discontinue our use of fossil fuels and provide ourselves a somewhat cleaner form of energy. Argentina is currently one of the three countries in Latin America that has begun to harness nuclear power (the others are Brazil and Mexico). It has two nuclear reactors on line already, and the third is set to begin operating in 2012. From the two reactors, almost 10 percent of the country’s energy is generated. Full details of Argentina’s current engagement in nuclear power can be found at http://world-nuclear.org/info/inf96.html.

We must provide a safe way for nuclear power to be created, and start to focus on how we can implement it as a long-term solution for our energy crisis.

Argentina currently receives one-tenth of its electricity from nuclear power and is attempting to increase our nuclear power abilities. Nuclear power is a long-term investment that must be researched thoroughly in order to provide a safe form of energy in nations around the world. Even with this power looking as promising as it does, it cannot be used as a solution to our problems until we find a way to make nuclear power safe enough that we will not have to worry about disasters, such as the recently experienced tragedy in Japan.

These disasters cannot scare us away from nuclear power; rather, they should educate us about how to safely harness nuclear energy.

Nuclear energy may assure us power and electricity for the future, if we can use nuclear plants safely and effectively.

Topic: Future of Nuclear Power
Country: Australia
Delegate Name: Alexis Filippis
School: Royal Oak High School

As demand for energy increases, our world’s main source of energy, fossil fuel, decreases each day. While the world struggles to provide for the near seven billion people on this planet, we debate the validity and effectiveness of the next large providers of our energy. Although, Abundant with almost one-hundred years worth of uranium to provide for nuclear-power, it has also been featured as strikingly dangerous. Hence the nations of the world ask, is nuclear power worth pursuing as a possible solution to our long search for a “clean”, safe, and effective power source?

Australia has already embraced the idea of nuclear power as a solution to the world’s energy crisis. Having signed and ratified the NPT, Australia is an advocate for its pillars of preventing the future proliferation of nuclear weapons, as well as the sharing of peaceful nuclear technology. The obvious advancement of the economy and minimum carbon-dioxide release into the atmosphere will make the use of Nuclease-power a worthwhile utilization globally. Australia strongly encourages nuclear power as a solution to the global energy crisis, though there are still aspects that must be addressed. Major questions arise- where would society dispose of the toxic waste, far from the general population and undisrupted? Where do we intend to store the highly radioactive rods required to generate nuclear power after their use? Further, there is large potential for our nuclear sites to evolve into nuclear weapons, how do we keep nuclear power as a peaceful utility? Lastly, in what ways can we provide ultimate security for populations, in the occurrence of a meltdown at nuclear sites?

Although the NPT has been ratified by most countries, those few that do not abide by such legislation are feared to easily possess nuclear energy as nuclear-power advances. To deal with this issue, the Australian government suggests complete desertion of support and aid to such countries to facilitate the signing of this document. Currently, Australia has also been considered to hold a nuclear-waste-dump in the southern states to ward the worlds accumulation of radioactive waste and nuclear rods. As an immense source of uranium, Australia also promotes the mining of the substance in its regions. Thus, creating thousands of jobs for our citizens and commerce advantages to the country. Overall, Australia is a major vindicator of all nuclear-power sites and advancements.

Topic: Future of Nuclear Power
Country: Brazil
Delegate Name: Spenser Solys
School: Roeper School

The government of Brazil recognizes the growing risks of nuclear energy. But, Brazil is in favor of nuclear energy. Since 1982, Brazil has been using commercial nuclear energy. Currently, Brazil has two nuclear reactors generating three percent of its total electricity, with a third already under construction. Brazil is the largest energy consumer in South America. To keep up with the growing demands, the government of Brazil is looking to increase its production of energy; one option that is being considered is increasing the production of nuclear energy. There are four more reactors that are planned to come on line by 2025 in Brazil.

Through a constitutional amendment, the government of Brazil condemned the use of nuclear power for non-peaceful purposes. Brazil has peacefully lived with its neighboring nations for over 140 years, and has no intention of ending this. Brazil also acceded to the NPT in 1995 and 1998. Brazil has no plans of building a nuclear weapon for any purpose whatsoever. The government of Brazil does oppose the sanctions on Iran. Brazil believes that these sanctions will have no effect on the development of nuclear weapons in Iran. Brazil suggests that a more diplomatic approach be taken in hopes of improved results. BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and Turkey) has agreed that Iran has the right to develop and possess nuclear energy, but that it also has the responsibility to answer to the growing international fears about the nature and purpose of its nuclear program.

Looking forward, as the amount of fossil fuels becomes depleted; more nations will have to rely on alternative energies. One of the most efficient alternatives is nuclear energy. Brazil, however, is not solely dependent on its nuclear reactors for electricity, nor should other nations be.

Topic: Future of Nuclear Power
Country: Canada
Delegate Name: Jordan Drake
School: Saginaw Arts and Sciences Academy

The Canadian government is fully aware of the dire need in the world for alternative energy sources, since the Earth's supply of fossil fuels is rapidly being depleted. The materials and technology to produce nuclear power are readily available, and there are no carbon emissions from the production process. We must confess that nuclear power is not the end-all for the search for alternative energy, and it has several drawbacks.

As is the case with any energy source, nuclear energy would require constant R&D to become an efficient energy staple. But nuclear energy research and nuclear weapons research are almost indistinguishable without carefully analyzing laboratory techniques, and therefor would create a huge difficulty in preventing one while promoting the other. Nuclear non-proliferation has been on the agenda of the United Nations for a very long time, and Canada is in favor of this goal. There are currently seven member nations within the United Nations which are known to have active nuclear weapons. This being said, while continuing to develop nuclear programs around the world, we must maintain the goal of nuclear non-proliferation and discourage nuclear weapons pursuit however possible.

Another problem that must be addressed about nuclear power is the issue of safety and procedures during natural disasters. With the Japanese earthquake still fresh in the minds of many, member states of the United Nations may not be as eager to begin nuclear power programs in their countries. But with safeguards and proper planning for disaster response, the members of the UNEP will be comfortable enough to form a resolution on the matter. We would like to see as many nations as possible on board with a plan for development and implementation of nuclear power plants in their standing infrastructures. This goal is really in the best interest of humanity, because it preserves the world we live in for the longest time we can.

Topic: Future of Nuclear Power
Country: Chile
Delegate Name: Travis Buss
School: Mattawan High School

In the past few decades more and more nations have shown a want or need for nuclear power. With many of these countries being developing countries. Chile, although a developed nation, wishes to seek nuclear power in the coming decades. The other surrounding countries of South America seem to express a desire for the same sort of energy structure. Chile agrees with their decisions and has no reservations on seeking energy deals among neighboring countries.

Chile wishes to proceed with building a low cost but effective and safe nuclear power grid for the entire nation. Doing such safely will bolster the Chilean economy with high technology jobs and cheaper and more reliable power to the nation. Recently Chile has started to gain more of a footing in technologic industries and wishes to maintain and improve in that category.

One such concern that arises is the fact that Chile is somewhat earthquake prone. One such nation that comes to mind with a situation similar to this is Japan. The nation of Japan suffered an earthquake on March 11, 2011, a nuclear reactor in Fukushima suffered the first triple core meltdown in history. This same situation could happen to Chile if care is not taken in the planning and construction of Chilean nuclear power plants.

Chile is not opposed to other nations having nuclear power and wishes to seek guidance from nations who already have it. Chile is at high risk for disaster due to being a nation prone to earthquakes, that is why The Republic of Chile seeks to construct primarily safe nuclear power facilities.

Topic: Future of Nuclear Power
Country: China
Delegate Name: Nik Thorsrud
School: Mattawan High School

Facing significant increases in the demand of electricity and with the ever-present threat of global climate change, The People's Republic of China sees nuclear energy as an extremely valuable energy solution and as a possible alternative to coal. Currently, China maintains 14 power reactors with 27 currently under construction. China's Nuclear Development and Reform Commission has reported that they intend to raise the electricity produced by nuclear power from 1% to 6% by 2020 and to 16% by 2030. China is leading the world in the number of nuclear plants plans in the next several years.

However, the Fukusima disaster in Japan has given China pause. With the failure of Japan's nuclear plant, China has frozen all nuclear power plant proposals and is beginning to check the safety of currently existing nuclear plants. Overall, once the security checks are in place, China plans to continue the plan to expand the nuclear energy produced.

China also recognizes the potential for violence with the use of nuclear energy. China is one of the five nuclear weapon states that signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, and is the only one that maintains a promise not to use nuclear weapons on countries without nuclear capability. Also, China has stated that in a time of a possible nuclear conflict, the government will not be the first to use a weapon.

The People's Republic of China looks forward to collaborating with the United Nations to discuss the future of nuclear energy and the best methods to develop nuclear energy safely and efficiently.

Topic: Future of Nuclear Power
Country: Côte d’Ivoire
Delegate Name: Zach Sundin
School: Williamston High School

Although the Côte d’Ivoire does not have any nuclear power plants, the government still has a strong awareness of the potential and dangers supplied by nuclear power. Currently we do not have the resources to start nuclear power in our country but we have witnessed the effects it has had on other countries. The Republic of Côte d’Ivoire believes that better safeguards and regulations will need to be present as nuclear power in expanded.

The Republic of Côte d’Ivoire currently uses hydroelectric and thermal stations for all of it's electricity. Other African countries such as Kenya, Uganda and Ghana are all pushing for nuclear power within the decade so we will see their process and judge if nuclear power is a viable solution in our country. We do not want nuclear power to be put into weapons of mass destruction either. As a signatory of the not yet ratified CTBTO treaty we want to stop further testing and use of nuclear weapons.

With such dangerous potential it can be risky placing a facility anywhere. After viewing the Japanese disaster it could be a slow process by UN members to start making new stations. We believe higher minimum standards will be enforced in the construction of new facilities and in the procedures done with the reactors. Other countries will be concerned with natural disasters happening again or destruction but with the right guidelines nuclear power could be safer.

Topic: Future of Nuclear Power
Country: Egypt
Delegate Name: Cameron Shabahang
School: Forest Hills Eastern High School

The current democratic government of the Arab Republic of Egypt will continue plans for expansion its nuclear energy sector despite the recent governmental transition on 13 February 2011 (Morris). Minister of Energy Hassan Younis, who has maintained his position in the new government of Egypt, clarified on 11 March 2011 that “current events have not had much effect on the nuclear program, and that contacts with international companies have been underway over the past few days” (“Egypt Watch Bulletin”). On 29 October 2007, President Hosni Mubarak of the Arab Republic of Egypt announced “Egypt’s position to prepare the [nuclear] program for building several nuclear power stations.” According to President Mubarak, “energy security is a major part of building the future for this country and an integral part of Egypt’s national security system” (Associated Press). Although the current leadership of Egypt rejects President Mubarak’s former government as misrepresentative of the democratic aspirations of the Egyptian people, it adheres to the Mubarak administration’s position on peaceful nuclear energy, which is essential for energy independence and a more environmentally sustainable Egypt. The Arab Republic of Egypt adamantly supports the right of all nations to peacefully pursue the production of clean, safe nuclear energy in accordance with International Atomic Energy Agency regulations. The Arab Republic of Egypt is experienced in the field of nuclear power, and established the Atomic Energy Authority in 1956 (“Egypt Profile”). In 1958, Egypt made a pioneering step in the advancement of its nuclear energy program in a bilateral agreement with the USSR, and a light-weight water research reactor was supplied to Egypt and installed at Inshas. Egypt has always been committed to the safe pursuit of nuclear energy, and thus signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1980. Egypt strongly discourages the proliferation of nuclear weapons, as indicated by its consistent support for a Middle-East Nuclear Weapons Free Zone and a WMD-Free Zone. Although the nuclear disaster at Chernobyl in 1986 discouraged the government of Egypt from precipitous development of nuclear power, Egypt has since 2006 recognized advancements in the safety of nuclear energy production and resolved to continue its nuclear power program. In 2007, Energy and Electricity Minister Hassan Younis announced plans to construct “ten nuclear-powered electricity-generating stations across the country” (“Egypt Profile”). In 2009, the Egyptian Nuclear Power Plant Authority (NPAA) and WorleyParsons Limited concluded a $160 million consultancy services contract. Services provided under the contract include “site and technology selection studies and carries through to design, construction management, commissioning and start-up [of the 1,200 MWe nuclear power plant]” (“Egypt Profile”). The current transitional government of Egypt will continue progress in Egypt’s development of nuclear power in accordance with the will of the Egyptian people, and as of June 2011 international companies will bid on the reactor construction project in July 2011.

The Arab Republic of Egypt therefore strongly recommends international cooperation for the development of safe, clean, cost-efficient nuclear power in all nations (Associated Press). Egypt maintains that the United Nations should take swift and direct action to make nuclear power available to all countries that are in accordance with IAEA regulations. Furthermore, Egypt condemns the proliferation of nuclear weapons and supports the creation of both a Middle-East Nuclear Weapons Free Zone and a WMD-Free Zone (“Egypt Profile”). Additionally, it is essential that effective economic sanctions should be taken against countries that are not in compliance with international agreements for the regulation of nuclear power, including the standards of the IAEA.

Currently, Egypt is a signatory of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, and is in agreement with the 189 countries that have ratified the treaty that “NPT non-nuclear-weapon states” should “agree never to acquire nuclear weapons” (“The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons”). Egypt strongly encourages the efforts of NPT nuclear-weapon states including the US, UK, France, Russia, and China to disarm and discontinue the stockpiling of nuclear weapons. Egypt urges the solidarity of the Arab League and Gulf Cooperation Council in promoting the right of all countries to develop nuclear technology for peaceful purposes, through resolutions in the General Assembly of the United Nations (Long).

The Arab Republic of Egypt regrets the failure of India, Pakistan, North Korea, and Israel to ratify and abide by the regulations of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. Egypt strongly suggests these nations realize the potential of peaceful nuclear power as a clean, cost-effective, and safe energy source that can foster a sustainable economy and environment for posterity. Egypt warns India, Pakistan, North Korea, and Israel that nuclear weapons pose the threat to the survival of humanity, and that the proliferation of nuclear weapons raises the risk of terrorist attacks in all countries. Egypt also urges Iran to disavow the production of nuclear weapons and ensure that its nuclear power program cooperates with IAEA regulations, as Egypt’s does (Long). Egypt insists that the disaster at the Fukushima Dai-Ichi power plant in Japan in March 2011 was “not representative of today’s technology,” and thus insists that nations such as Germany and Japan reconsider their opposition to the use of nuclear power as a significant alternative energy source (Hashem). The Arab Republic of Egypt thus holds that all nations should be guaranteed and should exercise the right to peaceful nuclear power.

Thank you.

Works Cited

Associated Press. “Egypt to build several nuclear energy plants.” Msnbc.com. MSNBC, 29 October 2007. Web. 5 November 2011.

“Egypt Profile.” Nuclear Threat Initiative. Monterey Institute of International Studies, June 2011. Web. 5 November 2011.

“Egypt Watch Bulletin.” Business Information Center of AmCham in Egypt. American Chamber of Commerce in Egypt, 15 March 2011. Web. 19 November 2011.

Hashem, Heba. “Egypt: Fukushima events not to affect our nuclear plans.” Nuclear Energy Insider. FC Business Intelligence Limited, 17 March 2011. Web. 5 November 2011.

Long, Baudouin. “The Impact of Iranian Nuclear Ambition on the Policies of its Arab Neighbors.” Atlantic Community. Atlantische Initiative e.V., 2007. Web. 5 November 2011.

Morris, Patricia. “A New Nuclear Posture for Egypt?” Policy and Research. The Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation, 2011. Web. 19 November 2011.

“The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.” Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. Department for Disarmament Affairs, United Nations, 2000. Web. 6 November 2011.

Topic: Future of Nuclear Power
Country: Finland
Delegate Name: Megan Greiling
School: Fishers High School

Nuclear energy accounts for 30% of The Republic of Finland’s energy consumption (nuclear power). A total of four reactors are currently in use, with a fifth being built and two more planned. These reactors continue to be ‘uprated’ in that their electricity output has increased as more efficient technology has been implemented. Currently, the Finnish reactors are among the most efficient worldwide. Finland’s success in the upkeep of their reactors proves, with attentive supervision, Nuclear Energy can be a safe, environmentally friendly and economically efficient source of energy.

To avoid abuse of Nuclear Energy, all nations with such capabilities would be required to sign the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. This treaty provides a safeguard to ensure the peaceful operation of Nuclear Reactors (About). Already Canada and Australia, the largest suppliers of uranium, require a safeguard arrangement to assure the element will not be wrongfully handled. However, an international provision would strengthen the security and bring systematic regularity to the methods of handling nuclear energy capabilities. Additionally, to ensure the safety in the design and operation of nuclear reactors, nations wishing to implement nuclear energy would be subject to regular inspection by the International Atomic Energy Agency. Regular inspections would encourage nations to continue improving and managing their reactors well.

Secure management of harmful nuclear waste is especially lacking. At present, the temporary storage of nuclear waste is, in Finland’s case as well as numerous others nations’, under sole responsibility of the independent energy companies. Despite some federal regulation of these temporary storage facilities, the prolonged time spent in these areas denotes serious regulatory action to ensure public and environmental health. Likewise, the permanent storage facilities of nuclear waste are of even greater importance in terms of reliability. Plutonium, a component of nuclear waste, has a half-life of 24000 years and like many of the other elements in the waste, emits radiation as it decomposes (International). Therefore, it is in the world’s best interest to formally regulate nuclear waste sites on an international level. International or multinational repositories would provide an opportunity for thorough management and greater security of the toxic waste left by nuclear reactors. The benefits of collective nuclear waste sites include greater economic sufficiency as well as the contingency for non-proliferation. Ultimately, the potential destructive effects of nuclear waste necessitate staunch regulation.

The near-meltdown of the Fukushima plant in Japan this past year is a frightening example of just how dangerous nuclear energy can be when not regulated properly. The Republic of Finland would like to remind the United Nations, however, the equally important benefits nuclear energy provides. Its low-cost operability and limited waste product allows nations to draw more energy without negatively damaging the environment by drilling or mining or burning. The Republic of Finland wishes the United Nations to condone the expansion of Nuclear Energy in order to promote cleaner energy on a more sustainable level.

Works Cited

“About Safeguards” IAEA.org. International Atomic Energy Agency. 29 June 2011. Web. 22 Nov. 2011

“International Nuclear Waste Disposal Concepts”. World-nuclear.org. World Nuclear Association. June 2011. Web. 22 Nov. 2011

“Nuclear Power in Finland”. World-nuclear.org. World Nuclear Association. October 2011. Web. 22 Nov. 2011

“Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty” state.gov. The office of Electronic Information, the Bureau of Public Relations. N.d. Web. 22 Nov. 2011

Topic: Future of Nuclear Power
Country: France
Delegate Name: Kyle Callaghan
School: Forest Hills Northern High School

The French Republic is the world’s largest net exporter of electricity. Nearly 79% of our electricity is derived from nuclear energy, and 54.4% of the world’s nuclear reactors are located within our borders. Because of this, it simply goes without saying that the French Republic is highly in favor of the continued usage of nuclear energy. While public opinion has been slightly mixed in light of the Fukushima Dai-Ichi incident, we feel that the accident taught us all a valuable lesson on the importance of regulation of usage. France, for example, has 59 nuclear power plants, and has yet to yield a single fatality as a result of an accident.

The French Republic believes that a push for the encouragement of nuclear energy use would greatly benefit not only our own nation the global community as well, allowing us to share our abundance of nuclear energy expertise with nations hoping to develop or strengthen a nuclear program that will surely become a staple of the energy world for centuries to come. While there has been speculation the French Republic is unwilling to share our knowledge of nuclear technologies, this is indeed false; France has been working with Italy since 2009 to help develop an Italian nuclear energy program so that Italy can not only benefit from the wonders of nuclear energy themselves, but help other nations to do the same as well.

The French Republic has been recognized since 1992 by the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty as a nuclear weapon state, meaning it has agreed to not in any way “assist, encourage, or induce” a non-nuclear weapon state to acquire nuclear weapons. Being a signatory, the French Republic has agreed to comply with the three pillars of non-proliferation, disarmament, and the right to peacefully use nuclear technology.

We recognize that in light of the Fukushima Dai-Ichi incident, there will be a fair amount of opposition to nuclear energy. The French Republic urges its fellow nations to consider the potential in front of them, especially considering our recent agreements with Russia that there should be a shift towards third-generation nuclear power plants. Including models such as the European Pressurized Reactor, VVER 1200, the Advanced Boiling Water Reactor, would be an improvement on both the safety and production of most existing reactors. The French Republic greatly favors the imposition of moderate regulations upon nations hoping to commence or expand their own national nuclear energy programs, and expresses hope that developing nations could receive assistance from developed nations that have made more progress on their own programs. This would not only promote a controlled and steady growth of nuclear energy, but help build positive relationships between nations working towards a similar goal.

Being a nuclear superpower, the French Republic is obviously highly in favor of nuclear power usage, we truly hope the other superpowers to share our view regarding the necessity of sharing this wonderful technology.

Topic: Future of Nuclear Power
Country: Gabon
Delegate Name: Claire McNorton
School: Royal Oak High School

The Republic of Gabon fully supports the advances in nuclear energy as a source of power for the world. Nuclear energy is a clean solution to the energy crisis. As the oil industry continues to fluctuate and decline it is imperative that we come together in order to research this promising new source of energy.

Gabon’s livelihood depends on the ever changing oil industry. 81% of our exports are oil based and it is estimated that by 2025 our oil will have been expended. Being one of the only stable countries in West Africa we cannot depend on the fickle oil industry any longer. We would like to research nuclear energy not only as an alternative source of power but as an alternative source of income for our country as well. West Africa cannot afford to see Gabon fail due to the rapidly changing oil industry. Creating a more stable source of income in Gabon will only continue to help stabilize the fragile countries located in West Africa.

Gabon recognizes that in light of the recent Fukushima disaster many nations are concerned with the safety of Nuclear Energy production. Gabon remains supportive of Nuclear Power and would like to stress that this disaster should not deter us from exploring this option further. This should only motivate us to come together in order to research potentially safer options. Many things are dangerous. Just because sometimes air planes crash doesn’t mean we should stop air travel. We must not forget that other sources of energy, such as oil, have their downfalls and risks as well. However, these risks must not stop us from moving forward to the safe use of nuclear power. Also, Gabon firmly believes that all countries should be involved in researching Nuclear Energy and have access to its benefits as the NPT states. As nations we cannot discriminate against certain countries when it comes to researching nuclear energy. nuclear energy is the future. It will benefit everyone in creating a cleaner world and a better economy.

Topic: Future of Nuclear Power
Country: Germany
Delegate Name: Sara Leon
School: Ann Arbor Community High School

From its commencement at the end of the second world war, nuclear technology has been an issue of great importance for the United Nations. Its ability, as a source of energy, to aid the world in its pursuit to become more technologically advanced in a way that does not harm its physical make up – as do other energy technologies such as coal and gas – has been revolutionary. However, as we have learned from our experiences in Chernobyl in 1986 and now the ongoing disaster in Fukushima, using this technology comes with great responsibility.

The Federal Republic of Germany believes that when it comes to nuclear technology, safety and security should be the primary concern. If this energy source is to be used, then all of its potential for destruction must be taken into account and properly and thoroughly prepared for. The German government takes great care in abiding by the safety regulations set out in the Convention on Nuclear Safety (CNS), as well as the rigorous safety standards put in place by our own laws in conjunction with the IRRS. However, recognizing that regulations could become more advantageous is important. With more advanced nuclear technologies being continuously introduced and the danger that natural disasters pose fresh our minds, the UNEP needs to make an effort to continuously strive to encompass any and all threats to the safety of the world’s people that may result from the use of nuclear power.

Because of the nature of nuclear technology, Germany believes it is best to look at it as a stepping stone towards future renewable technologies, and not as a final destination. As such, The Federal Republic of Germany has made efforts to ensure the end of nuclear power use within its borders by the year 2022 and replace it with “greener” energy sources.

Germany stands fully behind its decision to systematically end nuclear dependency within its borders. However, we understand that such an immediate end to nuclear power use in other countries – especially our neighbors France for whom this industry reaches further economically than our own – may take more time. As for states that are looking to begin the use of nuclear power, such as those in the Survey of Emerging Nuclear Energy States (SENES) study, Germany believes that encouraging them to pursue renewable technologies instead of their nuclear counterpart will, in the long run, be more beneficial.

From both a safety and ecological perspective nuclear power poses a threat to the well being of the world. The Federal Republic of Germany therefore believes that an end to the use of atomic energy is paramount. However, taking into account the current global climate, safety and security seems a more constructive pursuit. Germany hopes to work with the UNEP to increase the regulation, safety and security of nuclear power use and encourage prospective nuclear states to look towards the future by means of using other power sources.

Topic: Future of Nuclear Power
Country: India
Delegate Name: Nishal Nandigam
School: Forest Hills Eastern High School

Due to India’s large population density, we have a great need for a sustainable supply of energy. Nuclear power plays a large role for the development of our country. Fifty-six percent of the rural population lives without electricity. In order to meet this demand, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh has stated that India “will make every effort to ensure that safety norms in generation and utilization of nuclear power are world class, but we must have the option to make use of nuclear energy.” Nuclear power is the fourth largest source of electricity in India. As of 2010, India has twenty nuclear reactors operating in six nuclear power plants that generate 4,780 MW. India hopes to increase the amount of energy by constructing six more nuclear reactors that will generate about 4600 MW of electricity. We hope to have a 20,000 MWe nuclear capacity by 2020 and a 63,000 MWe by 2032. This will lead to 25% of electricity generated by nuclear power by 2050. India has a greatly expanding nuclear power program that heavily relies on indigenous resources. This is due our decision not to sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) enacted on March 5, 1970. India has openly tested and declared that we possess nuclear weapons, which had banned us from trading for much needed uranium. Due to the lack of indigenous uranium deposits, India has taken the initiative to use the many reserves of thorium. India’s nuclear program is developing a heavy water thorium cycle. Using a pressurized heavy water reactor (PHWR), plutonium will be produced that can be bred with thorium to create uranium and more plutonium. In September 2008, the trade embargo was lifted on India due to our immaculate non-proliferation credentials. Considering the unfortunate events at Bhopal and Fukushima Daiichi, India has committed to maintaining the safety and regulations of the use of nuclear power. The Atomic Energy Commission of India (AEC), established in 1948, creates policy to regulate safety. Also the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), established in 1954, develops and researches technology for the Nuclear power plants. The equipment used is designed to operate safely; moreover, there are safety mechanisms that are triggered in the unlikely event of an emergency. Nuclear power is only entrusted to government-owned enterprises in order to dictate the safety regulations of the Nuclear power plants. Former President Abdul Kalam has visited many nuclear plants and has expressed that he doesn’t have “even a nano-sized doubt” about the safety and regulations of the plants. India hopes to establish a country that can exploit the benefits of nuclear energy. If much of the rural population is to have electricity, India must usher in a new era of nuclear power.

The Republic of India hopes that the UN will consider expanding the use of nuclear power internationally. Considering the Fukushima Daiichi incident, nuclear safeguards must have a linear relationship with the expansion of nuclear power plants. India must possess the means of increasing the amount of nuclear power in order to supply the rising population with electricity. The Indian population is predicted to surpass that of China’s in 2025, which makes us the most in need of alternative energy. A switch to nuclear power would avert the dangers and effects of global warming and climate change through by carbon emissions. It is also the most cost-efficient source of available technology. Through the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards, the nuclear power can be safely regulated. With these benefits in mind, the UN must listen to the advice of India and expand the use of nuclear power.

Many countries have added to the growth of nuclear power in India by allowing the trade of civil nuclear technology. In July 18, 2005, the U.S.-India Civil Nuclear Agreement was established. Because of India’s safety of nuclear weapons, our country was entrusted to partake in trading, even though we have not signed the NPT. After the U.S. had established commerce between India, France and Canada also moved for nuclear cooperation. Canada expressed a desire to "pursue further opportunities for the development of the peaceful uses of atomic energy" with India. India has also signed nuclear cooperation agreements with Russia, Mongolia, Namibia, Kazakhstan, and South Korea.

Many countries are opposed to the international growth of nuclear power. These countries are Australia, Austria, Denmark, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lichtenstein, Malta, Portugal, Israel, Malaysia, New Zealand, and Norway. Germany and Switzerland are discontinuing the use of nuclear power in their countries. After the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan, many countries have increased the importance of protests against nuclear power. Japan itself has considered relying on alternative means of generating power. These countries could impede the efforts of India by arguing that the disasters that a nuclear failure causes are far greater than the benefits that nuclear power generates. The Fukushima tragedy has not deterred India from building more nuclear power plants. But stricter safety regulations have been implemented in order to guarantee that these disasters do not occur. An autonomous Nuclear Regulatory Authority of India has been created by the government to protect the people and the environment.

Topic: Future of Nuclear Power
Country: Iraq
Delegate Name: Max Keene
School: Ann Arbor Community High School

Iraq supports the use of nuclear power. They have had nuclear three nuclear reactors that were all destroyed. One was destroyed by an Israeli bombing raid in 1981 and the other two, of which were Saddam Hussein’s, were bombed by US and British military forces in 1990. Since then Iraq has been lobbying for approval to again become a nuclear player again.

Iraq’s science and technology minister, Raid Fahmi, insists Iraq has "only peaceful applications" in mind for a nuclear program, "including the health sector, agriculture and water treatment". The Iraqi government can’t meet the needs of their residents that are being served by outdated electricity networks and water distribution that need an overhaul. Most other service sectors, including science and technology, are also unable to receive the energy they need, making relatively cheap and efficient nuclear energy an attractive alternative.

The two ruined reactors remain largely as they were left after the 1990 bombing, with their contaminated cores now filled with concrete and water. a nuclear engineer, Adnan Jarjies, said the main phase of the four-part decommissioning program of the two plants, which he supervises, started in 2007 and should be finished by the middle of next year. Fahmi admitted there were "some impediments" to the plan. "At the moment, UN resolutions, including 707, don't allow us to enter this field, so we are lobbying for the resolutions to be lifted," he said.

Topic: Future of Nuclear Power
Country: Italy
Delegate Name: Jacob Dalton
School: Roeper School

Italy still rejects nuclear power, but is willing to reconsider at some point in the future. The problems that come with making nuclear power are, we believe, too prominent to risk in our country. We have seen in the past major nuclear incidents in Russia and Japan, and Italy does not wish to have similar problems. While nuclear energy may be able to remove a dependence on environment harming energy makers, such as gas and coal, the people of Italy believe nuclear power should still be restricted. There are other ways to use green energies such as solar power or hydroelectric power, which Italy is proud to use, not just the potentially hazardous nuclear power.

Italy is not the only country which has stopped producing nuclear power because of past incidents Australia, Austria, Denmark, Greece, Ireland, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Luxemburg, Malta, Portugal, Israel, Malaysia, New Zealand, and Norway have all rejected nuclear power just as Italy has. Also Germany and Switzerland have both begun a nuclear phase out, and Spain has passed laws against the building of nuclear power plants.

While Italy would love to negate its dependence on gas and coal from other countries we feel that the creation of nuclear power in Italy is something that we can and will not do. Not only do we not believe in the use of nuclear power, but Italy is simply not in the economic position to spend the necessary money to start re-producing it. The Italian government has tried to promote nuclear power in the past but have discovered that there is strong opposition in the country to it, therefor we continue to reject nuclear power, though would be open to other green alternatives.

Topic: Future of Nuclear Power
Country: Japan
Delegate Name: Mark Washburn
School: Forest Hills Northern High School

Since the discovery of radium early in the 20th century, there has been a pursuit to attain, contain, and use the vast amounts of energy that is released by this element. Nuclear power provides 13-14% of the world’s needs in regards to electricity, but nuclear power plants have been a major source of conflict among countries. Ever since the Chernobyl disaster in 1986, there has been a large rise in skepticism over nuclear power plants among countries that don’t use abundances of nuclear energy. Japan joined the nuclear power ranks in 1954 and have since been one of the leading innovators in this alternate source of energy. Japan has had struggles with natural disasters in the past, which have caused many major nuclear power plant disasters, such as the Fukushima Dai-Ichi nuclear disaster following the Tohoku earthquake and tsunami in March of 2011.

The Japanese government has been very active in the development and maintenance of nuclear power. Since 1954, it has been a major source of government funding in order to find ways to use it as an alternative source of energy. Japan also has vowed to only use nuclear power as a source of energy, and not for any violent means. 30% of the country’s electricity is provided by nuclear power, so that shows the necessity of nuclear power in Japan. However, there has been trouble for the people of Japan and their wellbeing because of natural disasters that caused the accident at the Fukushima nuclear power plant. This has caused for a public uprising over the use of nuclear power. As of June 2011 “more than 80% of Japanese say they are anti-nuclear and distrust government information on radiation.” With the population this much against the use of nuclear power, we must make reforms. Former Prime Minister Naoto Kan ordered the Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant to be shut down in anticipation of an 8.0 magnitude earthquake that will hit within the next thirty years. Another way that we are affected by the use of nuclear power is our close proximity with North Korea. We are constantly unaware of their projects and their intentions with the experiments that they perform.

Japan strongly believes that nuclear power should be limited in its use and there should be reforms in regards to the monitoring of the power plants. Natural disasters have impaired Japan’s abilities to be able to safely uphold these plants, that is why former Prime Minister Naoto Kan ordered one plant to be shut down. The containment of nuclear power within the power plants is a source of uneasiness to many. The Chernobyl disaster is a prime example of the atrocities that can result from the mismanagement of a plant. It can happen to any plant, no matter the country, because of the unexpectedness that nuclear power brings to the table. The monitoring should be done constantly, by computers, and monitored every single second of every single day. Japan realizes that most plants already do this, but we need a uniform system of monitoring in order to have a structured and easily read key that shows how well a plant is actually being maintained. This is a perfect solution to make sure that there is not another Fukushima-like disaster. Another solution that Japan has is to restore the Six Party Talks in order to thoroughly contain North Korea’s nuclear power expenditures. An alternate source of creating energy that we can use, instead of nuclear energy, are wind farms. They remained stable despite the tsunami and earthquake that hit in March. They did not fail despite this natural disaster, so they will remain intact no matter the country used in. We realize it is not as efficient as nuclear energy, but it is still an idea that can be toyed with.

Japan has come to realize that nuclear energy is becoming very dangerous and we should look to find an alternate source of energy for the future. The U.N. should not promote the use of nuclear power anymore. Until the time we find a better, safer source of energy, the U.N. needs to place better containment and monitoring restrictions on nuclear energy. We look to work with South Korea as they are in close proximity, along with us, to North Korea. We wish to contain their experiments and make sure that we as a country do not feel a threat from their nuclear activities.

Topic: Future of Nuclear Power
Country: Latvia
Delegate Name: Lindsay Nigh
School: Forest Hills Northern High School

The Republic of Latvia is currently in the midst of conducting a 10-year feasibility study for the construction of a joint nuclear power plant with Lithuania and Estonia. At the moment, Latvia’s stance on nuclear power is neutral but open to reasonable suggestions for the furthering of global nuclear energy production. As of right now, no nuclear energy is being produced in Latvia. If, however, the feasibility study shows positive results, the construction of a new nuclear plant will commence, and the energy produced will be split between Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia.

The Republic of Latvia recognizes that popular opinion may be split in response to the Fukushima Dai-Ichi incident, which is why Latvia supports the strict following of standard nuclear power plant safety regulations. Should the current feasibility study produce positive results, Latvia plans to use third-generation technologies – the safest technologies available – in the construction and maintenance of a nuclear power plant.

While the Republic of Latvia does look upon nuclear energy as a favorable alternative to the use of nonrenewable resources, Latvia also has taken into account the considerable cost required to construct a nuclear power plant. As a country with a developing economy, Latvia understands and sympathizes with nations that are still working to develop their economies and energy systems. This is one reason why Latvia would be in favor of a nuclear energy movement within the UN only if assistance would be available to the nations that are still developing. As it is, the current estimated cost of the joint nuclear facility between Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia would total about 3 billion euro. Overall, however, Latvia is in favor of a global increase in nuclear power.

Topic: Future of Nuclear Power
Country: Lebanon
Delegate Name: Justin Keyes
School: Mattawan High School

Approximately 15% of energy is created by alternative fuel source, such as Nuclear Power. Nuclear power uses less resources and causes less pollution, which leaves other resources to be used for other purposes. Nuclear power is also more reliable, and more cost effective than other types of fuel. Granted, nuclear power may scare some due to the potential of nuclear weaponry; however, it is to valuable of a resource to go to waste. Nuclear power plants have been developed around the world, which could boost the economy. Overall, nuclear energy is a more efficient, clean, and reliable power source.

Clearly, it is important to be as efficient as possible. Lebanon believes that nuclear energy should be used more. Lebanon, being a poor country, knows how important energy is. The fact that it is more reliable means that there are less likely chances of power outages. Also, since it is more cost efficient, it is clearly the better choice. It is also important to stay as technologically advanced as possible. Without nuclear power, Lebanon may fall back and not be as much of a technologically advanced country.

Finally, there are many countries who should agree with the use of nuclear power. Developing nations in Africa and the Middle East now how important energy, as they also experience power outages. Other developing nations should be in favor as the expansion of nuclear power can help their economy. As long as proper precautions are taken, countries should be assured that nuclear power will be used for only energy, and not for weaponry. For example, the United Nations could keep track and make sure that all nuclear power plants are being used for the right reasons. Overall, nuclear energy is the way to go.

Topic: Future of Nuclear Power
Country: Libya
Delegate Name: Ruth Lane
School: Roeper School

As a rising issue that is both extremely useful and that is also just as potentially dangerous in the world is the topic of nuclear power this issues is an important policy to address. It is a topic that is applicable to all nations, and we the republic of Libya is interested in the right to develop our nuclear power. Libya recognizes the issues and danger of nuclear power and recognizes that there should be safety measures taken to regulate the expansion of this form of energy. Libya along with recognizing the issues regards this form of energy as highly useful and an important part of our developing nation’s advancement.

Libya feels that nuclear power is a resource that should be tapped by all nations that have the resources to do so. Libya is now taking practical measures to advance its plans to use nuclear energy for power generation and desalination. Libya sees that a nation’s access to nuclear power is an important right for the country in order to move forward and advance itself technologically. We understand that all nations may not be prepared to properly use and regulate nuclear power. Libya feels that if the UN is not comfortable with a nation’s nuclear power regulation then the UN should provide aid in the nation so that its facilities and ideas are up to speed with the regulations decided on by the UN.

Libya looks forward to working with any nation who feels that they are in agreement with Libya and Libya hopes that a satisfying and fair outcome will be decided.

Topic: Future of Nuclear Power
Country: Nigeria
Delegate Name: Samantha Schrader
School: Williamston High School

Chronic energy shortages in Nigeria have escalated to a level of crisis over years of underinvestment, lack of upkeep and continuous resource supply problems. National policy makers have possessed an interest in nuclear power to establish stable electricity. The creation of a nuclear energy program has been considered by the federal government since the 1970s, but within recent years the crucial demand for energy has truly revealed itself and efforts have increased. Nigerian Atomic Energy Agency (NAEA) has developed a roadmap calling for 1,000 MW of nuclear power by 2017 and 4,000 MW by 2027. Although still in the process of the International Atomic Energy Agency’s assessment framework for pursuing nuclear power, Nigeria has made the policy decision to embark on the path to nuclear energy. Nigeria is at this time undertaking essential foundation work to begin construction. The Federal Republic of Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and has the second largest economy. Despite its statistical numbers, Nigeria is a country of widespread poverty and suffers greatly from underdevelopment. The Nigerian Atomic Energy Commission (NAEC) emerged briefly in 1976 as a response to South Africa possessing nuclear weapons. Purchasing power plants was considered as well as the development of nuclear weapons. Two research centers we constructed under NAEC: the Centre for Energy research and Development (CERD) at Obafemi Awolowo University (formerly the University of Ife) and the Centre for Energy Research and Training (CERT) at Amadu Bello University in Zaria.

Nigeria strongly supports the research and continuation of nuclear power within the country for the benefit of the economy and well being of Nigerian people.

Topic: Future of Nuclear Power
Country: Pakistan
Delegate Name: Laris Davenport
School: Williamston High School

Pakistan firmly supports the use and improvement upon the production of nuclear power. As an underdeveloped nation, Pakistan is optimistic about all that nuclear power has to offer at this time: a clean, cost-competitive energy source. Having witnessed the success that so many other countries have had, in addition to the progress of our own small nuclear power facilities, we have already adopted an Energy Security plan, calling for the generating capacity to increase to 160,000 MWe by 2030. Plans exist to build additional smaller uranium enrichment units within Pakistan, as well as amplifying and elaborating upon present facilities that reside in China.

With such immense power comes considerable risks, and Pakistan is conscious of the responsibility both in waste and safety. For this reason, the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission has proposed a Radioactive Waste Management Fund, intended to discover the best way to dispose of radioactive wastes. As for security, bearing in mind the tragic events of Fukushima, we are inent on maintaining the utmost safety standards, as managed by the Pakistan Nuclear Regulation Authority. However, Pakistan is adamant in the belief that progress is necessary; more knowledge and therefore more safety precaution potential is available with time utilizing and working with the elements and principles of nuclear power. The world is running out of fossil fuels and the Earth cannot tolerate any more of their waste products. Nuclear energy is the answer to this dilemma; we have the technology and the capability to harness this resource, and we have the means to do so with precautions so let us take advantage of it.

Works Cited

http://www.world-nuclear.org

http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/LI22Df02.html

Topic: Future of Nuclear Power
Country: Portugal
Delegate Name: Tanvi Sharma
School: Saginaw Arts and Sciences Academy

The nation of Portugal does not currently have a nuclear energy programme within the country. The main reason for Portugal not having a nuclear energy programme is that it is a very large and expensive investment. Nuclear energy could also result in problems with the safety of the Portuguese citizens. In addition to this, Portugal is already heavily invested in solar energy, and is focusing on very safe alternative energies. However, Portugal does do research on nuclear energy. Portugal is not planning on creating a nuclear power plant in the future.

Even though Portugal does not have any nuclear systems in the country, the nuclear systems of other nations do have an effect on our nation. The Almaraz power plant, located in Spain, is very near Portugal’s borders. Portugal and Spain are working together to be prepared for any disaster that might affect the safety of the citizens of both nations.

In light of the disaster at the Fukushima power plant in Japan, Portugal believes that there should be regulations and guidelines to be met for every country. We believe that what happened in Japan was a horrible occurence and do not think any disaster like this should be allowed to happen again. We believe that the safety of the world’s population is the most important thing. If this cannot be ensured, then nuclear energy systems cannot be allowed to continue. If, however, a country has their nuclear power plants inspected regularly and has certain safety measures met, nuclear energy systems are a good energy source for the world.

Topic: Future of Nuclear Power
Country: Russia
Delegate Name: C.J. Biggs
School: Forest Hills Central High School

Russia has always been on the cutting edge of scientific discovery and technological development, and nuclear power is no exception. Russia is proud to be a nuclear power and stands resolute in its use. Concerning some of the problems that Russia has had concerning nuclear power (and resulting contamination) back in the Soviet days, moving forward Russia has every intention to handle the issue with the utmost caution and protocol, especially in the light of the Fukushima incident earlier this year. Now more than ever international safety standards need to be revised and rekindled. However, this does not mean that Russia has any intention of diminishing its use of nuclear power. Rather, we intend to increase our use and production of nuclear power and materials. Right now our exportation of nuclear power nets us $3 billion annually, and by 2030, we intend to make that $50 billion. We are currently constructing 14 nuclear power plants and have plans to make 30 more. Russia recognizes that such endeavors do not come without risk. That is why we are revamping safety efforts to make our older plants continue to meet safety criteria and ensuring our new plants are pristine displays of the potential of nuclear power. All of this means a redoubling of our cognizance of nuclear waste production and disposal. Russia intends to be a role model, not a bad example.

The role of nuclear power in our new era of mankind cannot be overlooked. Russia suggests the IAEA establishes updated international safety standards regarding the use of nuclear power. We also suggest that the UN explore definitions of and limitations to nuclear waste. Various protocols and procedures should be created concerning the way that nuclear and other toxic wastes should be eliminated safely with the least possible impact to humans and ecosystems, as well as neighboring countries. Though nuclear power is by all intents and purposes a “green” fuel source, disposal into international waters must be addressed so that one country’s actions do not impugn the rights of another.

Russia’s stance is certainly sympathetic to other nuclear powers, especially the United States, currently undergoing its own energy crisis. Countries that use nuclear power see the merit of it as a fuel source, and should therefore intend to lead the way in perfecting its use and cleaning up its byproducts.

Countries that do not or cannot see the future of nuclear power as viable will be opposed to Russia’s policy. If all a country sees is the current problems created by nuclear power and its waste, they will spend time griping about the effects rather than inventing new solutions. Such countries may include underdeveloped, third-world, nations with negligible amounts of nuclear power or industry.

Topic: Future of Nuclear Power
Country: Saudi Arabia
Delegate Name: Thomas Lunik
School: Fishers High School

Environmental Programme- Future of Nuclear Power.

Saudi Arabia-Fishers High School.

Saudi Arabia does not hold the same vision for nuclear power as countries in the West do, such as European ideals of a strong system of nuclear based power. The current conditions of energy production and consumption globally play a major role in defining our country, as 45% of current GDP consists of oil based industries. 20% of the world’s petroleum reserves lie within our borders, and this is an asset that has been utilized very effectively. The economy of Saudi Arabia is primarily based off of petroleum based companies and a decrease in oil consumption could prove detrimental to the development and sustainability of our nation’s economy. In the past, strong opposition has been given to international agreements to decrease oil consumption, along with any decreases in Carbon emissions as this would have an indirect effect on our exports. Being a leader of OPEC, and holding 264.52 billion barrels of proven oil reserves, the continuation of international petroleum trade must continue for the development and enhancement of the Middle East. Economic development has been showing a converging point with the current consumption of oil by more and more countries, proving to be beneficial to the stability of governments and an improvement in lifestyles that reaches millions. The introduction of nuclear power to developed and developing nations would threaten the Middle East because of competition within the energy production sector.

The future of nuclear power and introduction into mass energy grids may be beneficial to a Saudi Arabia at least 30 years into the future. Our oil is not unlimited and an urgency for a diversified economy is present. Reserves will continue to be depleted and prices will rise past a point of supplying customers with an affordable good. Other OPEC countries foresee this problem but have yet to act upon it, being shortsighted and unrealistic. Cooperation with developed European countries, such as France, which currently derives 75% of its electricity from nuclear power and 17% of that from recycled nuclear fuel, is necessary. The high amount of efficiency and the money saved has potential to spur economic sectors that can provide for centuries to come, along with continue the increase in opportunities and life amenities. The development of jobs concerning research, construction, and enhanced safety of the power plants is numerous according to current examples in countries already utilizing large amounts of nuclear power.

Cooperation of technologies and funding are a primary issue with any advancement concerning large scale energy renovations. Developing nations unable to fund programs to establish nuclear power would need financing from a number of countries and top tier engineers in order to ensure a safe and efficient form of construction; along with the safety of residents of the inhabited region for years to come. Revenues taken from OPEC, which can be used as an initial investment to fund these proposals can transform and essentially buy in the oil companies to sustainable and cheap energy for the rest of the world. Pricing and distribution can be settled similarly to current conditions concerning OPEC, along with further international agreement within the United Nations.

Topic: Future of Nuclear Power
Country: South Africa
Delegate Name: Jasmine Walker
School: Royal Oak High School

The country of South Africa is very interested in learning more about nuclear power, and using it to our – as well as other countries’ – full advantage. We would like to see nuclear power used more, as a steady source of income, as our fossil fuels are being depleted. We are very much in favor of world-wide increase in the use of nuclear power.

Five percent of our energy is provided by nuclear generators, and we have two nuclear power plants currently built, though we would like to see both of these numbers increase. We currently do not have the funds to do so, but when that is more stable, we are very much in favor of using more nuclear power.

South Africa was heavily dependent on coal, and still has coal reserves, but we would like to move more toward nuclear power than coal as an energy source. We feel that it is safer for the environment and a more stable system than using fossil fuels, and we believe that more countries should use nuclear power.

However, we also would like to be very sure that those countries won’t use the power to make nuclear weapons – therefore, we would need to be sure that there would be conditions on the use of nuclear power. We would like to be sure that countries would not abuse it, and so we would have to be sure that there was agreement according to the NPT before we went ahead and did this. We understand that as much as nuclear power can help, it can also be used for other purposes, and that is not our goal at all.

We believe that the accident at Fukushima, while tragic, should not hinder countries’ use of nuclear power. This accident, and those like it, are not the norm but the exceptions, and we should not use them as examples of how nuclear power is terrible. If we learn from the accidents and make nuclear power safer to use, we feel that will be a good thing.

South Africa feels that we need to decrease our dependence on fossil fuels, and move to a more stable energy source that’s renewable. Nuclear energy, while it has been dangerous in the past, seems like the best route to go, and we strongly encourage more countries to use it as a primary source of energy.

Topic: Future of Nuclear Power
Country: South Korea
Delegate Name: Jacob Schacht
School: Mattawan High School

The Republic of Korea would like to express its deepest condolences for the nation of Japan and its people continuing to suffer from the disaster at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station. A natural disaster can come at any time, and the Republic of Korea supports how their neighboring government has worked to resolve the crisis. Though in light of this disaster, nuclear power should continue to be researched and developed because of its tremendous benefits as an alternative energy source. Nuclear power is energy efficient, with little emissions of carbon dioxide and low fuel costs compared to coal, oil and gas. Currently, there are twenty-one reactors in South Korea which provide 31% of the electricity for the nation, and the government desires to continue the development of the technology into the future by marketing and investing around the world.

The Republic of Korea has deep concerns regarding the safety of nuclear plants domestically and abroad, and has been intensely focused domestically on the safety of its nuclear reactors since the disaster in Japan. The government created an emergency response task force to evaluate and analyze domestic radiation effects. The Republic of Korea has carried out a safety review of all domestic nuclear sites finding, after the comprehensive examination, that its nuclear power plants exceeded the criteria, safety functioning and emergency preparedness wise. In addition, improvement plans have been established to ensure the safe function and response against natural disasters will continue to exceed design criteria. The Republic of Korea requested the first organized Integrated Regulatory Review Service mission after the nuclear dilemma in Japan over the summer. The IAEA assembled a sixteen man team of senior regulatory experts of fourteen nations to conduct the IRRS mission involving the Korean Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST) and Korean Institute for Nuclear Safety (KINS). The mission determined that Korea’s response to the accident at Fukushima has been prompt and effective, and the government has a clear and structured national approach for nuclear safety amongst other things. Also, a new independent regulatory body called the Nuclear Safety Commission was established in October 2011.

The Republic of Korea authorities are open and committed to sharing experiences with the world community in order to make for the best nuclear safety. The Japanese government has come up with twenty-eight lessons learned which, as the Republic of Korea feels, can be utilized by the world community to increase safety and emergency response at all nuclear facilities. The Republic of Korea has met with leaders of China and Japan, and all three have pledged to increase their cooperation on nuclear safety and disaster preparedness. The Republic of Korea also has an interest in renewable resources and would be very willing to develop plans regarding those as well. The IAEA should also play a lead role in conducting safety checks and promoting safety standards. IRRS missions are crucial worldwide. The Republic of Korea would also agree that the IAEA’s safety standards could be upgraded with consideration of the lessons and experiences of Japan, the Republic of Korea and other nations.

Nuclear power used to violent ends is a real threat to the Republic of Korea. North Korea has been causing problems through violence with regard to the recent bombings of South Korean territory, killing troops. They have also released plans to build a nuclear facility behind the metaphorically dark curtain drawn by the North Korean government. South Korea is very aggravated by these actions, but does not desire to involve nuclear weapons. Stronger UN enforcement might be necessary, but the Republic of Korea understands that North Korea is a threat to other nations, and South Korea is willing to work with those nations to resolve the conflict.

The Republic of Korea feels very adamantly about nuclear safety and is more than willing to share experiences and work with other nations to develop a safer world with nuclear technology.

Topic: Future of Nuclear Power
Country: Spain
Delegate Name: Lucas Miller
School: Fishers High School

The Kingdom of Spain approves of the use of nuclear power, and wishes to further the use of this clean, efficient energy source. Spain currently has eight functioning nuclear reactors, all of which there has been little issue with in the past. 18% of the people of Spain receive their power from nuclear generators, and some nuclear power is sent to other countries for there use. The eight generators are spread throughout the country, and are controlled by private companies, meaning the government has no control over the management or running of these facilities. This helps prevent the use of nuclear energy for weapons, which the people of Spain are strongly against. For this reason, the Kingdom of Spain is a member of the NPT, an organization against the use of nuclear weapons.

As previously stated, Spain domestically promotes nuclear power by using it to provide for one fifth of its energy consumption. Spain also has several uranium mines, which provide the nuclear reactors with the fuel necessary to function. The people of Spain feel this is an important the step to take, as the toll of burning fossil fuels on the environment is immense and not negligible. While nuclear power does have its own effects on the environment, they are not currently as severe as that of the greenhouse gas build up caused by the use of fossil fuels. An international step the country of Spain has taken to reduce the amount of fossil fuel being burned is sending some of it nuclear powers to other countries. Although this amount is not nearly as large as the amount of power Spain keeps for its own use, it is an obvious effort to spread the use of nuclear power among other nations. Spain is also an advocate of other forms of clean and renewable energy, like hydroelectricity and solar power, both of which have been on the rise use wise.

Spain proposes a two pronged plan to promote the use nuclear power, while simultaneously reducing the number of nuclear weapons and the amount of fossil fuel being used. First, advocating the benefits of nuclear power and the cons of nuclear power should become an object of the United Nations. By informing people of the positives of using nuclear power, they are more likely to begin a nuclear power program. To prevent misuse of all of the new nuclear energy, a portion of the United Nation’s time should be devoted to monitoring the nuclear power programs of all countries with nuclear power, as well as making all countries that are members of the UN to register all nuclear capabilites and currently functioning power plants with the UN. This way, all nuclear activity can be monitored to prevent the creation of more nuclear weapons, while also finding countries that are having issues creating cleaner energy programs and understanding why they are incapable of doing so. Other possible resolutions to this issue include creating a new committee to deal only with new forms of power and the implications of using inefficient forms of power. Not only would this free up time for the Environmental Programme to deal with the current environmental issues, but it would allow for a more focused analysis of existing nuclear structures and the implications of giving countries with the ability to create nuclear weapons the knowledge on how to build nuclear power plants.

http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf85.html

Topic: Future of Nuclear Power
Country: Switzerland
Delegate Name: Sally Wolf
School: Fishers High School

The first legislature passed about nuclear energy in Switzerland passed in 1946 to promote nuclear energy. Legislation to govern the use of nuclear energy was passed in 1957. In 1959, the Atomic Energy Act was approved. In 1978, the government began to regulate safety more closely by requiring a general license, passed the issue of safe disposal of waste to those running the reactors, and pursued information about the demand for nuclear energy.

Switzerland has four nuclear power plants providing 39.9% of the electricity used. From 1979 to 2008, the only initiative regarding nuclear energy that was passed postponed building more reactors for 10 years because of Chernobyl. Among the initiatives that did not pass in that time period was an act that would have phased out all nuclear energy. It became more difficult to build a plant in 2005, when more government approval became required by the Nuclear Energy Act, which replaced the Atomic Energy Act. In 2008, plans to build two more reactors were created. In 2011, these plans were abandoned. Currently, the plan is for the current reactors to run for the remainder of their lifespan. They will not be replaced, phasing nuclear energy out of Switzerland by 2034. The change of plans was in response to the nuclear meltdown in Japan as well as the research indicating a higher risk for earthquakes in Switzerland than previously thought.

Switzerland agrees with the United Nations policy of internationally inspecting nuclear reactors in order to promote a safe environment. The dangers of nuclear power are not limited by borders, and therefore safety regulations should not be limited either.

Switzerland supports the United Nations policies against nuclear weapons and agrees to the treaties in place regarding nuclear weapons.

Switzerland does not think that nuclear power should be further pursued as a source of energy in the future, but instead feels that nuclear power should be phased out in favor of safer sources of energy. The risk of human life and health in the event of a nuclear meltdown is too great, as is the environmental impacts of a nuclear meltdown. Even when nuclear power plants are run safely, the production of radioactive waste still presents an environmental problem.

Instead of nuclear energy, Switzerland supports hydroelectric power and other forms of renewable energy. Switzerland proposes that the United Nations begins to encourage countries to phase out nuclear power in favor of safer and more effective sources of energy. Switzerland does not believe that any country should be forced to close nuclear power plants that meet safety regulation.

Switzerland is involved in many alliances and is unlikely to directly oppose any country.

Topic: Future of Nuclear Power
Country: Ukraine
Delegate Name: Hailey Dann
School: Forest Hills Eastern High School

Despite the risks present in the development of Nuclear Power, of which Ukraine has seen during the Chernobyl disaster, we posit that the United Nations should support countries seeking to continue nuclear power. As cited by a 2003 study conducted by MIT and Harvard students, nuclear power is a clean alternative to fossil fuels and is highly efficient. If it is properly regulated by a multilateral body, such as the United Nations, we think that countries that can become more industrialized in a safe way. Bodies such as the International Energy Agency have documented that much of Ukraine’s foreign policy of nuclear power stems from both our desire to improve energy security, as well as making our country enerdy efficient by reducing energy imports. It is well documented; however, that there can be disastrous affects that result from non-regulated nuclear power. In our own country, in 1986, we faced the Chernobyl disaster, which led to the deaths of thousands of deaths likely caused by nuclear exposure (according to BBC News.) Even though this was at a time that nuclear energy was only beginning and security measures were not in place, it is important to remember the tragedies that result from negligence.

We strongly suggest that the United Nations shows continued support for nuclear power, but with the constraints of non-proliferation and set-guidelines for security and safety. Ukraine is fully committed to this endeavor, and has even been thanked for the UN director general for organizing a nuclear energy safety summit. We advise that countries become members of organizations such as INPRO, organizations committed to providing a forum of discussion of nuclear power. With committees such as INPRO, Ukraine will show continued support for the ratification of Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaties, as well as the continuance of technology development in regards to nuclear facilities.

We request support from countries in the IAEA, as well as countries who have signed the NPT, or Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, as well as our political allies in the Eastern European Group, or CEIT. Countries that have chosen to support us are advised to attend the summits in which these debates are being discussed, and take actions in their own countries. We advise that these countries join the committees stated above if they are not members already. We recommend that these countries also pledge funds to provide for the committees necessary for maintaining safety.

Some of our opponents include all countries that have passed a Nuclear-Free Zone ordinance or law. These countries include, but are not limited to: The United Kingdom, Austria, Italy, New Zealand, and parts of South Asia. Ways in which they can hinder our progress is to remind other United Nation member countries that disasters may result from nuclear power. They may also posit the view that nuclear power plant in the future will be possible cites of terrorist attacks, because if they are damaged they can cause widespread devastation.

Topic: Future of Nuclear Power
Country: United Kingdom
Delegate Name: Nathan Hafley
School: Fishers High School

Her Majesty’s Government Desires and fully believes that the future of nuclear power is Safer Nuclear Power, More Environmentally Friendly Nuclear Power, And within Mobile Nuclear Power.

Currently, The United Kingdom has 18 Nuclear Power Plants, and has the capability to Build 10 More. After the Fukushima-Diachi Nuclear Disaster, the world has learned a valuable lesson in nuclear safety. The United Kingdom Believes that there should be more minimum standards regarding the construction and safety features of nuclear power plants. Some of these safety features should include back up on site cooling water with the capability to keep a reactor safely cool for 72 hours until primary cooling are back online. Another Safety Feature that should be included is Tri Sealable Reactor Entrances with NBC Filters. These are only a few of some key Safety Features that should be included to prevent future nuclear crises. While the world should try to make safer nuclear power, the world should also look at more environmentally Friendly Nuclear Power.

Nuclear power right now is mostly clean, but her Majesty’s Government believes that it has the capability to be cleaner. Right now with the world’s growing stockpile of nuclear waste, it is important to dispose of it properly and reduce the amount of waste produced. Currently, the United Kingdom has 2 Nuclear Waste Disposal Sites, and it is important to safely dispose of waste with minimal impact to the environment. Storage of this should be done under EXTREAM Safety conditions. These conditions include lead lined underground storage with leak proof liners. It should also attempt to find other used for nuclear waste, such as creating Uranium hardened cast steel.

Finally, Her Majesties government believes that mobile nuclear power could change the future for nuclear energy forever. Currently, the New SSTAR Reactor Design Reactor Has the Capability to Become Fully Mobile. A reactor that can be moved to a remote place, be set up within 48 hours, and produce a total of 10-100 Megawatts of power per year and have a fuel supply to last up to 30 years, is a huge breakthrough in Nuclear power. These mobile nuclear reactors could be sent to 3rd world countries and produce enough power to strive new industrial and agricultural initiatives in theses country’s.

Sources: http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf84.html

http://memagazine.asme.org/Articles/2009/July/Nuclears_Model_T.cfm

Topic: Future of Nuclear Power
Country: Venezuela
Delegate Name: Denny Carter
School: Ann Arbor Community High School

Venezuela and nuclear power is not a major concern in the problems or issues with the world. We are not known for being a big power house of nuclear power and, as it is going now, it does not look likely that it will try to be one or even a contender. the only reason that such power is in the Venezuela is more for protection or for peaceful uses we do not intend to effect any other country.

Venezuela does not feel as though the use of nuclear weapons should be used at all, we have a strong opposition to them and the only reason nuclear power would ever be use in our country would be just for power. The promotion of nuclear power energy would help the country with the help, of Russia and their support, the country will be able to sustain the energy and the power only to be used in manner that is not for the harm of others."Venezuela has no plans to invade anybody, or to be aggressive towards anybody," and "with these rockets it's going to be very difficult for foreign planes to come and bomb us". -Hugo Chavez

With having allies all over the world such as Russia and Iran, that understand the use of nuclear power and the fields in which things can be accomplished with it, having them as aides to help at our disposal and to support us in what we are doing. Especially with the fact that last year Russia and us were going to make nuclear power plants within our country, until the Fukushima disaster happened, the nuclear energy that we had would be well maintained and not used in some cynical way.

A resolution for the situation with nuclear power is that it should be used for the betterment of the people and not for weapons. If the UN recognizes the fact that nuclear weapons are something that no country should have it would make the future of nuclear energy more bright, in the fact that research would not just go to trying to build bombs and other weapons. We could work on ways to make nuclear energy not as wasteful or bad for the earth when we are done with the fuel cell rodes. If we were to do that then nuclear energy could be more widely accepted and wanted in several more countries. The future can be bright with nuclear energy if it was used less on weapons and more on helping developing countries become more thriving places.