Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Afghanistan
Delegate Name: Marah Maher
School: Williamston High School

Territory in the South China Sea, in particular the Paracel and Spratly Island chains, has been an area of interest for many countries over the past hundred years. This has resulted in territorial disputes that have escalated, increasing tensions between interested nations. More than five trillion dollars in global trade passes through most of the South China Sea, which China claims as its own. Opposing claims belong to Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, Taiwan, and the Philippines. So far most naval and military activity has been perpetrated by China, which has significantly heightened tensions between it and other countries, especially Vietnam and the Philippines. As friction between rivaling nations continues over the South China Sea, the possibility of War is far from fictitious.The United Nations needs to take action to prevent any such war and corresponding violence.

Afghanistan would ultimately benefit from China strengthening its economy due to having access to natural resources in the South China Sea. This is because Afghanistan currently sends about 427 million dollars in exports to China. A better economy in China would only prove to be more lucrative to Afghanistan. Despite this, Afghanistan would favor a diplomatic approach to the situation. It would be against using military tactics and/or violence as a solution to the issue at hand.

Afghanistan would stress the importance of avoiding military intervention and suggest natural resources from the Island chains be shared between interested countries. This could be done if the countries’ leaders meet to determine what resources would be most beneficial to each country. Then countries would have access to the resources most important to their economies without having conflict. Alternatively, Afghanistan would recommend said interested countries divide up the territory more evenly so each could benefit. If laws are put into place to establish borders in the disputed territory and ban militarization, and each nation is given exclusive access to a proficient part of the territory, all of the interested nations would have resources in the South China Sea and area to claim. Overall, Afghanistan would agree with a peaceful solution to the South China Sea dispute, and would promote the demilitarization of the Paracel and Spratly Islands.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Angola
Delegate Name: William Pettinger
School: Forest Hills Northern High School

The ongoing dispute in the South China Sea is an extremely complex and entangling issue. The reason it has remained unresolved and contested for so long is that at the same time, it is pivotal to the world’s economy while remaining unimportant immediately. It is important because a huge fraction of world trade passes through this area in the form of shipping lanes and there is speculated to be large oil reserves around the size of Kuwait’s. Simultaneously it is only a peripheral issue because all the islands are uninhabited, while fishing activity occurs there it is not major, and the speculated oil reserves have not been studied in large detail resulting in few drilling expeditions with limited success. It essentially is a proxy war with no proxy over some rocks scattered in the ocean over thousands of nautical miles. What’s at stake is the largest and most lucrative trade route in the world, normally international water laws would take effect and prevent this dispute but these meaningless islands’ existence allows whatever state owning the islands to have sovereignty over the entire area.

Angola does not have much of a position on this. Angola must carefully play what few cards it has. While on the surface it would seem that Angola should play a balancing act of keeping the two sides satisfied because it relies so heavily on trade with both this will be impossible. The United States’ influence on Angola diminishes by the day as the US becomes increasingly energy independent; additionally it has become clear that western influence in Angola was never productive to the country as a whole and often took on a near vampiric status as little value besides money trickled into Angola as a result of trade. Relations with China on the other hand are more important than ever because China’s growth in demand for oil far exceeds its growth in production, meaning it will need all the Angolan oil it can get. China also invests more in the country as a whole, building new infrastructure and migrating in sizable numbers to Angola. Even if trade dropped sharply with the US, China would just buy more oil from Angola and more money would flood into the country and more investments in Angola’s future will be made.

Ideally a solution in favor of Chinese sovereignty over the islands would please Angola. Since nobody lives on the islands, the biggest claim to sovereignty over them is administration of them. Due to China’s advanced civilization, it became dependent on trade early and thus has had a need to control and administer the South China sea for a long time. A degree of authority has been maintained over the islands by China since the Jin dynasty and as especially important to the Ming dynasty. What has caused the interruption in ownership of the islands was the colonial governments like Britain, France, and Germany who seized various islands when they essentially controlled the shore of China in the nineteenth century. As the colonial powers lost control of China’s coast they never gave up the islands because they had superior navies and other colonial possessions in the area such as Vietnam. The control of the islands was thrown into limbo as bloody wars erupted in the remaining colonies that distracted the empires and the islands were forgotten. Today China also has great claim to the islands as it has several military bases it has built in the sea to assert its sovereignty over the region it rightfully owns and other nations can only cling to flimsy claims from their colonial past whilst China has a history of owning the islands and has direct control of them now through military bases.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Argentina
Delegate Name: Laura Lynch
School: Royal Oak High School

The South China Sea conflict is a dispute over the land that lies between China, Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Taiwan, Brunei, Cambodia, and the Philippines. All of the countries believe that some, or all in China's case, of the land belongs to them. Most claims of land tend to overlap with China's, which creates an issue. China does break laws stated in UNCLOS. One of which discusses what a country should do if there is a territorial dispute, and it says that a certain amount of land protruding from the shore belongs to you. China's shore claims overlap with those of other countries. It is dire that we find a way to satisfy all countries involved, because if not, a ghastly war can and will break out.

China has made it clear that they are willing to fight for their right to the oil that resides in the sea. So, in order to de-escalate we must please all parties involved and to do that all countries must receive oil or some other form of pay, whether this be goods or money.

Argentina wants a resolution that please all countries and reduce loss of life. China is willing to go to war, and war is obviously quite expensive. So, Argentina believes China should receive the territory and oil that is held within it if they are willing to compensate the other countries for loss of oil. The people need to be protected, and the only way to insure that is through a fair deal.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Australia
Delegate Name: Ari Mohmand
School: Kalamazoo Central High School

The delegation of Australia recognizes the current territorial disputes in the South China Sea. With the recent expansion into the South China Sea by China using artificial islands, and with many other disputes growing militarily the UNCLOS needs to be revisited. The main clause of the paper discussing how territorial waters extend up to two hundred nautical miles off of the land border needs the most attention. Many small islands such as Australia's Ashmore and Cartier islands are disputed between two countries. In recent years China has started taking military action around the Paracel islands to enforce their claim while Vietnam has a claim over the area. China has also been expanding their territories with the use of artificially created islands raising another new point of contention. Restrictions need to be put on countries to prevent the creation of new islands to expand their borders. The restrictions need to make sure that artificially created islands do not expand a nations borders. Another system also needs to be implemented that deals with the current territorial disputes and future ones. This system could possibly be ran by a third neutral party such as Sweden or the UN itself. The system would work by forcing countries to solve these disputes peacefully and not risk a war. To solve the dispute it would guide the nations into making a possible deal and finalizing it. One main point that we need to focus on is funding as well with the current severe lack of funding. Funding could possibly come from all countries with water borders if agreed.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Bahamas
Delegate Name: Joshua Haugen
School: Mattawan High School

The Bahamas has and does continue to fully recognize the issue presented in the South China Sea. Conflicts between the countries of China, the Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, Malaysia, and Brunei for the body of water have been occurring since the 19th century, even earlier by some accounts. However, in the last few years, tensions have risen, with countries all around the area establishing competing claims to the water. Such claims, while all rationally founded, completely abuse and misunderstand the language of the Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). While these abuses do expose the shortcomings of the treaty, it also is leading to a high potential for violent conflict to occur in the sea. With China extending its claim over its territory and heated protests occurring on the islands, countries, like the United States, are already working to get involved in this matter and quell the tension. It is firmly within the Bahama’s belief that international and unified action must be taken regarding this matter as soon as possible, with action involving the reformation of the UNCLOS, specifically regarding Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ’s), the International Seabed Authority and territorial waters, and a means to establish communication and resolution to the matter.

The Bahamas looks at this matter in unique and distinctively two ways: culturally and economically. For one, the conflict has arisen because different countries are claiming different things based on different historical accounts. For instance, China claims the amount of water they claim due to it’s history with the Spratly and Paracel islands, which they argue is an integral part of their history. Vietnam disagrees with China, stating they have a right to the land as they were effectively running the governments of these countries for decades. Even with just this example, it is clear that the islands and the sea are a hotbed for historical dispute. The other way the Bahamas sees this is an economic issue. 90% of all commercial goods are traded via the sea, and the South China Sea is no exception. More than 50% of global oil tanker shipments go through this area, and it faces three times more tanker traffic than the Suez Canal and five times more than the Panama Canal. 10 million barrels of crude oil are shipped through this area daily. Further, the South China Sea also possess ten of the world’s most prominent and decisive shipping ports. On top of the insurmountable and vast amounts of trade which occurs in this region, the area is also home to a various amount resources. The Sea has proven oil reserves of 7.7 billion barrels, with experts even estimating 28 billion barrels in total. This trade and these resources are simply not something which can be disrupted by conflict; they prove to be too vital to our everyday life and global economy to allow this.

What the Bahamas feels is needed is a “back to basics” style approach. This involves downright abolishing Part IV of UNCLOS and the complicated and inefficient International Seabed Authority, which only proves to stifle and disrupt the trade and resource extraction which occurs in the region. The Bahamas proposes that the funds countries provide to the Authority and anywhere else in Part IX of UNCLOS be redirected to the U.N. Tribunal for The Law of the Sea, in order to increase its efficiency and to better handle the disputes over the islands and amount of water claimed by each country. To help quell even more disputes, the Bahamas would also propose that foreign military forces leave the area at once, that territorial waters for each country be extended to 30 nautical miles, and foreign states and corporations are allowed more rights in EEZ’s with less interference by coastal States. Though these back to basic solutions, the Bahamas strongly feels this matter can be better managed, dealt with, and, potentially one day, be put to bed.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Bahrain
Delegate Name: Payton Burns
School: Forest Hills Eastern High School

Conflict in the South China Sea has occurred for a large part of history but has grown immensely in the past couple of years due to China’s growing aggression in the area. China’s growing claims to the area has lead to conflict with many of their Asian neighbors such as the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, and Vietnam. It is questionable if China’s claims are valid under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seas (UNCLOS). The Kingdom of Bahrain is an island so trade via sea-routes is vital to the health of our economy, to ensure that our economy and country can continue to prosper we are unfaltering in our opinion that freedom of the seas belongs to all. We serve as headquarters for the United States’ Fifth Fleet and are a major non-NATO ally to the United States. Allying with the United States and becoming a proponent of the freedom of the seas means that we are strictly opposed to Chinese aggression in the South China Sea.

Bahrain is a supporter of de-escalating disputes in a peaceful manner and has even requested more cooperation between our country and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. As we come together to convene it is important that China be given adequate time to clarify their own reasons for territorial claims in the South China Sea. As we discuss territorial claims we need to keep in mind the previous Law of the Sea established at UNCLOS and possibly redraw provisions to laws regarding the sea as a whole. Boundaries in the South China Sea need to be redrawn to protect interests of all counties involved even if compromises need to be made. Human lives and the liberty of the sea are contingent on the UN’s ability to solve these problems in a manner that will satisfy all countries and help keep peaceful relations.

The Kingdom of Bahrain would like to see countries directly involved in the dispute meet for negotiations and discuss different plans to appease all parties involved. These negotiations and final plan of appeasement need to be compiled in a written document that is signed by all involved countries so that territorial disputes can be avoided in the future with a written contract as a mediator. After this meeting there needs to be adjustments made to the UN's Convention on the Law of the Seas that draws more tightly defined boundaries for the sea as a whole.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Bangladesh
Delegate Name: Sandi Ramljak
School: Forest Hills Central High School

The South China Sea is currently experiencing territorial disputes between China and multiple countries that currently hold a claim in waters in the South China Sea. There are several areas in the sea that China has claimed that would further improve the economy of China; therefore, this would encourage the Bangladesh economy, and through proxy, would improve the world economy. Such areas do include oil resources that cannot be sufficiently obtained because the countries that tries to have a claim where the oil exists.

Bangladesh is aligned with China in this issue and believes that China is in the right in this situation. China has a claim on the area and has every right to act on it. Bangladesh, being geographically close to the region, does not recognize this issue as an important one, especially as an issue that has to be argued about so vehemently.

Bangladesh would like to see China have favorable resolutions passed. Bangladesh would also like to see a resolution passed where the waters are handed over to China without any conflict, and would not be opposed to certain impositions. Bangladesh believes that a resolution authored by China would be the most ideal situation possible in the time during our committee.Bangladesh hopes to see a resolution that contains a stance where China would gain access to oil that is located in the South China Sea. Another clause to be included would contain China being able to resolve future conflicts where it is ambiguous as to who has the area disputed through means that does not involve the United Nations.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Belgium
Delegate Name: Alassane Gueye
School: Grand Blanc High School

In this modern age, we still see many territorial disputes on the planet between different entities. However, the one we shall be discussing is the South China Sea dispute, possibly one of the most important today. Numerous countries, including China, Vietnam, and the United States in some cases are laying claim to the islands in the South China Sea. This, as we see it, is a sticky situation that needs to be resolved peacefully.

As a developed country, we believe that there needs to be peace. Thus, we stand by our European allies in this rough time. We believe that sovereignty is quite an important concept in the international world, thus we believe that it should be kept. The dispute is possibly threatening this sovereignty in this area of the world, thus we support this plan.

We support numerous peace initiatives, including the South China sea peace initiative. This initiative would ensure cooperation among the different countries in this dispute. It would do many things, including ensure that all parties concerned participate in maritime cooperation and shared codes of conduct in order to enhance peace and prosperity.Shelve sovereignty disputes and establish a regional cooperation mechanism for the development of resources under integrated planning.Coordinate and cooperate on nontraditional security issues such as environmental protection, scientific research, maritime crime fighting, humanitarian assistance and disaster relief.

In the end, we believe that as a developed nation, we should ensure that peace is being kept around the world. We believe that by supporting these peace initiatives, we can ensure national sovereignty in this area of the world and keep the peace, thus everyone will technically win.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Benin
Delegate Name: Allie Alford
School: Williamston High School

Conflict over territories in the South China Sea has been accumulating recently and is very concerning to Benin and the world. The land in the South China Sea is very valuable because it is a major shipping route, it is home to fishing grounds that supply the livelihoods of people across the region, and consist of vast reserves of natural resources (, specifically petroleum oil). The problem and conflict that has rose in claiming sovereignty over these ocean areas is how China has approached the fight to gain control of the land. China has raised controversy by building small islands in the South China Sea then claiming the island and the land around it as theirs. They also have invested a large amount of money to expand their military in hopes to secure the land for themselves. Both the building of islands and increasing the military power is illegal according to the Law of The Sea Convention in which China is a party of. The United Nations must hold China accountable for the rules explained in the United Nations Law of The Seas Convention.

Benin has interest in resolving these disputes in the South China Sea because this violent conflict could potentially lead to a world war. As a developing country, going to war right now could be very damaging to Benin’s success. This issue could possibly affect our country and is affecting our allies and putting a stop to China’s aggressive behavior in taking over land in the South China Sea and the conflict involving the surrounding countries must come to a stop as soon as possible.

Benin would propose the idea of dividing the land in the South China Sea up into equal parts for each of the surrounding countries. Benin does not wish to interfere with the sovereignty of any nation and would be opposed to any plan which gave a country an unfair amount of region. We would expect to find allies in neighboring African states like Niger, Nigeria, Togo, and Ghana.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Bolivia
Delegate Name: Max Moore
School: Forest Hills Central High School

China’s recent expansion into the South China Sea is the cause of many growing tensions, primarily involving the surrounding countries, but also on a global scale, as many trades routes progress through the South China sea, trade routes vital to the interest of many countries. Due to the violent actions that Vietnam and Philippines have undertaken, the UN must intervene to take action to find a peaceful resolution.

Bolivia is strongly tied to China, both through trade and diplomatic means. For the past several decades, Bolivia and China have had many agreements leading towards peace and cooperation between their countries. However, while Bolivia is a strong supporter of what China’s interests, Bolivia also wants to protect the free trade that goes through the South China sea. Many of their imports travel through the region, if China decided to tax or impede trade through the area, Bolivia would be negatively affected. The current law of the sea, UNCLOS, gives no purpose to the current resources located outside of a countries given aquatic boundaries. Bolivia seeks to change that, having the potential to give China access to many of the oil resources located outside of China’s UNCLOS dictated region. Not only would this benefit China, but global trade and development as a whole, as oil is a prime resource of this time.

Actions that Bolivia could get behind would involve those that protect free trade, while also providing benefit to Bolivia or China. One potential action that could be done is to remove the presence of CHina from the South China sea, but allow China to keep access to its oil and other resource collection facilities it has constructed. These collected resources could then be taxed, and have a fraction of the profit paid to the nearby countries that have attacked China’s interests, in effort to stop their illegal actions, and promote peace.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Brazil
Delegate Name: Marcus McKay
School: Forest Hills Northern High School

Brazil is not in favor of the territory in the South China Sea being used for the construction of military bases. Brazil has trade relations with China and would like to maintain good trade relations. Brazil would like to see these artificial islands be used for scientific research. However, Brazil would like said scientific research to be shared openly with the international community.

Additionally, Brazil would be open for other suggestions for potential uses of these artificial islands. It is not in Brazil's interest to push for sanctions at this time. Brazil believes that by doing so, aggressive actions would likely ensue. Brazil strongly encourages that a decision be made on the ownership of territory based on the use of the territory for an optimal solution.

Brazil takes consideration of Exclusive Economic Zones, as well as international law of the sea. Brazil does consider the construction of military bases within the disputed territory as a violation of international law. Brazil believes that the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea is comprehensive enough to use as a foundation for mediation between all the contesting nations, however there is room to amend or rework this document.

Brazil strongly recommends that distinct ownership of these artificial islands be established, as well as the intent of these islands be upheld for their respective purposes. Brazil would like to hear the opinions of, including, but not limited to: The United States, The People’s Republic of China, Taiwan, The Philippines, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Russia, India, Australia, and Brunei.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Burkina Faso
Delegate Name: Lydia Barron
School: Royal Oak High School

Burkina Faso is a landlocked country in West Africa and while possesses no maritime claims does have a diverse sectarian background and firsthand experience with territorial disputes.

Outside of the country Burkina Faso is 1 of 19 territories in the geographic region sharing boundaries and intermingling the territories of Burkina-Faso, the Republic of Mali and the Republic of Niger with the goal of promoting economic growth and poverty reduction in the region, seeing as it is composed of the poorest territories of all three countries. A solution like this, where countries intermingle territory for beneficial economic gains would be ideal, and has even been suggested in Taiwan’s South China Sea Initiative, but the return of sovereign waters by China to their rightful states would also be something we look to see.

Burkina Faso has a strong interest in seeing Taiwan in particular reclaim its own sovereign territory in the South China Sea as well as Vietnam and the Philippines. In this we are not only supporting our allies but also our own internal goals about protecting the sovereignty of smaller states.

Burkina Faso also feels that Chinese tactics to reclaim the Area have not been officially sanctioned seeing as off water claims must be centered around a natural formation which is visible at high tide and therefore considered a landmark, of which only Fiery Cross Reef qualifies, as well as wrongful exploitation of natural resources in other EEZ’s, and wrongful occupation of islands not belonging to the PROC. Such actions are unlawful and it is Burkina Faso’s belief that UNLOS should be honored in this case.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: China
Delegate Name: Humzah Azeem
School: Forest Hills Central High School

There is not even an issue here. Just as no one would bat an eye if the United States imposed sanctions on their own states, we expect that same cooperation. The Republic of China has a right to the South China Sea because it is our sovereign territory, and we have the right to build whatever we like on our land. These islands have been historically ours for centuries, we have documentation of our fisherman and our people marking these areas as ours. There were no issues until the 70’s when oil was discovered and many smaller nations started to invade the area, attempting to take it from us as it is not part of the mainland. It seems that many nations had no issue when countries like Vietnam or the Philippines did their own reclamation of land, but when China decides to all hell breaks loose. These types of double standards cloud the judgement of the world, the people do not get to see the real story. We have no issue if planes fly around the islands, but we do not and will not accept it if aircrafts fly too close. This sea is an area that has been passed down from our ancestors and as a government who represents its people, we can assure you that this is what our people believe as well. In the end we know that we are doing the best things that we can for our people and that is what matters. If we can eliminate the double standards from the minds of the unreasonable world powers, that is when we can make progress.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Colombia
Delegate Name: Maggie McKinney
School: Mattawan High School

Different countries, including The People’s Republic of China, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, the Philippines, and Taiwan, have claimed parts of the South China Sea, along with the Paracel and Spratly Islands. This proves problematic, as conflict has broken out between countries that both claim ownership of the territory. Countries are territorial of the South China Sea region due to significant shipping routes that pass through and it’s valuable natural resources such as oil reserves. Nations are going as far as building islands to grasp a claim on the sea. Tension between states is rising and becoming aggressive as competing countries infringe on the territory other countries have claimed in the region, and the UNCLOS and International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea have proved insufficient in solving some problems. The Special Political Committee must find a solution to the growing issues centered on the South China Sea that will extinguish the territorial disputes that come of it.

Colombia understands some of the nations’ frustrations with the aggressive territorial disputes in the South China Sea. As Latin America’s fourth largest coal supplier, Colombia’s economy depends heavily on its mining exports, so it needs access to the important shipping routes throughout the body of water. Because China is Colombia's second largest export destination, finding a solution that will extinguish some of the disputes over the region will allow our ships to sail the routes that pass through the South China Sea without the major concern of aggression from territorial countries. On another note, Colombia has recently begun to invest more work into making greener environmental changes, as seen in their partnership with the US to dual host the first Solar Decathlon in Latin America. With this environmental stance, Colombia is against the building of manmade islands to better claim more territory in the South China Sea, which alters natural ecosystems. However, Colombia sees China’s and other territorial countries’ point of protecting their claims. The fourth largest oil producer in Latin America, Colombia understands that a territory’s resources, such as oil, should belong to the country that has claimed the territory. Other nations and states should not be allowed to trespass and take these valuable resources, but a territorial country cannot be causing aggressive conflicts.

Colombia will look for a solution to the problem that can more clearly define the territories of the South China Sea and who they belong to. The UNCLOS is a start, but in order to de-escalate the growing territorial conflicts of this region, more needs to be done. As part of the Special Political Committee, Colombia will support solutions that will keep international shipping routes in the South China Sea open, and more importantly safe, to all states without depriving countries who have claimed territory of their rights to resources. Colombia, set on cleaning and bettering the environment, will also search for solutions that won't jeopardize the ecosystems in the South China Sea.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Congo
Delegate Name: Erika Iwatsu
School: Forest Hills Central High School

The South China Sea has been home to a growing conflict for the past several years. China sea is rich with natural resources and a prominent shipping route. These recourses are very profitable to a nation in ownership of the territory. China has been building artificial islands around the reef; this concerns the countries with interest in the region. The trade route are vital to many countries. The violence of Vietnam and Philippines have taken we should find a peaceful solution.

Congo and China is bonded with the trade business. Ever since the second civil was China has been our number 1 trade partner. We encourage the nation to negotiate with China and maintain peace. We discourage banning China from the territory; it will harm our economy. Also the addition of taxes or impede trade through the area will greatly effect our economy. AS our economy is not in the best shape right now. The potential of letting China keep the artificial land will increase the global trade and development. There are no legal boundaries of the waters, but we can establish one to create less tension there.

We recommend to establish the territorial property of the South China Sea, and effectively maintain the rules of the territory. In order to distinct the owner territorial region, it is critical to settle the dispute peacefully to decrease the tension in the territorial dispute. This way we can solve this peacefully. Also allow China to keep the facilities they have constructed n the waters. The collected material of China can be taxed and given to the near by country.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Croatia
Delegate Name: Chaney Moore
School: Mattawan High School

This issue does not directly affect the country of Croatia. Croatia is no where near the south China Sea and does not have direct access to it. However, Croatia has had territorial disputes since its independence in 1991. Croatia has been in conflict with Slovenia over the coast of the Gulf of Piran. This issue almost caused Croatia to lose a chance to get into NATO and a chance to get into the European Union. The dispute was over the who got control over the water that was both apart of the Croatian boarder and the Slovenian boarder. This disputed is still technically still going on, but there is peace between the two nations and it is being battled out in the court room. Croatia has had to deal with territorial problems before and believes that we can help solve this one.

This topic is very important because nations are gearing up for war now. There have been clashes alrighty between the Chinese and Vietnamese navies at sea. This is also important because there are several major shipping lane located within the sea. Millions of gallons of crude oil flow through the south china sea to get to different destinations. This would devastated if a war would break out and force ships to go around the sea. This could potential ruin the Asian market and severely hurt there economy. There is also a lot of oil located at the bottom of the sea. this is also causing some of the dispute, because all the nations want access to this. Nations are tired of talking and are ready to start a war. This can no become a reality.

Croatia is going to pursue a non violent way as much as possible. Croatia believes that the united nations should not justify who gets what land. We should work together to make sure that these nations are not brought to war. A special meeting should be held and bring each of those nations to the table. Croatia also wants the United nations to control the territory temporarily until the matter is resolved. The United Nations should ask for NATO or UN Peacekeepers to watch over the area to make sure all ships pass through safely. Because there are multiple taxes and other regulations in the area because of the dispute, the UN should impose one tax over the area and split the money to the disputing nations. Croatia feels that this should be a good solution for the Nation who are involved in the dispute.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Denmark
Delegate Name: Adam Decker
School: Vicksburg High School

In the most recent years, Denmark and the European Union have grown alarmed by the escalating conflict regarding sovereignty and resource rights within the South China Sea. Although Denmark does not directly endorse a specific side in this argument, it does agree with the U.S. and various European nations that Southeast Asian countries, specifically China, must respect UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea) and obey the rights and restrictions established by this document. According to UNCLOS a country has a territorial zone of twelve nautical miles, as well as an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) that stretches no more than 200 nautical miles. It also stated in UNCLOS that, “[Artificial Islands] have no territorial sea of their own, and their presence does not affect the delimitation of the territorial sea, the exclusive economic zone or the continental shelf”. With this in consideration it has come to the attention of Denmark that China has not only broken guidelines set by UNCLOS but refuses to acknowledge claims made by other countries that occupy the South China Sea.

Denmark encourages the SPECPOL committee to recognize the rights of smaller countries that have claim in the South China Sea. It is apparent that China has made various allegations regarding sovereignty claims in this region, most of which are false according to international law. In order to completely resolve this territorial dispute, it will require the complete participation of all nations residing in the South China Sea. Denmark encourages all nations within the SPECPOL committee to put forth their opinions as well as work together in order to find resolution to this conflict.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Djibouti
Delegate Name: Brandon Lee
School: Forest Hills Eastern High School

Home to one of the busiest shipping routes in the world and abundant with natural resources, the identities of the owners of territories in the South China Sea has been constantly debated since the early 20th century. Despite the existence of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seas (UNCLOS), there are still countless territorial disputes and rising tensions due to imprecise laws and loopholes/excuses that countries can jump through. There is room for amendments and reworks to the document. Overlapping territorial claims are a major problem in the South China Sea and past proposed solutions including maritime hotlines, taking the issue to a Court of Arbitration, and demilitarizing the conflict zone, have taken little effect in de-escalating the situation. Although the South China Sea is of no legitimate interest to Djibouti, the country’s economy relies on sound relations with China and a ruling unfavorable to China could have resounding impacts.

In 2008, after breakouts of territorial conflict between Eritrea and Djibouti, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1862 which urged the two countries to resolve their conflict peacefully. The resolution was successful and the dispute was over. Although attempts to encourage dialogue between conflicting countries similar to Djibouti and Eritrea have been made to solve this maritime issue, finding peace so easily is rare. As Henry Kissinger stated earlier this year, “Deng Xiaoping dealt with some of his problems by saying not every problem needs to be solved in the existing generation. Let’s perhaps wait for another generation but let’s not make it worse.” China has clearly proclaimed its sovereignty for lands including the Spratly and Paracel Islands and attempts to persuade the country have been futile in the past. Attempts to demilitarize islands and redraw boundaries could possibly escalate the situation. However, some actions that can be taken without worsening the situation are possible.

The UNCLOS is not specific enough in a way that countries can provide many justifications for actions that seem to violate the UNCLOS, but in reality, do not. For example, when a Chinese delegate was questioned on whether or not China violated the UNCLOS, the delegate stated Article 298 and Article 310 which gives the nation states the freedom to not accept one or more of the procedures in UNCLOS and allow the states to make declarations or statements, therefore justifying China’s claim over the South China Sea. However, as not all nations have the required economic and political background to follow the articles, the articles should be rewritten to be less generalized and more specific. Regarding the Spratly and Paracel Islands, claiming possession of said islands due to “historical claims” are unacceptable and against UNCLOS policy. If that were so, the United Kingdom could claim India and even half of the world. However, because of the generalization of the articles, nations could find their way around these regulations. The UNCLOS should be more specific, loopholes should be closed, and Exclusive Economic Zones should be strictly enforced.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Estonia
Delegate Name: Raquel Avila
School: Flint Southwestern Classical Academy

Five countries are disputing for the Spratly and Paracel Islands as well as maritime boundaries. The boundaries of these countries overlap causing the issue. The islands contain a lot of natural resources such as oil and natural gas. As these countries dispute about the land, the United Nations Convection on Laws of the Seas (UNCLOS) states that any land masses that are submerged at high tide and/or were previously submerged due to construction cannot be claimed. The land that the five countries are fighting over were previously underwater and had construction done on them meaning that these five counties are not to claim the land masses. The statement should be used to end the dispute, at one time the islands the countries are fighting over were once underwater, and Chine had built a military buildings as well as Vietnam, Taiwan and the Philippines.

There are countries that say they have claimed the land for centuries, others say they have claimed it long before them. For example China, who claims the majority of the land, they say their right to the lands go back to when the islands were regarded as integral parts of the Chinese nation. Meanwhile Vietnam says China never claimed the land until the 1940s. The Vietnamese say they have claimed the islands since the 17th century and have documents to prove it. Under the law of UNCLOS, the land China has claimed using the “nine-dash line” is unlawful. If this is not the case, then why does China refuse to join the arbitration being conducted by the United Nations? The lands claimed by Malaysia and Brunei were based on the UNCLOS.

We understand that China wants control of the islands due to the fact that they are abundant in natural resources including natural gas, oil, and fish. With these resources they are able to have economic growth. We doubt that China will be willing to give up their claims that easily. They are even currently building things on the islands. It may seem unsolvable but it could be solved, a while back Estonia and Russia had similar disputes but over borders. When Estonia joined the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). In 2014, both Estonia and Russia signed a border treaty. Although it has not taken affect, there is a treaty agreeing on the borders of Estonia and Russia. Past events can help lead us to a solution for the dispute occurring with the South China Sea.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Finland
Delegate Name: Joseph Anderson
School: Kalamazoo Central High School

The nation of Finland is a Unitary Parliamentary constitutional republic bordering Sweden and Russia. Although the issue has no direct effect for our nation Finland recognizes the ongoing territorial disputes concerning the South China Sea, and would in turn like to see a peaceful resolution to bring an end to the conflict. Along with hosting several important shipping routes the south China sea contains natural resources such as oil and natural gas, and is home to fishing grounds that ensure the livelihood of people around the entire area making it a very profitable venture.

Finland urges all factions involved in the issue to abide by existing limitations of influence described in the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). China has backed its aggressive and expansive claims by island building creating seven new islets, and maritime paramilitary force as well as naval power to enforce its sovereignty and jurisdiction over the area when in fact it has none. China has repeatedly ignored the 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zone. Although China favors bilateral negotiations behind closed doors Finland urges the need for international mediation as this issue is not just about china’s claims and encompasses many other countries such as Taiwan, the Philippines, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei all of which claim to own a part of the South China Sea region.

Finland believes that a peaceful withdrawal of countries involved to the borders indicated in the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and the demilitarization of Islands and Islets not in a nation's border, as well as the return of naval power being shown by China is the course of action that needs to be followed. China’s direct violation of (UNCLOS) cannot be tolerated

Finland hopes to see all nations who are directly involved (excluding China) able to come up with a peaceful resolution and compromise on territory for the good of everyone. Armed forces are not the answer and should not even be considered, we adamantly hope for a peaceful solution that can benefit everyone involved with a rightful claim.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: France
Delegate Name: Tanvi Sharma
School: Saginaw Arts and Sciences Academy

France recognizes the importance of bringing stability to the South China Sea, where disputes have been ongoing for centuries. We believe that the best way to do this is for all parties involved to respect international law and to cooperate with each other toward a peaceful resolution of the conflict. Finding such a resolution is of utmost importance, because many lives are dependent on the stability of this region.

An important step that should be taken in deescalating the South China Sea dispute is the cessation of the creation of artificial islands in the region. The only effect of these islands is the heightening of tensions among countries in the region, which is wholly unnecessary. With respect to the US warship that recently sailed near an artificial island, France supports all countries’ freedom of navigation. France also discourages the creation of an Air Defense Identification Zone in the area, as this will just contribute to the escalation of the dispute.

France is of the belief that the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea should be the basis for an international mediation of the dispute. Instead of supporting one claim over another in the region, we believe it is best to settle this dispute impartially through the Permanent Court of Arbitration. In order to do this effectively however, it is imperative that all member states of the UN respect and abide by this ruling, as well as international law in general. If these steps are taken, France is confident that the situation in the South China Sea can successfully be resolved peacefully.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Germany
Delegate Name: Jonathan Pearcy
School: Forest Hills Central High School

The South China Sea has been a point of contention between China and its neighbors for the last decade. The area is a hotspot of international conflict, with many disagreeing worldviews all meeting in one area. China wants control of the oil and natural resources contained in the international waters within the sea. To accomplish these goals China has made several artificial islands in an attempt to claim territory that does not belong to it under the UNCLOS. As the conflict has escalated, these islands have become militarized, and only serve to further inflame the situation. Not only do these islands violate the national sovereignty of the countries whose borders they infringe upon, they also interfere with the major shipping routes that pass through the South China Sea, which rely on the freedom of passage through the Sea’s international waters. This interference hurts many countries. The South China Sea is an area which would become a major shipping route for any members of the Trans Pacific Partnership, and China’s interference in international waters in this area threatens the freedom of trade for these countries. The South China Sea is also a major shipping route for oil, and conflict in this area threatens these routes. Damage to oil shipping lines harms the world economy greatly, and especially impacts the oil producing countries of the world. China’s direct violation of the UNCLOS sets an unacceptable precedent that international law can be ignored, and creates further volatility in the region. Germany hopes that the Special Political committee is able to come together solve this problem in a peaceful fashion.

Germany believes it is completely possible to find a resolution to this issue that not only solves the problem at hand and diffuses tensions in the area but also benefits all the countries in the area and in turn the entire world. We would like to see a political solution which involves China withdrawing from its islands, and do not agree that punishing China is the correct response to this issue as it will only serve to further increase tensions. We believe that China will welcome a chance to redeem itself in the eyes of international law, as much of China’s foreign involvement requires the help of the United Nations. Breaking international law only destabilizes the foundations which have created lasting peace in the world, and this lasting peace has benefited everyone.

Germany expects to see compromise between all members of the international community, especially those countries who are directly affected by these disputes. We also expect the support of our fellow European Union countries and the West as a whole. Considering the impact which the destruction of oil shipping routes will have upon the Middle East we also hope to come to agreeable terms with them. Germany implores China to be open to discussions and negotiations as refusing to find a compromise on this issue will harm the world as a whole.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Greece
Delegate Name: Elliot Silk
School: Roeper School

China has requested that there should be no more foreign meddling in their EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zonee) due to previous experiences. Many incidents have occurred inside of China’s EEZ, such as crashes, threats, and resource siphoning. Foreign countries such as the U.S. are highly involved in the area with naval bases, trade routes, and their involvement with the Philippines. There is a plethora of valuable natural resources, such as oil and high concentrations of fish, which is desired by surrounding countries. Despite China’s attempts to ward of foreign nations, there are still rigs and fisheries being built that are not owned by other nations. This is creating tension between all of the involved countries. If The Philippines go to war with China, the U.S. will have to protect them because of the deal signed in 1951. Not only will there be a war, but China and the U.S. are very good business partners, which would leave all of the nations at a disadvantage. There are some small disputes inside of the EEZ regarding artificial islands. UNCLOS states that artificial islands cannot be claimed by a nation. The United States has a naval base that is on an artificial island which is located inside of China’s EEZ. Though, this may make China uncomfortable, the United States should be allowed to stay.

Though Greece is not directly involved in this affair, we believe that coming to a peaceful resolution is mandatory. We request that there is no military action taken at the moment. Greece recognizes that there is an abundance of natural resources in the South China Sea however; it is in the effected countries best interest to stay at ease until the U.N. reaches an agreement that satisfies all nations.

Finally, this conflict is not of dire urgence; therefore Greece believes that this issue is not rushed to a conclusion. Doing so will result in a short-lived resolution.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Haiti
Delegate Name: Chidi Unobagha
School: Saginaw Arts and Sciences Academy

The Republic of Haiti is firmly committed to promoting peace throughout the world. In order to do this, there must be a reliable way to solve conflicts like that in the South China Sea. The Republic of Haiti is confident that the best way to come to resolutions in these conflicts is to defer to international law. International law allows disputes to be settled without partiality and without gratuitous violence. In order for it to be used effectively, however, nations must be willing to cooperate and accept its legitimacy.

The Republic of Haiti is of the belief that some actions currently being taken are not conducive toward reaching a peaceful end to the conflict in the South China Sea. One such action is the creation of artificial islands. The Republic of Haiti would like to see a halt on these constructions, as they can add to the already high tension of the situation. Additionally, these constructions, according to international law, do not do anything to legitimize any claims in the disputed region, making them entirely superfluous. The Republic of Haiti also believes that parties involved in the South China Sea dispute should respect the freedom of navigation of all states, a right that should always be protected.

The Republic of Haiti believes that the Permanent Court of Arbitration is an effective mechanism through which international law can be applied to this dispute. The court can use the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea as the foundation for its ruling. The Republic of Haiti urges all nations to respect any ruling that the Permanent Court of Arbitration may come to, and believes that through international cooperation, the dispute in the South China Sea can be brought to an end.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: India
Delegate Name: Joseph Allen
School: Roeper School

Greeting fellow delegates. It is of my utmost pleasure to share the following sessions together. The Republic of India delights in the opportunity to continue to strive towards solving the global problems that plague us to this day. In such an interconnected and diverse world, it is imperative that as delegates we can come together and put aside petty differences so that just and prudent change can be equally felt by every individual of this world. Echoing the essence of the foundation of the United Nations, India proudly stands by the notion that violence should never be used to solve an issue. Today we meet with the goal of developing protocols that will help mitigate the escalating tension in the South China Sea.

When first considering solutions to issues as significant as the territorial disputes in the South China Sea, it is important to consider the ever-endearing words of one of the greatest leaders of our nation, Mahatma Gandhi: “The difference between what we do and what we are capable of doing would suffice to solve most of the world's problems.” It is in such a sense that the Republic of India urges all factions involved in the dispute to be open in their considering of potential solutions to the conflict. It was under the aforementioned guiding principle, that the Republic of India peacefully solved its border dispute with Bangladesh using The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in the summer of 2014. Despite an unfavorable ruling for our own nation, India has remained true to the litigation and conclusions established in the UNCLOS’ decision. Furthermore, The Republic of India looks to the United States and Vietnam in further regards to the issue. Whoever the rightful owner of the areas of the South China Sea may be, India has already signed declarations with the US and Vietnam stating that we support “freedom of navigation in international waters, including the South China Sea, the right of passage and over flight, unimpeded commerce and access to resources in accordance with principles of international law, including the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea.”

Repeating the continued success of our own nation’s use of international arbitration, India urges the nations involved in the dispute to seek out the guidance of the international community. The current methods that are used by the UNCLOS are clearly sufficient in solving a wide variety of disputes. Yet the problem remains of getting nations to begin arbitration via the policies of the UNCLOS. Thus, India would be in favor of a proposal that primarily uses the programs already established in the international community, but also includes a clause or clauses that place greater pressure on nations whom refuse to join the convention and a proposal that also includes incentives for joining the UNCLOS. Furthermore, the Republic of India would also look favorably upon a proposal that implements repercussions for not joining the UNCLOS to further increase the appeal of seeking international settlement.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Indonesia
Delegate Name: Wilson Wolf
School: Fishers High School

Despite being so close to the South China Sea Indonesia has remained as neutral as possible throughout this entire dispute. Indonesia will continue to maintain its position of neutrality and will side with no country as long as the South China Sea is under dispute.

It should be noted that Indonesia has planned to build military bases in areas near the South China Sea. However, the planned military outposts that are in the making should not be seen as an aggressive action, but a safeguarding action only.

As the largest ASEAN nation Indonesia feels that it could be an effective mediator if that would be something that all sides on the dispute could agree on. Indonesia would also like to suggest that joint military patrols by countries that are a part of the ASEAN as Indonesia thinks that is one of the keys to overcome the current tensions in the South China Sea. Indonesia is committed to keeping peace and stability and will try its hardest to communicate and work with other countries to do so.

Indonesia would also like to point out that that if secure trade lanes are created, then it could be beneficial for economic and regional development for all countries in the region. So reaching a solution that satisfies all parties involved as soon as possible is very important for the wellbeing of all countries in the region.

Indonesia intends to become more active in resolving the issues in the South China Sea in the near future. However, because Indonesia does not have the resources in order to constantly patrol the busiest waters, Indonesia has asked for aid from the United States. The United States has said that it would give 100 million dollars to the Philippines, Vietnam and Malaysia in order to carry out maritime law enforcement. Another possible way that the United States might help is in the form of helping developing a coast guard for the nearly 18,000 island chain near the South China Sea.

Indonesia feels that it would be best for all nations involved if the South China Sea were to become a waterway that is not owned by any one nation.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Iran
Delegate Name: Trevor Hill
School: Kalamazoo Central High School

The Islamic Republic of Iran believes that the only way to resolve territorial disputes is through direct dialogue between all parties involved. Iran believes that states have an obligation to refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against other states in territorial disputes.These states have a responsibility to settle their international disputes by peaceful means and not infringe on the other states sovereignty in doing so.

In the case of the territorial dispute in the South China Sea, The Islamic Republic of Iran believe all aspects of the Law of The Sea and other international Laws be observed when dealing with this dispute. We call upon all sides to observe Chapter VI and Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations when dealing with this conflict. These chapters state that the Security Council can call upon the disputing parties to resolve the issue through peaceful means, It is only when peace is threatened that the Security Council may intervene.

Iran Would like to strongly suggest that all parties involved in this conflict observe how the territorial disputes of Serbia and Konsova where handled. These conflicts where resolved through direct dialogue between between both parties, without any party infringing on ones’ international sovereignty. The Islamic Republic of Iran would like to see this happen in the South China Sea. We recommend only the states that would be affected by any decision in the area to come together for such talks. Iran believes any decision not made by the states in that region would be an infringement on their International sovereignty. The international community should only intervene when deemed necessary by the Security Council.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Iraq
Delegate Name: Kelsey McElroy
School: Williamston High School

Over the last one hundred years, many disputes over land have been located in the South China Sea. The Paracel Islands and the Spratly Islands are the two biggest island groupings in the area, with other sandbars, reefs and outcroppings as other sources of debate. Many of the islands are claimed and occupied by the militaries of seven competing countries. The countries involved in the conflict are Brunei, Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, the Philippines, Taiwan and the People's Republic of China. Beijing has a map dating back to 1947 detailing its claim that the two island chains are entirely within its jurisdiction. Taiwan states the same decree of control. The Scarborough Shoal is another area of debate located around 100 miles from the Philippines and 500 miles from China. Malaysia and Brunei also claim islands that they state are within their economic exclusion zones as defined by the UNCLOS. The conflicts have caused issues for ships recently passing through the disputed water. The disputed islands are of high economical value due to shipping routes, fisheries, oil and natural gas reserves. No actual figures are known on the quantity or quality of the resources due to a lack of cooperation, but figures can be estimated by observing the rich resources of surrounding territories. The United Nations needs to reach a consensus on a plan of action that will result in a peaceful reduction of the tension in the South China Sea and make sure global law is sustained.

Iraq has six main territory disputes including the Rumaila Oil field, the Bubiyan Island and the Al-Fakkah Field. There have been many years of conflict with Kuwait over land and many disagreements with Iran over oil fields. In the past, territorial disputes have been resolved mostly through negotiation. We have followed United Nations Security Council resolutions such as 687, 773 and 833. Iraq did go to war over the Rumaila oil field but believes in following the UN resolutions and negotiating a majority of the time. Negotiation will not be enough when neither side will reach a conclusion.

Iraq would like all countries to uphold the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. We believe the nations should negotiate for control of the islands. Any resolutions passed by this committee should be followed by all the countries with a claim on the islands and surrounding geography. Iraq encourages all countries to uphold the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea as they have all ratified the document. The United Nations should act as a mediator using the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea as a foundation for decisions in the debate. We expect negotiations to work, but believe that countries losing land to an incorrect claim have the right to invade for their land. Iraq hopes for help from countries who drafted and passed the UNCLOS and hopes the countries with claims will be completely supportive.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Israel
Delegate Name: Andrew Carpenter
School: Kalamazoo Central High School

The situation in the South China Sea creates much concern for the State of Israel. There are many economic ties to the area and the People’s Republic of China seems to be disrupting political and legal norms for paltry reasons. The area is a trade route for endless shipping companies moving cargo from and for almost every country in the world. Over half a dozen nations have made maritime claims to the area in hopes of gaining access to the large, untapped oil bed resting below the newly sought after Spratly Islands.

Many nations are attempting to claim these islands and surrounding areas for obvious economic reasons. No matter the outcome, a solution to this issue will have blown over all legal and maritime precedents ever seen in the international community. One thing is for sure, if we as a body want to maintain cooperation, thus striving for economic growth assisting all nations, we must allow strong nations who are versed in large-scale trading and shipping to manage these islands and *then* develop some regional cooperation with surrounding nations. The Government of Israel believes that we should begin to work on a program fostering cooperation between the Peoples Republic of China and the United States that will eventually lead to the necessary cooperation of many more nations. This way, multiple nations can benefit from a large scale trading operation coming out of one of the biggest trade routes in the world.

The Israeli delegation looks forward to working with Delegates in this committee and hopes that we can come to an agreement that is prosperous and works for most nations involved.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Italy
Delegate Name: Meredith Parks
School: Royal Oak High School

Disputes over islands in the South China Sea between China, Vietnam, Taiwan, the Philippines, Indonesia, Brunei and Malaysia, have lead to militaries and countries stopping ships to gain control over that area. Important resources such as oil and natural gas can be found in that area but ships are being stopped by such countries for utilizing land that is theoretically owned. Large fisheries can not distribute their products which are in high demand. Italy suggest that without giving a country claims over that area, a peaceful solution must be made using the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNClOS).

We must, as an assembly, be mindful of the strain this conflict may have on the natural resources in the South China Sea. Simultaneously we ask ourselves how we can solve any potential problems that may arise in the economies in the region when dealing with this problem.

Italy suggest when we look for a solution to the situation we should keep in mind the exports and imports that use routes in the South China Sea. If the ships with these important products can’t be ensured a passage without being stopped by the disputing Countries, the trade profits could be lost.

Italy thinks a solution idea made for the Dispute on the South China Sea would to set aside the feud and begin joint development.

More great details will be spread at the conferences. Italy will be looking forward to crafting a peaceful solution to this dispute with help from all of the countries.

-, Royal Oak Model United Nations delegate

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Japan
Delegate Name: Benjamin Oostendorp
School: East Grand Rapids High School

Because the South China sea is full of resource-rich islands and important trade routes, it is one of the most desirable areas in Asia. Oil, fish, and natural gas are just some of the highly profitable natural resources that come out of this sea. China’s claim to the territory has long been disputed, because it clearly goes against the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in numerous aspects. China's heavy military presence, artificial islands, and use of the natural resources go against several of the articles, such as article 17, article 56, and article 123. Although Japan would like to promote the continuation of peaceful relations with China, their lack of cooperation with the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea is making it difficult to maintain the relationship that has been so volatile throughout history.

One of Japan’s biggest allies, the United States, has taken initiative and sent ships into the South China Sea to exercise their right to an innocent passage, and we support this decision fully. Japan does not have an offensive military, but rather one created solely for Japan’s self defense. Therefore, Japan is able to send coast guard vessels, but no true warships. We are also supportive of the United States’ desire to keep trade flowing through the sea. Many of the smaller nations near the sea depend on the commerce that flows through the South China Sea. Countries like South Korea, Vietnam, and the Philippines all back the United States, and Japan therefore supports the United States’ efforts to keep trade in the South China Sea free.

Regarding the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Japan believes that this convention is comprehensive enough, and that the problem in the South China Sea lies in its enforcement. This document very clearly states the expected boundaries and limitations applicable to each nation involved in the conflict. Japan believes the document is thorough enough to act as a mediator in this conflict, if all its rules are followed. Japan agrees with the United States, in that China’s militaristic artificial islands in the Spratly Islands and their surrounding waters are not legal by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. If China controls the center of the South China Sea, they would effectively control the whole sea and its trading rights. Most territorial disputes end in one nation strong-arming another out of the area, and we must prevent China from doing this. The United Nations must force China to draw back their military advances on the artificial islands, and keep the South China Sea free.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Jordan
Delegate Name: Ben Goldberg
School: Roeper School

Jordan recognizes the importance of the South China Sea dispute. We realize that this dispute is complex and involves more than seven different countries. Additionally, we understand that conflicts often arise because of China’s claims. However, Jordan believes that it is in our best interest to focus more specifically on the increasing tensions between the United States of America and China.

Tensions between the United States and China have been increasing for quite some time. This mainly stems from territorial claims by China, as well as from certain behaviors within those claims. One particular issue developed when the United States argued that the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) allowed planes and ships to have free access beyond a nineteen-kilometer territorial limit. However, China argued no ship or plane can be within their 320-kilometer economic zone without their permission. Additionally, there have been significant tensions between China and other countries in their region as well. In 2014 China stationed an oil rig in waters claimed by Vietnam. As a result, ships from both countries engaged in a small battle at sea. There are other reasons for rising tensions but it is most important we find a way to prevent a major conflict from breaking out.

Jordan believes that we can and should resolve this conflict between the United States and China peacefully. Additionally, we believe that we can resolve the issue with the other nations involved peacefully as well. We can solve this conflict peacefully through a variety of mechanisms. First, we need to address the wording in the UNCLOS that caused the initial conflict. We believe that the wording needs to be much clearer so all parties involved have the same understanding of what is being said. Additionally, we need to enhance deterrence by addressing the consequences a nation would face should they violate the rules stated in UNCLOS.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Kazakhstan
Delegate Name: Liam Chechak
School: Mattawan High School

The People’s Republic of China, Taiwan, the Philippines, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei all have competing interests Kazakhstan recognizes that China is making increasingly invasive maneuvers in the South China sea. Kazakhstan has had some experience dealing with China in the past. The Sino – Kazakhstan border was previously an issue when the region was part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, though was settled in the late 1990's when the two nations met in Almaty, Kazakhstan's capital.

The delegation from Kazakhstan hopes that the South China Sea territorial dispute can be resolved as peacefully as the border between Kazakhstan and China. It does recognize that the region, has great potential for natural gas and oil deposits, and is of great interest for nations such as China, the Philippines, Vietnam, Taiwan, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Brunei.

Kazakhstan hopes to see a resolution to the disputes in the South China Sea that centers around communication and remains in accordance with international law. The resolution should primarily focus on stabilizing the South China Sea region and settling disputes over territory, in a manner that most satisfies all those nations involved. Kazakhstan suggests the revisions of existing sea territory agreements. These agreements include but are not limited to the UNCLOS and the Code for Unalerted Encounters at Sea (CUES). In addition, Kazakhstan wishes to see the United Nations ensure that China stay within its borders. Furthermore, Kazakhstan would like to see the standards set by this committee be applied to future maritime territorial disputes.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Kenya
Delegate Name: Kyler Cousins
School: Roeper School

The issue of the South China Sea and territorial gains by multiple nations namely China, Vietnam and India has disrupted the trade and caused much tension in the region amongst all nations with any stake in the trade or land around the sea. Kenya’s own history with the issue is one of the former with both the US and China through the area. Kenya as having good trade relations with both the US and China has no strong opinions on who should get the land from a direct standpoint. However, as Kenya has had many issues in the past with territory disputes, Kenya believes that international law should be upheld and China should not be allowed to claim territory on artificially created islands on international waters used for shipping. Also, Kenya believes that any nation no matter the power or relationship should respect the borders of other nations when creating new territory within waters designated for international trade as they have no claim to that land for any cultural or other reason to have a population in that region. This issue does apply to all nations as the vast natural resources in the area, and international effort must be made to stop claims on land that is not meant for any singular nation. These tensions are affecting trade, fishing and non-national vessels in the water. This region and issue must be stabilized without military action or violence will erupt on a major global scale with the intertwined political system as it is. Thus, Kenya believes that all nations should be encouraged to remove all military vessels from the sea and continue with that area as a shipping route only (albeit with commercial fishing as well)

Kenya had issues with territory control in the cases of the Illemi Triangle and the Migingo Island. The first was a stretch of land that was taken by Kenya almost as an annexation of lands by the fact of many ethnic Kenyans living there and the second was an undiscovered island that was at first not Kenya’s but its neighbor Uganda’s. However, after re-measuring the border it was discovered that the island sat within Kenyan lands and thus is now inhabited and overseen by Kenya’s government and people.

To conclude, Kenya believes that China should not be allowed to increase its territory with the building of artificial islands in the South China Sea and pull back all military operations under the international law upheld by the United Nations. Also, Kenya believes that all military operations must be stopped by all nations in the region to refocus the area on trade only.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Kuwait
Delegate Name: Noah Alderton
School: Fishers High School

The State of Kuwait has a great deal of experience when it come to territorial disputes. In 1990, Iraq ruthlessly invaded our nation, and caused billions of dollars in damage and hundreds of lost lives. However, the international community came to our defense, and helped find a solution to this border dispute, which has been widely successful. It is in our belief that we as the international community will need to act in similar manner to find a consensual solution to this dispute. In 1982, our nations came together to find a permanent solution to territorial disputes on the seas with the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seas. The vast majority of our nations approved of the provisions enlisted in UNCLOS III, however in practice many nations are not following this agreement. This lack of adherence to UNCLOS is the reason the territorial dispute in the South China exists.

The State of Kuwait highly encourages that the nations involved in this dispute, adhere to the guidelines enlisted in the UNCLOS. These guidelines were put into place because most nations agreed that they were fair, including all nations in the South China Sea dispute. Under UNCLOS, nations are allowed to establish 200 nautical-mile economic exclusion zones. However these zone do not not give states the authority annex islands, construct man-made islands, or rule low-tide elevation. The purpose of economic exclusion zones is to allow nations to exclusively exploit the marine resources found within those defined borders. However, due to this blatant lack cooperation of the rules set up in UNCLOS, a more drastic solution is necessary to prevent future disputes within this region. It is evident that dividing up the islands among the nations would be an unsatisfactory result as no nation would be completely satisfied. Preventing the nations from expanding their military presence within the South China Sea should be the ultimate goal of this committee. If we were to simply divide the islands, the nations involved would still build up a military presence in this region, which could escalate the tensions between the nations, even more so than occurring now.

One of the most effective means the United Nations has used to solve border disputes are demilitarization zones. This method was quite effective along the Iraqi-Kuwaiti border following the Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait. Since its establishment, the border between Iraq and Kuwait has been fairly peaceful. This has also been the case the DMZ that is located along the North and South Korean borders. Since its creation in 1953, there have been relatively few instances where the peace has been broken along the border. Applying these precedents to the South China Sea, the State of Kuwait believe that it would be in the best interest of all parties involved to establish a DMZ within the South China Sea. This proposal would require that all involved nations involved remove their respective military establishments from islands located within the South China. In order to enforce this DMZ, the State of Kuwait would furthermore support the creation of another U.N. mission by the title of United Nations South China Sea Observation (UNSCSO). The purpose of this mission would to ensure that all military installments within the South China Sea are removed in a timely manner. By removing military installations in the South China Sea, the tensions of the area should de-escalate. Also, the creation of a DMZ would rinder any disputed territorial claims in the South China invalid as the islands in the South China Sea would be considered terra nullius. By making no nation sovereign over the isalnds in the South China Sea, the tensions within the region should de-escalate.

Works Cited

"An American Warship Sails through Disputed Waters in the South China Sea." The Economist. The Economist Newspaper Limited, 27 Oct. 2015. Web. 29 Oct. 2015.

Association of Southeast Asian. DECLARATION ON THE CONDUCT OF PARTIES IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA. The ASEAN Secretariat, 4 Nov. 2002. Web. 29 Oct. 2015.

McKirdy, Euan, and Katie Hunt. "Showdown in the South China Sea: How Did We Get Here?" CNN. Turner Broadcasting System, Inc, 28 Oct. 2015. Web. 29 Oct. 2015.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Libya
Delegate Name: Tristen Mabin
School: Mattawan High School

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya has experience with disputes with Territory. There is conflicts with the area in the North Africa that have to do with territory. Libya is also next to the Mediterranean sea. This body of water is shared with nearly fourteen different countries. With the conflict over the sea, there is already a law that the UN had set out Libya believes that that should be maintained and that action should be taken upon the countries who are violating the law. The Law of the Sea has been around for more than a decade. The UNCLOS has been signed by all of the conflicting nations except Taiwan. Libya Believes that the UN Should not change the Law of the Sea, but enforce it in these nations.

The United nations on the Law of the Sea was signed in 1994 by the majority of the countries. One hundred sixty two countries had signed and ratified the UNCLOS. Many countries, not just the ones fighting about the South China Sea. There has been feuds in this sea that were accompanied by militaristic means. The sea is beneficial to the economy of many countries as well. It contains oil and natural gas reserves, along with fish.

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya would like to know the reason the countries are violating the law that has helped settle disputes about the international waters before. Libya hopes that an agreement can be settled between the disputing countries without and violence.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Lithuania
Delegate Name: Emilio Ramos
School: Instituto Educativo Olinca

Good morning honorable chair and delegates,

The southern sea of China–not so long ago known primarily as a rich fishing ground—have turned into an international flashpoint as Chinese leaders insist with increasing truculence that the islands, rocks, and reefs have been, in the words of Premier Wen Jiabao,“China’s historical territory since ancient times.”

On September 4, 2012, China’s foreign minister, Yang Jiechi, told US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton that there is “plenty of historical and jurisprudence evidence to show that China has sovereignty over the islands in the South China Sea and the adjacent waters.” More importantly, in its territorial disputes with neighboring India, Burma, and Vietnam, Beijing always took the position that its land boundaries were never defined, demarcated, and delimited. But now, when it comes to islands, shoals, and reefs in the South China Sea, Beijing claims otherwise. In other words, China’s claim that its land boundaries were historically never defined and delimited stands in sharp contrast with the stance that China’s maritime boundaries were always clearly defined and delimited.

Lithuania is willing to cooperate with other European countries to make sure that China doesn’t take away all the resources and to defined the nation’s boundaries fairly. Also, Lithuania would like to invite Taiwan, the Philippines, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei, to work with other countries to find a viable solution in order to solve this world wide conflict just before it becomes a bigger problem.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Nepal
Delegate Name: Pearl Chapman
School: Forest Hills Eastern High School

The waters of the South China Sea have been historically used by several different nations, but in the last few decades, the deposits of natural gas and the sheer quantity of crude oil that flows through the area have given newfound importance to the right to the territory. Additionally, the right to use exclusive economic zones (EEZs) for military purposes has also brought the issue to a higher level of risk of military conflict. Landlocked between India and China, the Federal Democratic of Nepal does not have the interest in or right to personally control any part of the South China Sea. However, Nepal does have interest in maintaining peaceful relations with its neighbors and encouraging similar relations between other countries.

Nepal is a supporter of respect of other members of the international community, as outlined in its new constitution. In previous years, Nepal has supported the creation of legislation and organizations designed to enhance bilateral and multilateral cooperation, noted in its historical and current support of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, a set of ideals established to maintain respect and harmony between India and China. Specifically in the realm of maritime law, Nepal previously supported and ratified the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and is open to further proposals for additions or other related resolutions created to encourage a decrease in tension.

It is recommended that the United Nations facilitate change in international law or in the political attitudes of disputing countries, considering the current risk of escalation is too high. The solution to this conflict is in potential legal reform and an effective resolution, not violence. No stance is taken by Nepal on specific ownership of the territory of the South China Sea; it is Nepal’s objective to assist in agreement in the interest of concord rather than defend specific claims. Nepal urges all members of the international community to prioritize peace and champion communication.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: New Zealand
Delegate Name: Alexia Zolenski
School: Forest Hills Eastern High School

Prolonged conflict has arisen from the territorial dispute in the South China Sea, and has caused great burden to those involved. Many countries have asserted various aggressive, coercive claims on the region, and as a result, dissension between countries has emerged as a prominent issue. Currently, Chinese military operations have claimed and established control over the islands in the region, including the Paracel Islands and the Spratly Islands. Other countries with affirmations on said islands include Vietnam, Malaysia, Taiwan, and the Philippines. Ships carrying over 40% of world trade have been harassed by China in order to expand sovereignty. This issue is important to address due to the increased danger of military conflict and violations of international laws, specifically infringement upon UNCLOS III. In 1994, the UNCLOS III introduced limits on sea territories. It states that, “every State has the right to establish the breadth of its territorial sea up to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles, measured from baselines determined in accordance with this Convention.” It also asserts that, “subject to this Convention, ships of all States, whether coastal or land-locked, enjoy the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea.” China explicitly has outreached these boundaries. They have unjustly claimed territory within the 200 mile economic boundary and have attacked trade ships in the region. They have claimed hundreds of miles outside this restriction as well. To many countries, including New Zealand, this assertion of overwhelming and inhibiting power has overtaken its reasonable boundaries. Previously, New Zealand has maintained a neutral position, but lately, the nation has taken a stronger stance.

In this respect, New Zealand recognizes the need for the United Nations to keep peace and act in a manner of utmost equanimity, which is further exhibited in New Zealand’s adoption of the New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms Control Act of 1987. As a small country, New Zealand has always had an interest in resolutions based on set rules and composure in situations of dispute. This is exemplified by New Zealand’s contribution of a provincial reconstruction team of 140 and members of its special air service towards combatting terrorism in Afghanistan in the aftermath of the 9/11 attack on the United States. The main goals of this excursion were to patrol and ensure security, provide aid to the UN, and train the Afghan army, all of which provide peace within a shambled nation. In addition, New Zealand has provided a plethora of its own police towards reforming, restructuring, and rebuilding local police forces in many other nations, including riot control in Tonga in 2006 and the Solomon Islands in 2003. From 1989 to 1990, New Zealand helped train local police and destroy weapons in Namibia. Furthermore, New Zealand has been involved in many peacekeeping committees in the UN, including UNCMAC and ISAF. The foresaid peacekeeping operations set a precedent for how New Zealand would like to handle the current problem.

In conclusion, New Zealand would like to propose a four part resolution regarding the above issues. Initially, this resolution was made in a statement by New Zealand’s Foreign Minister McCully to parliament’s Foreign Affairs select committee. With peaceful relations in mind, the country “does not take a position on the sovereignty claims involved”. In this neutral, harmonious stance it “urges all parties to exercise restraint and to avoid actions that might inflame the situation” and encourages “all parties to resolve issues peacefully in accordance with international law”. Lastly, to incorporate political ideals, it also “encourages the development and conclusion of an ASEAN-China Code of Conduct.” This code of conduct would not only reinforce the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea but would establish an official set of rules pertaining to responsibilities and general practices of the involved parties. Therefore, with conviction, New Zealand urges the proposition of a peaceful and practical solution to the aforementioned crucible.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Nigeria
Delegate Name: Abigail Choffel
School: Grand Rapids City High School

The Federal Republic of Nigeria appeals to the international community to adhere to any and all relevant treaties when it comes to the territorial dispute within the South China Sea. As a party to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Nigeria recognizes the importance of Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) as it relates to the procurement of resources for economic benefit. We recognize and understand both sides of the dispute and wish to work out an agreement between our conflicting allies. Furthermore Nigeria stands in strong belief that all parties within the conflict must be brought to the table, such as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, Malaysia, Taiwan, Republic of the Philippines, and Brunei Darussalam. We stand firm that this dispute can be solved peacefully.

To solve conflict we must understand all sides of the issue. Nigeria recognizes that the People’s Republic of China does have somewhat of a legitimate historical claim. China claimed this area in back in 1947, justifying that Chinese fishermen held the Spratlys and Paracels more than 2,000 years ago and the islands are still rightfully China’s. These two islands lie roughly in the center of the South China Sea, and if China were to have ownership over them they would be granted Economic Exclusive Zone which infers key rights within 200 nautical miles of the coastline, including exclusive access to energy exploration. However, Taiwan also claims the same area because it was the Nationalist government of China, which later was expelled from mainland China and became Taiwan’s government, who announced this claim in 1947. Vietnam has also appealed to history, pointing to its rule of the islands in the 17th century. The Philippines argues geographical proximity; Malaysia and Brunei also claim parts of the sea that they say fall within their Economic Exclusion Zones. It is clear that there are many conflicting claims, all with some level of legitimacy.

The question arises, what can be done to solve this dispute? Nigeria believes that the main focus of the General Assembly Fourth Committee must be on deescalating the conflict already present in the South China Sea. Any resolution that is formed must comply with United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Nigeria recognizes the importance that resources play within this conflict and propose an agreement similar to one reached by Malaysia and Thailand in 1979. When a boundary dispute existed between these two nations in the Gulf of Thailand they were able to join hands to explore oil and gas in a 7,250 square kilometre area in the disputed gulf. The agreement has worked well. The Joint Development Authority that manages the exploration had by the end of 2007 discovered approximately 8.5 trillion standard cubic feet of gas reserves from 22 fields in the area. Nigeria proposes that a similar agreement be reached, one that satisfies all parties and results in a great distribution of resources.

The territorial dispute in the South China Sea is exceedingly complex. Nigeria believes that all nations within the conflict have some level of legitimacy to their claim and therefore their voices must be heard within any negotiations. Above all, however, the Federal Republic of Nigeria stands firm on the idea that the international community must to adhere to any and all relevant treaties when it comes to the territorial dispute within the South China Sea. A lawful resolution must be reached.

Works Cited

BBC Asia. (2015, October 14). BBC News. Retrieved from Q&A: South China Sea dispute: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-13748349

Beauchamp, Z. (2015, October 28). Why the US sent a missile destroyer into Chinese-claimed waters. Retrieved from Vox: http://www.vox.com/2015/10/28/9627006/destroyer-south-china-sea

Bonnie S. Glaser. (2012, April). Armed Clash in the South China Sea. Retrieved from Council on Foreign Relations: http://www.cfr.org/world/armed-clash-south-china-sea/p27883

Lee, K. (2015, March 13). China is on a crazy mission to build artificial islands. What the hell is it up to? Retrieved from Vox: http://www.vox.com/2015/3/13/8203713/south-china-sea-explained

Meierding, E. (2015, May 24). The real reason tensions are rising in the South China Sea. Retrieved from Vox: http://www.vox.com/2015/5/24/8646571/the-real-reason-tensions-are-rising-in-the-south-china-sea

Muzaffar, C. (2012, July 4). How to resolve conflicts in the South China Sea. Retrieved from Aljazeera: http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/07/201273124725247147.html

United Nations General Assembly. (2014, February 24). Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 29 December 2014. Retrieved from United Nations: http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/69/245

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: North Korea
Delegate Name: Brandon Buxton
School: Mattawan High School

In any discussion of territorial sovereignty, The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea feels that the proper and current use of the disputed land must be taken into account, along with the order in which the disputing nations laid claim to the territory.

For centuries, The People’s Republic of China, our strong ally, has laid sovereign and valid claim to the South China Sea. Since before 1974, The People’s Republic has laid claim to the Paracel Islands. After 1974, China then gained complete control of these essential islands. In addition, much of the South China Sea was given to them by Japan as part of their surrender terms after World War II. This entirely predates the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, and therefore these islands and sea claims should be recognized as the territory of the People’s Republic of China.

The People’s Republic of China is also taking most advantage of these lands. As a leader in world economic development, China is beginning to exploit the vast quantity of oil and natural gas that lies under their territory in the South China Sea. This has led to the creation of new permanent structures and islands, including oil rigs, which is well within their right as the sovereign nation controlling these waters. The People’s Republic of China should be applauded and lauded for their continued commitment to worldwide economic development, not attacked by countries that wish to lay claim to territory that never was and never shall be theirs.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Norway
Delegate Name: Genevieve Sypien
School: Forest Hills Eastern High School

Starting in the early 17th century until 1982, the waters of the world were ruled by the idea of the freedom of the seas doctrine which limited a nation’s rights and jurisdiction over the oceans surrounding it to a narrow strip of water traditionally 3 miles wide. But nearing the turn of the 21st century it became clear to the world community that this policy would no longer work well due to the rising interest in the wide range of resources in and under the seas caused many countries to claim much wider aquatic territories. By the time of the adoption of the agreement of of third United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea which started in 1973 and ended nine years later in 1982, some countries had claimed as much as 200 nautical miles (claimed by a major group of 8 states) but most, 66 countries, had claimed territories that spanned about 12 miles from their shore. This became the basis for the UNCLOS limits which state that any of the signers of the agreement have the right to enforce any laws and use any resources within a 12 mile perimeter of their coast, while still retaining that naval and merchant vessels of other states have the right of “innocent passage” allowing them to pass through another country's waters as long as they do not endanger or break the laws of said country. The issue at hand is that China has disregarded the limits set forth by the UNCLOS and has claimed all the territory inside what has been referred to as the 9 dash line which extends into the 12 mile range of its neighboring countries. This is of consequence to the rest of this body whether our territories are disputed or not because these territorial disputes hinder trade through this area which is a benefit to the world economy.

Norway has dealt with a similar situation when the 40 year long boundary disputes between Norway and Russia in the Barents Sea came to an end with the reaching of a delimitation agreement in 2010. This treaty was found by starting at the border of each country's territorial boundary according to the UNCLOS and meeting in the middle roughly 200 nautical miles from each boarder. As a country that both is also a part of the UNCLOS and has dealt with an issue of a similar nature, Norway will be an example and mediator in any Negotiation. Norway takes the position that the dispute in the South China Sea should be solved first according to the international laws according to UNCLOS and then through a legal agreement reached through negotiation with the aim of benefiting all involved parties economically.

Norway would first of all suggest that the world community and the UN urge China to honor its word, as it ratified the UNCLOS in 1996, and follow the international laws that dictated territorial boundaries in the Oceans. Second Norway would suggest the UN Urge China as well as the other involved parties (Taiwan, the Philippines, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei) to sit down for negotiations with the aims of reaching a delimitation agreement that will benefit all economically by increasing trade, because this increase in free trade will boost not only the markets in that region of the world but the world economy as a whole. Norway would like to see our country take a role as a mediator in this issue due to previous experience. As an active member of the World Community, world economy, UNCLOS, and United Nations, Norway looks forward to offering its assistance in resolving the territorial disputes in the South China Sea.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Pakistan
Delegate Name: Samuel Thorpe
School: Grand Rapids City High School

The Islamic Republic of Pakistan is very interested in disputes in the South China Sea. Pakistan has been involved in territorial disputes since our independence from India. The Pakistani delegation does not believe that the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), provides enough foundation for mediation between contesting nations and handling sea claims correctly. The Pakistani delegation finds that the document does provide solid regulations to handle sea claims in the event of a dispute, but not in the event of a national sovereignty dispute. The Pakistan does not believe that the disputes in the South China Sea can be solved unless there is more regulation than just moral pressure to ensure compliance with a conciliation commission. Pakistan believes that territorial claims should be supported on a historical and population basis, like our claims to Jammu and Kashmir, among others. Pakistan believes that the territorial disputes in the South China Sea should be investigated on a historical and population basis by a third party, resulting in a binding settlement, not a moral obligation.

Pakistan believes that the best way to solve territorial disputes is through a disinterested third party with specific guidelines for determining which nation rightfully controls that territory. Trade and security of the region should also be considered, and territory should be controlled by the country, or countries that can protect and enforce law in the waters the best. Pakistan believes that China is the best country to protect the waters in the South China Sea, and has the best claim to the territory as well. Pakistan believes that a settlement of this sort cannot be achieved without some change to the UNCLOS.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Palestine
Delegate Name: Lauren Nguyen
School: Forest Hills Eastern High School

The South China Sea has been in dispute for a prolonged period of time arising in the 1940s when China issued a map claiming the Paracel and Spratly Islands; however, the claims by China were competing with Taiwan, the Philippines, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei who also claimed the islands. Furthermore, in this region, about 40% of cargo ships have been harassed by China in the interest of sovereignty over the area. This violates UNCLOS, the UN Convention of the Law of the Sea, which states, “ships of all states, whether coastal or landlocked, enjoy the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea.” UNCLOS, established to lay out the the definitions and limitations of state's influence over surrounding water, also states that a country has the right of twelve nautical miles of sea stretching from its baseline. China has deliberately violated those boundaries.

Although Palestine hasn’t made a formal statement on the territorial disputes in the South China Sea, we are empathetic towards China’s competing states: Taiwan, the Philippines, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei. Similarly to how these states are being antagonized and harassed by China, Israel is doing the same to Palestine as they are taking the Gaza Strip and other territories from us. Moreover, we have signed a formal confirmation and recognized UNCLOS since 2 January 2015, thus support the aspects of China’s competing states.

In order to de-escalate the situation in the South China Sea and promote a peaceful resolution, we as states must abide to UNCLOS’s laws and regulations regarding limitations on the world’s oceans. It is our duty as states of the United Nations to regulate the surrounding waters and respectively stay out of other’s territory. Another step is to rightfully give back the territory taken by China–just as Israel should respect the sovereign state of Palestine–to gain peace once again between the surrounding states in the South China Sea.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Panama
Delegate Name: Dana Pierangeli
School: Forest Hills Eastern High School

The South China Sea has been a topic of controversy for the countries surrounding it such as China, Taiwan, the Philippines, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei, who all have varying claims on the sea. In 1974, China captured the Paracel Islands from Vietnam and killed 70 Vietnamese troops. Since then there have been multiple incidents involving the countries near the South China Sea, including one in 1988 near the Spratlys, and again in 2012. The territory in question contains the Paracel Islands, the Spratly Island, a prodigious amount of oil drilling possibilities, and provides a convenient trade route for all nations. The Vietnamese and Chinese have been fighting over oil rigs since May of 2014. Oil that is being transported through the Malacca Strait from the Indian Ocean and through the South China Sea to East Asia is fifteen times the amount that is transported through the Panama Canal. Countries like the United States and New Zealand do not support China’s claim and prefer the sea to be considered international waters. Other countries, like Singapore, have taken a neutral stance on this topic. As of now, the United Nations does not recognize the South China Sea being under the jurisdiction of any specific country, however there is still conflict that needs to be resolved in a peaceful manner. Though our country is miles away, any restriction on trade and jurisdiction impacts us as well. All countries are impacted when there is conflict in the world. We want to come to a conclusion that peaceably settles the matter, while still upholding the law.

Panama recognizes the conflict and the countries involved. Two close allies of Panama, Taiwan and the United States, have conflicting interests on this topic. Taiwan is at odds with China over the Sea, while the United States does not support anyone's claims. This makes it hard for us to choose sides. However, the law must be upheld, and the Law of the Sea, in UNCLOS III, clearly states that countries can only claim 12 nautical miles as their territory. China, however, has claimed an area hundreds of miles south and east from its most southerly province of Hainan, defined by the "nine-dash line." This is an obvious violation of the Law of the Sea, which Panama has ratified and supports. Because trade through the Panama Canal plays an important role in our economy, we support free passage through all seas, and unrestricted trade throughout the world. Therefore, we do not believe any country should have jurisdiction over the sea. Our country maybe be far from the conflict, but the principles stated in UNCLOS are important to our country and our people.

The battle for the South China Sea has developed over the course of many years and at this point it is time to come to a conclusion. Though countries are technically allowed to claim 12 nautical mile of sea, we believe that since so many countries are in conflict over that area, that the sea should remain a neutral territory for all to trade with. We propose that China give up its claim to the South China Sea and make the waters international. There will be no trade restrictions and no navy sabotage between countries. This way, there are no conflicts over territory and all countries can enjoy free access to the resources and sea.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Philippines
Delegate Name: Spencer Cassetta
School: Forest Hills Central High School

Recently, artificial islands made and armed (heavily) by China have sailed into territory in the South China Sea belonging to small island nations. China has done this to challenge the territory of other nations with intent to claim untapped oil preserves in which these nations could not reach with their own technology. China's bold move was unjustified and violates previous UN treaties .

Soon after the event of China's invasion my country, the Philippines, filed a case against china accusing them of invading sea territory that does not belong to China. Philippines v. China is a pending arbitration case concerning the legality of China's "nine-dotted line" claim over the South China Sea under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). China is crossing into sea territories belonging to the nation of philippines as well as other sovereign nations. Even though China controls the world's economy and sanctions would be global economy suicide we still think China's actions should be in no way tolerated. We are willing to compromise with China but invading another nation's territory will be in no way tolerated.

The United States have recently backed my nation, the Philippines, in efforts to raise global awareness of the issue and seek results from the case under investigation. We must not let China control the South China Sea. This would result in China controlling all trade in the South China sea and could possibly result in taxes on imports and exports going through the area which would hinder the growth of ALL developing nations.

This issue affects all nations small and large. This is not a power struggle in the South China Sea, this is an opportunity to enforce world order when a large super power contests it. We must not stop China because they are invading small island nations, we must stop them because if we don't The UN will lose legitimacy and more super power nations will contest law. Soon the UN will dissolve and Empires made from the world forces such as Russia and China will emerge leading to alliances which would result in a third world war.

Fate is in our hands. By our hands I don't mean the population of Philippines, nor do I mean Government Officials of China. By our hands I mean the hands of the United Nations. When world order is questioned the UN should check the power of the world force putting its laws into question. We shall not let China get away with their crimes. They must be dealt with.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Poland
Delegate Name: Hope Swanson
School: Forest Hills Eastern High School

Dating back to the Xia and Han dynasties the South China Sea has been fought over and taken in harsh manners. Between China, Taiwan, the Philippines, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei, China is the most ruthless and greedy country out of all of them. China has “claimed” almost 34of the South China Sea by force and has no intentions of giving any of it back. In the past ships have been stopped, harassed and even set up military vessels around reefs. The South China Sea is home to many large shipping routes and even oil and natural gas reserves. On December 10th 1982, Poland, China, 157 Signatories and 167 Parties sign the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea or UNCLOS. UNCLOS defines the rights and responsibilities that every nation signs agrees to, it respects towards their use of the world’s oceans, it establishes guidelines for businesses, the environment like reefs and even marine wildlife, and the management of marine resources like oil and natural gases. In the Final Act it states that the signer agrees to navigational rights of ships and aircraft, limits on the extension of national sovereignty over the oceans, environmental protection of the oceans, conservation of living resources and mining rights. Poland is located on the Baltic Sea, signing the UNCLOS Final Act is like saying we don’t want the same issues that are present in the South China Sea to happen in the Baltic Sea, Poland respects the rights of other countries and wishes them to respect theirs.

In Poland the South China Sea dispute is not a large issue but if the actions of China are mimicked by, perhaps by Lithuania or Germany, then it will become one for Poland. Poland has signed the UNCLOS Final Act and follows the rights it mentions in it. China also signed UNCLOS just like Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei but China is the only country that does not uphold their side of the deal by following the rights stated in the Final Act. By taking water that is rightfully owned by other countries, attempting to and in some cases succeeding in chasing off other boats that are fishing or looking for oil, and setting up and claiming reefs for military bases China's actions shows different intentions than those agreed to in the Final Act. China has spread its contiguous zone and taken other countries zones, explaining that it is rightfully theirs due to “historical background.” Artificial islands, or islands not made by natural means are not supposed to be used for military bases or territorial claims, China has created seven new islets in the South China Sea and it has added even more tension to what was already stacked. Poland has helped to moderate the issue over the territory by agreeing to sign the UNCLOS Final Act and follow its stated rights for the safety of all.

Since the United Nations has existed Poland has had the duty of helping in any way to achieve peace and security of its nation and the world. For the safety of all who border the South China Sea and the safety of anyone who may transport goods through the waters territorial lines need to be drawn and enforced. To ensure safety of bordering countries and the safety of everyone who goes through the waters of the South China Sea, all countries should sign the UNCLOS Final Act and adhere to it. The safety of the people is the greatest importance and it should forever stay that way.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Portugal
Delegate Name: Christopher Kelly
School: Mattawan High School

Territorial Disputes in the South China Sea between The People’s Republic of China, Taiwan, Philippines, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei have been debated for some time. The South China Sea is rich in natural gas, oil, and is home to important shipping lanes that connect much of the world to a large economical portion of Southeast Asia. Portugal strongly believes it is our job in this committee to make sure that a war doesn’t erupt over this hotbed of opportunity. It is our duty to stabilize this land and stop any malicious activity. Portugal believes that all Southeast Asian countries must respect the guidelines set by UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Portugal also believes that China must withdraw all military presence from their artificial islands. These islands are not only a violations to the surrounding nations but also to main shipping routes in the South China Sea. It would be outrageous to give all of the South China Sea’s profit to one nation. That is why Portugal believes division of the sea’s resources is necessary. The standard of sea division should be discussed and agreed upon during our committee. Portugal believes that during this committee we can bring compromise to the issue and divide portions of the South China Sea’s resources to its surrounding nations in Southeast Asia, leaving a channel of international water for other nations so that no nation in Southeast Asia can cut all trade to the ports on the South China Sea. This solution could end the threat of war in the South China Sea and bring an economic boom to the area as a whole. With this solution many trade routes can be restored and the tension in the South China Sea can be released.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Russia
Delegate Name: Henry Smith
School: Royal Oak High School

National sovereignty is paramount in this dispute. No action may be taken in this dispute without taking into consideration the wishes and nature of the states directly involved. For any involvement that does not carry with it the consent of the countries that it would affect is nothing but foreign intervention and borderline imperialism. It is not the place of foreign superpowers to tell these peoples what they must do, and when they must do it, and how they must do it.

That being established, the United Nations would be callous and heartless if it did not listen to the calls for action of the states involved in this conflict. When they ask for protection from unauthorized foreign interference, we must act. When China asks for help in preventing the unlawful and unwarranted passage of American warships through their waters, we must act. There is a gaping canyon of difference between internationally recognized and locally accepted intervention and the “Wild West” style of taking international law into a nation’s hands.

But once these conditions are met, an actual accord must take decisive action. The dispute must be resolved in a manner in which will be permanent and stable. Island must be turned over to a large and legitimate state which has the power to maintain its holdings. However, a solution must also be reached which leaves no nation “out in the cold,” a solution in which all players are recognized for their legitimate claims to the waters, islands, and economic rights of the South China Sea.

Whether by establishing talks, asserting the virtues of one claim over another, or simply preventing armed conflict in that region, the UN must do something that will help and benefit the stability of the South China Sea.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Rwanda
Delegate Name: Sophie Hogan
School: Forest Hills Eastern High School

The South China Sea, the water west of The Philippines, east of Vietnam, and north of Borneo, is filled with many uninhabited islands. China's efforts to claim parts of the South China Sea date back to the Han and Xia Dynasties. This problem has been an issue ever since. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) states rules regarding navigational rights, sea mineral rights, and waters jurisdiction. 167 UN member states have ratified the convention and another 14 have signed, but not ratified. Rwanda is a signatory to this agreement and still stands by the agreement. The sections about the 12 miles off of the coast is property of the country whose coast it is off and creating reef islands to extend that border is being violated by China.

The South China Sea contains one third of the world's shipping and is home to large oil and gas reserves. The two main sections of islands, Paracel and Spratly islands, have been occupied by the Militaries of several different states but are claimed by two different nations. China, Taiwan, The Philippines, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei are all fighting for claims of the sea and all the resources that the South China Sea has to offer. This is an issue because countries like China are not following the international laws and agreements and not respecting the property of other nations. This is causing riots and unrest in some nations along with bad blood between the navy’s and governments of the affected countries. Although Rwanda is not directly affected, we still seek to find a peaceful resolution that will resolve the tensions between the affected nations.

Rwanda believes in the idea of supporting UNCLOS and following the rules of the agreement that we signed. China must surrender the areas that are not theirs and return them to the nations whose boundaries they fall into. The rule of 12 nautical miles from the baseline must be followed and reef islands to extend the border can not be tolerated. The UNCLOS may need to be updated and adjusted concerning the status of the Sea today.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Saudi Arabia
Delegate Name: Danielle Falling
School: Forest Hills Northern High School

The South China Sea has been an area that has been claimed and utilized by a number of Nations historically, and now. The sea is used for trade routes and may contain notable amounts of natural resources, mainly oil, that add an additional desirability to the disputed areas. The desires of nations surrounding the sea claiming contrary ownerships has led to mounting conflict in the area in recent years. The necessity for peace in the waters is a given, however even with the actions of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea there is still work to be done. In recent years there has been a militarization of the multitudes of islands and shoals, which are smaller and uninhabitable areas, this is alarming and should be further addressed.

Saudi Arabia, though not having a direct play in the territories of the South China Sea, does have a large part in the oil markets. Saudi Arabia has been supplying large amounts of oil to the world and is a member of OPEC, and thus understands the role of the bountiful natural resource is often strong in any territory disputes where oil is speculated to be present. The necessity to understand that this issue is not only pertaining to the current trade routes or militarization of the territories, but rather could have, and has had, a lasting and extremely large influence on the economies of the nations directly affected, namely the Philippines, Vietnam, China, Indonesia, and Brunei. And as with any high tension economic issue as much knowledge about what is being disputed over that is possible to be known should be granted, the presumed fruitfulness of the sea may infact lead to further mismatched claims if not properly assessed.

The prospect of violence in these areas should not be tolerated and further measures to ensure nonviolence should be taken. Any actions taken of course, should respect Nation's claims validated by the an outside construct, such as the ones for Exclusive Economic Zones as addressed in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. Sovereign bodies that are claiming this land should have the right to utilize, control, and maintain the waters in which they preside. Furthermore, there Saudi Arabia maintains that there should be an organized system and clear locations of the territories soully claimed by one body that do not overlap and are recognized by all participants who could claim to have a stake in the area. Another venue for additional solutions that may be idealistic, but with the cooperation of the surrounding bodies could come to a fruitful end, is the capacity for certain sectors of claimed sea to be used by multiple entities so to avoid the high stakes game that is often played with land disputes. Saudi Arabia hopes that our committee will work together to promote peace in the South China Sea while delicately making sure to satisfy larger and smaller nations in their goals of attaining access to this area.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Serbia
Delegate Name: Emerson Byrne
School: Fishers High School

The Republic of Serbia believes in a world of free trade, unrestricted by blockades, territorial disputes, and other limiting factors. That is why China has claim to the South China Sea by in name only, and it is to remain a neutral part of international waters. China may own territory consisting of several isles located within the sea, but that does not give them claim to the body of water as a whole. The sea is a vital part of many shipping and trading routes used by many countries around the world, including France, Russia and the United States. China can not be allowed to restrict these vital veins of free trade that all nations are entitled to utilize in order to support their economic endeavors. If this is restricted, economical disparity would surely set in, in addition to certain nations who are heavily dependent on importing foreign products not being able to receive the necessary materials to survive. Further more, The Serbian Republic has strong ties to many countries who frequently use these integral trading routes, and will not allow its allies to be restricted from doing business in the way they see fit. However, if China still remains opposed to this, there is a possible course of action the nation can take. If countries do pass through China’s territory within the South China Sea, China could propose a tax upon the passing ships. This way, China is compensated for graciously allowing cargo to be shipped through the area and the nations that require the use of this passage way are able to continue their economic activity. This would not apply to military vessels, however. If a country deems it is necessary to establish a military presence in the historically unstable region of the South China Sea, China should not be allowed to interfere with the military operations being conducted unless it directly interferes with China’s own internal affairs. It is also recommended that China stay out of the territorial disputes of the South China Sea between the nations of the Philippines, Taiwan, Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei. This is to reduce further conflict between the nations, as the area is already filled with tension and divided enough. Furthermore, construction of artificial islands are not a recognized claim to the territory within the sea, and China should be discouraged from doing this as an attempt to take claim to the resources that lie there. If territorial disputes should continue, the offending country shall have action taken against it to rectify the problem, with the appropriate response as decided by the members of the UN and by the severity of the infraction. This could even include utilizing military force if deemed necessary. Serbia recognizes the significance of the disputed territory of the sea, and hopes that all nations are able to set aside previous disputes and ultimately reach an effective and fair resolution that will properly represent all affected nations of the problem. The republic would like to see this as an end result, and sincerely hopes that this proposition can be accepted and adopted by all nations involved.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Somalia
Delegate Name: Aaron Cyril John
School: Forest Hills Eastern High School

The South China Sea has been a hot topic in territorial disputes for surrounding countries. Countries such as China, Taiwan, the Philippine Islands, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei have been fighting over land in that sea, especially the two largest island chains, the Paracel and Spratly islands. Each country claims to have the rights to these two islands and most of these countries have deployed military presence to back their claims. The countries also have different rationales for their claims and most of them contradict. The China and Vietnam are two major countries that are in few hot discussions short of skirmishes that could endanger lives. All these countries have signed The UN convention on the Law of the Sea which states that a nation has sole ownership of natural resources within 200 miles of their borders, which are defined as Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ). Also, China is building an offshore oil rig that would make the Paracel and Spratly part of its EEZ.The United Nations has only recently stepped in to deescalate the situation as they were unsure of their right to do so earlier, much to China's distaste. It is imperative that the UN assert their authority in judging the fate of the South China Sea. It is also important that the UN does not move to validate the rational claims of any country, but to ensure that proper procedure and the law of the sea be followed.

Since the heated situation is occurring in the South China Sea, which is approximately 4500 miles away from Somalia, Somalia has no direct connection to it. Somalia has not directly referenced the topic nor shared its position in national nor international levels. However, China is the closest ally of Somalia in all of Asia. And piracy in South China Sea has increased to the point where it dethroned Somalia as the piracy capital of the world. Other than these facts, there is no connection between Somalia and the dispute in the South China Sea.

We delegates propose that a meeting, supervised or set up by the UN, be held between the quarreling countries so that the protests and tensions between its people will decrease and a more peaceful agreement will be easier to reach. The UN should determine whether China’s artificial border (Oil Rig) should be considered in determining the fate of the South China Sea and which country can protect the Paracel and Spratly islands from piracy.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: South Africa
Delegate Name: Kelly McDonagh
School: Forest Hills Eastern High School

Hostility among China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, Vietnam, Taiwan and the Philippines continues to grow as the dispute in the South China Sea remains unresolved. The conflicts formed around the idea of who has the right to claim the South China Sea and the Paracel and Spratly islands. The UN convention on Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) is expected to assist in resolving territorial disputes, although it contains no express provisions to assist states in determining competing claims to sovereignty over land territory. Therefore, the UNCLOS is incomprehensible, and does not stipulate exactly how the sea claims should be dealt with. It is essential for the document to be amended, for it will eliminate any confusion in future instances. South Africa takes this issue seriously, because if this conflict is not resolved, the countries who are involved may take threatening actions in order to take control of the region being claimed. Although South Africa intends to stay away from being involved in this dispute, it is crucial to keep China as one of our closest allies. Roughly 9.5% of our imports come from China and roughly 15.5% of South Africa’s exports go to China, making them South Africa’s number one importer and exporter. In order to maintain a working economy, keeping a steady relationship with China is vital.

This topic has not heavily concerned South Africa directly due to our geographical location, but does indirectly affect us economically and socially. As mentioned previously, keeping a well-established relationship with China is pivotal. South Africa’s unemployment and poverty rates are among the highest in the world. Due to the struggling economy, losing a major trading partner would be incredibly devastating. Another reason why South Africa supports China in claiming the South China Sea region is because of their civil approach to this topic. China asserts that they will not classify the territorial gain as a sign of advancing power. At the Xiangshan regional defence forum in Beijing, Fan Changlong, vice-chair of China’s Central Military Commission, made a pledge that would calm the other members in this dispute. Changlong claims that the country would “never recklessly resort to the use of force, even on issues bearing on sovereignty”. This displays an act of assuring neighboring countries that China is not intending to claim the region in a harmful manner. The nation has clearly distinguished itself from the rest by soothing the other nations from Changlong’s pledge.

South Africa can also relate to territorial disputes, for we have experienced similar issues before. The South African Border War, commonly referred to as the Angolan Bush War in South Africa, was a conflict that took place from 1966 to 1989 largely in South West Africa (now Namibia) and Angola between South Africa and its allied forces. The outcome of this lengthy war left Southwest Africa in the hands of Namibia. This symbolizes South Africa’s persistent actions in order to find a resolution. The disputes in the South China Sea relates to what the Angolan Bush war consisted of. The issue our country dealt with demonstrates our knowledge and experience with territorial claims.

Alternative solutions to territorial claims include leaving the territory as a neutral region, or dividing the land and waters evenly amongst the countries that partake in this conflict. Granting territory to every country that is involved is not only complicated, but extremely risky too. South Africa suggests leaving China to claim sea and the islands as part of their territory. China exhibits their persistence and civil willingness, and realizing that this issue has existed for centuries, China believes they deserve the right to claim what is rightfully theirs. South Africa would like to see the countries create a documentation to address the problem in a professional manner that does not take away the rights of any single country. Due to China’s fair declaration of sovereignty over the territory before Malaysia, Brunei, China, Indonesia, Vietnam, Taiwan or the Philippines ever took a claim, the rights are granted to China.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: South Korea
Delegate Name: Maya Trowe
School: Forest Hills Eastern High School

The territorial dispute in the South China Sea has been a worldwide issue for decades.The fight for the body of water and the two islands chains, Paracels and the Spratly, has been a continuous issue between Philippines, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, and Vietnam. The sea is full of substantial fisheries and contain many important shipping routes. Along the shoreline there is also oil and natural gas reserves. Each of these countries believe the sea and the islands are theirs to claim. As delegates each representing a different country, it is our responsibility to create a peaceful resolution for this long lasting conflict.

South Korea plays a huge role in South China Sea Dispute. South Korea’s economy in the last decade has been dependent on their exports. Exports account for over half of the country’s GDP. Last year, China accounted for over a quarter of South Korea’s total exports. China has been assisting South Korea by shipping their exports using the South China Sea. The United States, South Korea’s long time ally, stands on the opposite spectrum as China. They fully support the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea or UNCLOS, stating the limitations, restrictions, and rights of a country within 23 miles of the sea who intend to utilize the territory. China has ratified UNCLOS. South Korea does not want to risk destroying this new partnership with China by siding with the United States, for a decline in their economy might result. South Korea is angered by the news the United States and Japan are working together on their bilateral defense treaty. The threat of the United States revoking their assistance with South Korea’s defense military is also at stake. South Korea wishes not to anger the US and Japan, both significant trading partners with Korea. The country has found itself at a crossroad, deciding whether who to side with. The Republic of Korea at this time takes a neutral position.

Many conflicts have arisen from the territorial dispute. South Korea suggests moving forward on the implementation of the Declaration of Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea, a treaty between the southeast Asian countries and China encouraging a trusting, peaceful solution to the territorial dispute of the South China Sea. This dispute is in dire need of being resolved and it is up to us as delegates to create a resolution.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Spain
Delegate Name: James Ross
School: Vicksburg High School

Spain is no stranger to maritime territories. After all, the Canary Islands are under our jurisdiction. We believe this critical issue should be resolved peacefully under the guidelines set by the United Nations Charter of the Sea. The U.N Charter of the Sea clearly states that nations have a 200 mile zone, also known as an EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone) from their coasts where they can harvest natural resources such as marine life, oil and natural gas. This region also has a plethora of resources. There are 11 billion barrels of oil and 190 trillion cubic feet of natural gas to be found in the South China Sea. No wonder roughly half a billion people live within two-hundred miles of this sea. It’s a literal ocean of opportunity. Clearly what happens here will affect those people. Furthermore, this region is also critical to world trade. 90% of Middle Eastern fossil fuel is expected to travel Asia via the South China Sea by 2035. Oil is obviously very important to global trade. If this region were to become a war zone, it not only would cause a war due to the issue, but more wars could follow due to wars over the increasingly rare oil. We hope to see a solution in which China and other nations take steps to de-militarize this region. Yet, all countries must do so willingly, as further acquisitions only serve to bring us closer to the brink of war. This issue clearly affects us all. China, Vietnam, the Philippines, and all powers need to demilitarize these areas and seek a peaceful solution to this critical conflict. Spain looks forward to working with it’s European Union allies and other countries in general to find a diplomatic way to end this essential issue.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Sri Lanka
Delegate Name: Senthuri Vasanthan
School: Forest Hills Northern High School

For decades China has been claiming sovereignty over a major part of the South China Sea, including the Paracels and Spratlys island chains. This has to lead to territorial disputes between China and other countries contesting the sovereignty. The countries involved include Vietnam, Taiwan, the Philippines, Malaysia and Brunei. Although this area is largely uninhabited, the Paracels and Spratlys island chains have resources of natural gas and oil and extracting these resources would be lucrative. This area is one of the busiest shipping routes in the world and also has abundant fishing grounds. All of these factors contribute to the reason why so many countries want to assert their sovereignty over this area. The Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka believes that the South China territorial dispute should be settled bilaterally through negotiation with the concerned parties.

China claims the largest part of their territory, the so called “Nine Dash Line” area. Eight of the Spratlys Islands are under Chinese control. The others are controlled by Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, and Taiwan. Recently, China has been constructing islands on top of reefs and claiming territorial seas around them to gain fishing and resource rights. All disagreements regarding maritime territorial disputes usually go through arbitration under UNCLOS.

The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) defines the rights and responsibilities of nations with respect to their use of the world’s oceans. Under UNCLOS, a coastal state is entitled to a territorial area not exceeding 12 nautical miles measured from its baselines. Within its territorial sea, the coastal state exercises sovereignty, including over its resources. It also grants a coastal state the right to establish a contiguous zone not extending 24 nautical miles from, the baselines. Additionally, a coastal state may establish an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) not extending more than 200 nautical miles from its baselines for the purposes of exploring natural resources.

One problem with UNCLOS, is that it is not comprehensive enough to use as a foundation for meditation of all controversies, as it does not rule on national sovereignty. It only outlines a system of territorial and economic zones. China claims sovereignty over almost the entire South China sea and bases it on “Nine Dash Line” that was published by the Chinese ministry of the interior in 1947. The map served as a basis for the declaration on China’s territorial sea made in 1958 by the Chinese government. The legal basis for the “Nine Dash Line” has been disputed by the other countries involved and under the UNCLOS treaty.

If direct discussion between the involved parties fail, there are a number of ways to attempt resolution. The involved countries should be referred to the arbitration council of the International Law of the Sea. The international court of justice can also help arbitrate. The two other options for mediation are the special arbitration tribunals and international arbitration panels.

The Philippines filed a case against China in the South China sea controversy. The arbitration court in the Netherlands has recently ruled that it has jurisdiction to hear territorial claims. China has said that it would not accept any ruling from the court. The court rejected China’s claim that the issues are about it’s territorial sovereignty.

The stability and safety of this area is of international importance to insure economic growth and avoidance of war. It is imperative that China can reach a peaceful accord with the other nations to avoid political tension and unrest. Many countries are monitoring the developments with interest, as the outcome of this case may set a precedent for how similar cases are settled.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Sudan
Delegate Name: Joshua Lohrke
School: Forest Hills Central High School

China has been in the process of making claims in the South China Sea for the past 5 or so years. The claims to the region are being enforced by the construction of artificial islands that are both for military and commercial use, as well as extending the sea territory of China as per law of the sea. This territory may contest with other claims made by nations in the region, but all these claims are debatable when the countries involved are neither enforcing them nor using the sea that is claimed by them, and China has done both to its claimed region.

Sudan believes that the claims China has over the South China Sea are valid and legally enforceable. China is the only one exploiting sea resources and territory that has been claimed by multiple countries, and seeing that they both have the power to enforce their claims and the economic reasons to do so, a “first come first serve” attitude is most appropriate when it comes to talking about the South China Sea. And as the owner of the sea territory and the islands, China should have full legal right to militarize them to any amount and to patrol the waters as they please and without restrictions.

Sudan would suggest that all claims made by China in the region to be respected and made legal fact, over the claims of other countries that have made no military or economic effort. China would be allowed to keep its claims up to the twelve mile sovereignty given to every nation based on international law. Nations would have to forfeit their claims to the South China Sea to China unless they can produce documentation or physical proof that they have already made progress in utilizing and controlling their claims, and if they did produce proof they would then have to split the claim with China’s, as China has also made and enforced claims.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Sweden
Delegate Name: Alexandre Plouff
School: Forest Hills Central High School

Sweden is a parliamentary democracy in the northern part of Europe. Throughout the years Sweden has been a mediator, and chooses to stand up for what it believes is right. We seek peaceful agreements to end conflict instead of armed. To this day Sweden refuses to join armed pacs. And pursues more peaceful topics such as clean energy, civil rights, and humanitarian issues.

The effect of the issue is not direct for Sweden. But its non-alignment policy pushes it to stand against China. It recognizes that China is violating international borders and is breaking international law. According to the United Nation's sea boundaries; China has violated five countries boundaries including; Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, and the Philippines. China is doing this on a personal gain for resources and presence in the area without the consent of the affected countries. According to the (nationalinterest.org) 93% of Filipinos are worried about the prospects of war in the South China Sea. And 58% viewing China as a national security threat.

What Sweden would like to be done is a peaceful resolution were China withdraws from the area and gives the land back to the respected countries. The actions taken by China are causing unneeded instability to the region. Also Sweden would look for China to respect the UNCLOS which it signed. This was an agreement that stated the international boundaries in the South China Sea. What we would like to be done with the islands that China created would be to have them turned into natural reefs. This way China leaves the respected area, and benefits the suffering reefs in the area. We would also seek to have a joint resolution between the countries that states the disputed territory, and what actions should be taken in the future to prevent conflict. Sweden recognizes that the UNCLOS is a old and possibly outdated document that could have amendments to accommodate for the needs of the current world.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Switzerland
Delegate Name: William Poltrock
School: Forest Hills Northern High School

Throughout the recent years, China has been engaging in a seemingly suspicious attempt at “expanding it’s territory” through the construction of massive islands along its Southeastern coast, in waters that initially belonged to small coastal nations which border China, such as Viet Nam. These actions have thus been causing disputes over the South China Sea area, as China refuses to stop its operations, causing these coastal countries to feel threatened and encroached upon, as well as feeling as though their sovereignty has been compromised. On May 28th, 2014, a Chinese oil vessel rammed into a Vietnamese fishing boat in the disputed territory, which thus initiated a series of accusations launched between China and several coastal countries, with the Vietnamese believing the act to have been an intentional act of hostility. This hostility, in turn, has prompted China to illegally expand its territory in an even more aggressive manner, and has prompted numerous outcries not only from the neighboring coastal countries in the South China sea, but also prompts urges from the SPECPOL to follow maritime laws in order to reduce the probability of open conflict occurring as a result, but to no avail. The tensions continue, and the UN continues to criticize China’s actions, which clearly violate maritime law.

Switzerland, which is renowned for its neutrality on foreign matters, has opted to offer mediation to the South China dispute. Didier Burkhalter, the a foreign minister of Switzerland, has expressed the nation’s desire to mediate the dispute in an interview with Swissinfo.ch, in order to reach a common ground between China and the United Nations. Burkhalter said “While Switzerland is not a maritime power, it is a mediation power. As an impartial and credible actor, Switzerland facilitates dialogue reand builds bridges in many conflicts. It is home to Geneva, Europe’s hub for peace where numerous international talks to resolve differences and prevent or resolve conflict have taken place. Moreover, Switzerland is an economic power. We have a strong interest in regional stability and safe shipping routes in the Asia Pacific. While Asia’s security challenges are for Asians to resolve, Switzerland stands ready to facilitate whenever its assistance should be requested. Concerns about unilateral actions in the South China Sea have been growing lately. However, tensions have not yet reached levels where efforts to strengthen cooperative security would seem futile. Now is the time to act. Now is the time to reassure. The multilateral schemes that have been created in the region in past years provide a basis to build upon.”

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Syria
Delegate Name: Elliot Hoogerland
School: Forest Hills Eastern High School

The unlawful seizure of territory in the South China Sea by The People’s Republic of China could set a precedent for the same in other parts of the world and in turn create petty conflict over land rights. Aside from the rising anxiety caused by harassment of vessels crossing through the disputed region the planned terraforming would cause the disruption and destruction of coral reef habitats in the area. For the safety of the international community and the maintaining of the natural wonders of the area in question resolving this issue peacefully and quickly is imperative.

The People’s Republic of China should not be allowed to claim extended territory in the South China Sea in order to prevent conflict between the regional involvees. Sectarian conflict is ugly, expensive both economically and morally. It should be avoided at all costs.

The best way to solve this issue is to disallow the ownership of the area in general. This will allow flow of movement through the region and safekeep the life beneath the waves, keeping conflict out of the area and making it a nautical wonderland near China, under the sea. In the water, by China and other Asian countries. Like Korea. Also don't forget about the Philippines. This is interesting as a topic for the Great Lakes Invitational Model United Nations Conference.

Japan is relatively near the South China Sea. This topic has to do with territory and trade. Those are important topics.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Togo
Delegate Name: Sean Tarr
School: Royal Oak High School

The territorial disputes within the South China Sea are ones that are of great importance to cover. Lives are at stake and, without proper actions being taken, they may be lost unnecessarily. The Togolese Republic would like to see this situation dealt with in such a manner that peace and stability is brought and held throughout the region. We, as a committee, must be working together as to put a halt to these inconsistent claims that are leading to discrepancies and conflict.

To come about with a peaceful solution to the problems at hand, we must address the actions that are instigating potential conflict. The creation of artificial islands is unnecessary, only fuelling the tensions that are being developed. These artificial islands within the South China Sea are being built as a weak attempt at staking a claim to the territories desired by China, despite them creating no legitimate claim to thee area.. This must be stopped or future conflicts will become more and more likely. Along with these islands being created, there are huge inconsistencies with the land claims within the region. For this region to be secured, there must be discussions and compromises made with the nations involved.

The Togolese Republic believes that the established terms within the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea should be held and followed. This includes the twelve mile sovereignty radius given to nations, but also restricts them to this limit. Nations should not be overstepping and ignoring the rulings that have already been established.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Trinidad and Tobago
Delegate Name: Norah Fanning
School: Forest Hills Northern High School

Like most of the other countries represented in this delegation, Trinidad and Tobago is a peace-loving and peace-seeking country, As the third richest country by GDP (PPP) per capita in the Americas after the United States and Canada, we look forward to working closely with these countries to ensure that the economic investments of the Americas as whole are protected in this area. Also, as an important partner of the US, Trinidad and Tobago seeks to protect any US investments in the area.

The conflict in the South China Sea is obviously a dangerous one. With the exception of China, the claimants of the South China Sea have attempted to justify their claims based on their coastlines and the provisions of UNCLOS. China uses only loosely based historical rights and legal claims. An important piece to consider when dealing with ambiguous area in the sea is how this situation could be used to deal with future disputes. If any country, but the US especially, fails to uphold international law and norms could do irrevocable damage to their interests in the region and beyond.

Another important goal for Trinidad and Tobago is ensuring freedom of navigation. China continues to develop ways to inhibit foreign militaries from accessing the area. Currently, militaries must seek advance permission to sail the area, possible evidence of China’s intentions to block all navigation in the future. Trinidad and Tobago fully supports the use of U.S. military presence in the region (as do most other countries in the region) as a way to allow decision-making to be free of intimidation by other naval superpowers. Without the US providing protection, these countries that are already unstable would further destabilize in a race to build up arms to compensate for the demands of China. This being said, Trinidad and Tobago believes that the UN Laws of the Sea should be updated to the liking of all signing members so that the Laws will be more effectively followed. This should also include a more specific course of action should these laws be violated. By open communication and reasonable demands from both sides, Trinidad and Tobago is confident we can reach a better understanding.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Tunisia
Delegate Name: Hannah Stampfly
School: Williamston High School

Recently there has been a dispute over territory in the South China Sea. The South China Sea has the Paracel and Spratlys islands in it that have useful resources. resources found on the islands are oil and natural gas, and there is also a fishing route through this area. The People’s Republic of China, Vietnam, Taiwan, the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei all have claims on this area. This dispute started in 1974 when China said that the islands and the ocean areas around the islands belong to them. Since then there has been much debating over who owns this area. Vietnam says that they have ruled over the Paracel and Spratlys islands since the 17th century, and they also have documents to prove it. There have been some violent skirmishes between Vietnam and China, and stand-off between the Philippines and China.

Tunisia wishes to solve this problem because it would continue to increase trade with resources found around the Paracel and Spratlys islands. Though the islands have not been explored very much, it is known that there are reserves of oil and natural gas. Since one of Tunisia’s main exports is crude petroleum, Tunisia is interested about the oil reserves about the islands.

In the past, Tunisia solved their territorial dispute with Libya over the Gulf of Gabes by bringing it to the International Court of Justice. Tunisia was also in a border dispute with Algeria in 1993, but they resolved through negotiation. Tunisia proposes that the countries negotiate and find a peaceful solution to this dispute. It seems that China is oppressing other nations, and Tunisia wishes that this conference be used to discuss a better way of dealing with this than using violence. There are many claims in the South China Sea, and a way of seeing which ones are valid is to see which countries have proof that they own the area they are claiming. The countries who have proof should have their claims upheld. Tunisia would expect to be an ally with the U.S.A.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Turkey
Delegate Name: Charlie Buckley
School: Williamston High School

The South China Sea has been in dispute for some time now with claims on it from every which way. The two main island Chains that have historically been ruled by People's Republic of China are now being claimed by almost all of the surrounding nations as well as the water around them. Along with the islands and water comes the natural resources that are under the water. These resources include vast amounts of oil and natural gas. The most aggressive claims that are being made in the South China Sea are by the People's Republic of China. The aggressive claims made by the People's Republic of China cover almost all of the territory in the South China Sea and are supported by their long and rich history in the region. However ever since they have started to make artificial islands, things have started to get out of hand, and now China is grasping far beyond their reach for more land and resources.

The Republic of Turkey with its long and prosperous history knows all too well the pathway of stubbornness and bullheadedness that People's Republic of China and so many other countries are going down. Turkey also knows that every country can only be pushed so far before it escalates to an all out world war, the likes of which would be felt for generations on both sides. However, knowing that there is still time to learn and correct these mistakes, we would like to extend a hand of friendship to all parties involved and help find a peaceful solution to this crisis. Although Turkey is not close to the South China Sea, it does not mean that we do not see ourselves effected by it if war were to break out, so do not think of us with nothing to lose if this crisis is not worked out. Turkey would be affected by the South China Sea dispute in the event of a war between People's Republic of China and the other South China Sea nations and how it could quickly expand and engulf the world as a world war. It would also make trade more expensive if not impossible with nations around that region.

Solutions that Turkey would like to see pass quickly and without much dispute, would be that each country leaves cargo ships alone as long as they stay out of each country's respective original territory in the South China Sea. This would be to keep trade high and relations strong between nations that would otherwise be affected by the current stopping and harassing of cargo ships.Turkey would also enjoy seeing a shared economic zone instead of pure ownership over the region by any one country. Both of these could be achieved through a neutral third party naval coalition of nations that share a common interest in keeping the peace as well as keeping trade open with that part of the world. Although Turkey would also not be completely opposed to see People's Republic of China end with at least one of the two main island chains, as long as they drop their claim on there other and stop making new islands.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Turkmenistan
Delegate Name: Ben Gottlieb
School: Grand Blanc High School

The area of the South China Sea is located in the regions east of Vietnam, west of the Philippines, north of Indonesia and South of China. Historically China was the first country to make a claim to the islands in 1876. In 1887 Britain made the first modern historical claims to the islands. In the past when another country claimed the islands there was no military action to protect their claims, but now since the islands are thought to have oil reserves the possibility of military action has arose. We believe that this should be an important issue to discuss because the islands are in an important region of the world and we have to maintain stable relations with the within that region.

The expansion of China should be kept in check because that region is a large shipping area and the countries in the region must be able to have free commerce. As Turkmenistan we believe that this is a local issue and that the countries should decide for themselves what should be done about the land claims.

Turkmenistan proposes that the committee should consider that the United Nations keeps this a regional issue to be decided between the countries individually, but the islands should be kept as a ecological preservations and be kept from oil drilling. This therefore would devalue the islands because as we have seen from the past the islands have traded hands often but with little consequence. Now that there is belief that oil could be found there the islands have increased in value and created uncertainty in the region. It is the belief that the countries of the world should respect the right of national sovereignty among the countries in the region.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Ukraine
Delegate Name: Christopher Eyke
School: Williamston High School

Territorial disputes in the South China Sea have been occurring since the 1970s. The nations of China, Taiwan, Philippines, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei all have competing claims to the area. In addition to claims of the sea, different nations also have disputed claims over many islands located in the region, most notably the Paracel and Spratly island chains. Military escalation in the region is also rapidly increasing due to China’s development of artificial islands and military installations in the sea, in an attempt to expand territorial waters. However, the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), explicitly states that no artificial islands may be used to expand territorial claims, making territorial claims based off of artificial islands illegitimate. There are currently several standing agreements that address maritime disputes. A prime example is the Military Maritime Consultative Agreement (MMCA) of 1998. This agreement between the United States and China to helps create communication between the two countries. Under the agreement, annual meetings are held to address maritime safety. However, the agreement does not offer or put forth any solutions or measures to address particular problems, such as how Chinese and US vessels and aircraft should act when they encounter each other, what rules they should follow, and how they should communicate.

Ukraine understands the importance of establishing and protecting territorial boundaries belonging to a certain state. In 2014, the Russian Federation annexed the Ukrainian territory of Crimea. This illegal, illegitimate, and hostile takeover of Crimea threatens peace and stability in the region. Thus, it is imperative that the UN enforce territorial boundaries. It is incidents such as the ones in Crimea and the South China Sea that larger, more powerful nations assert their dominance over smaller ones. It is the duty of the United Nations to protect the sovereignty of all nations, large or small.

The UNCLOS treaty of 1994 is both sufficient and comprehensive enough to be used to mediate and resolve the crisis in the South China. It is also the duty of the countries involved in the dispute to abide by the regulations set forth by the treaty, of which they have all ratified. It is very important that a peaceful and comprehensive resolution be made addressing the rising military activity in the area, which poses a grave threat to commercial and private vessels, including trade ships. The MMCA treaty must be used as an example to create a more elaborate and extensive agreement between the nations involved, increasing communication while decreasing tension. Utilizing the ideas brought forth by the MMCA, it is reasonable to request the formation of an annual maritime dispute summit, in which countries may discuss current issues in the South China Sea.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: United Kingdom
Delegate Name: Ally Gilbert
School: Mattawan High School

The United Kingdom recognizes the debate over territory and jurisdiction in the South China Sea with high regards. The region, and its potential for natural gas and oil deposits, has remained as a point of conflict between nations such as China, the Philippines, Vietnam, Taiwan, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Brunei for decades. Countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom have also shown interest in air and space navigation of the region for various reasons. Although the Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) has been ratified by all nations mentioned as well as others, it does not stand as an effective agreement to control conflict in the South China Sea. The United Kingdom recognizes the tension in the South China Sea and hopes that the Special Political committee can reach an effective resolution for the problem at hand.

The United Kingdom takes interest in the South China Sea region for primarily economic interests. On a yearly basis, 4.52 trillion USD worth of United Kingdom trade passes through the South China Sea. Due to the fact that United Kingdom trade navigates through the region, freedom of navigation and overflight in the South China Sea holds importance to the United Kingdom in resolving this conflict. Additionally, Forum Energy—a United Kingdom-based company—had plans to drill for gas in the Reed Bank under contract with the Philippines, but such actions were stopped due to the disputed territory. The United Kingdom takes no position on the territorial claims of the region, but the country faces disappointment in its inability to seek its economic interests due to regional instability. Therefore, the United Kingdom views regional stability as something that must be reestablished. The country also frowns upon the attempts of some nations to build land and further their military power—the United Kingdom does not support a power-based order and believes all conflict should be resolved under international law. The United Kingdom further pursues this conflict to assure the wellbeing of its allies.

The United Kingdom wishes to see a resolution to the disputes in the South China Sea that centers around communication and remains in accordance with international law. The resolution should primarily focus on stabilizing the South China Sea region and settling disputes over territory. The United Kingdom suggests the revisions of existing sea territory agreements. These agreements include but are not limited to the UNCLOS and the Code for Unalerted Encounters at Sea (CUES). The United Kingdom would like to further establish an international court to settle specific territorial disputes in the South China Sea that uses neutral countries as a panel and mediators. The United Kingdom would like to see an improved form of communication set in place between countries—perhaps initiate a mode of direct communication between military officials and have a plan for emergency meetings should more violent conflict arise. In working to resolve this issue, the United Kingdom would be open to discussing the issue at hand with other countries who share similar views.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: United States
Delegate Name: Lauren Meadows
School: Fishers High School

The issue of territorial dispute in the South China Sea has been heavily debated over time, and China’s claim to the land is not a new development. It’s widely known that the resources in the South China Sea, like oil and natural gas reserves, can be very profitable to nations possessing ownership of these territories (Johnson). The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) opened for ratification in 1982 and put into effect in 1994. Currently, more than 150 nations have ratified the Convention, including China and the United States. However, it’s been clear through China’s actions that the ratification of the UNCLOS is not enough to keep China reigned in.

The United States firmly believes that the conflict in the South China Sea is dangerous to the geopolitical stability of the region and is deeply concerned with the escalating tensions of the situation. The US is troubled by China’s increasingly large territorial claims to land and waters in the South China Sea and their construction of artificial islands, like those near the Spratly Archipelago, which is currently claimed by Malaysia and the Philippines (Smith). Currently, the US is planning to conduct Freedom of Navigation Operations around these islands and disputed territories. China believes that they have jurisdiction over these islands, but the United States believes that, according to the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, artificial outposts are not recognized as legitimate islands (De Luce). In addition, the US believes that military operations in Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) are not prohibited by the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. China disagrees with this interpretation, and the US is worried about the possibility of Chinese military retaliation (Glaser). However, the US would like to emphasize that China has drawn its boundary lines far differently from the lines established by the UNCLOS and that these Freedom of Navigation Operations are only required because of China’s newly aggressive military and expansion tactics. In addition, US action and presence in the Asia Pacific region is essential to its own military and economic stability. The US believes that presence in the Asia-Pacific region is necessary to oversee China’s military expansion and to protect our Asia Pacific allies. Specifically, the Philippines has asked for direct assistance from the United States in protecting their claims to land from China (Gady).

The United States plans to defend its current position on the South China Sea, which is specifically outlined in its Asia-Pacific Maritime Security Strategy. While the US doesn’t take a clear position on competing lands in the South China Sea, the US does have an interest in supporting the peaceful resolution of these disputes. The United States stands by its position on safeguarding the freedom of the seas through multilateral negotiation and maintaining engagements in the region (Garamone). The US would like to see some of its European Union allies join them in this fight to protect the Asia-Pacific and navigational freedom (Brunnstrom).

Works Cited

Brunnstrom, David, and Idrees Ali. "U.S. Says Europeans Could Help More in South China Sea Dispute." Reuters. Thomson Reuters, 29 July 2015. Web. 26 Oct. 2015.

De Luce, Dan, and Paul McCleary. "In South China Sea, a Tougher US Stance." Foreign Policy. N.p., 2 Oct. 2015. Web. 26 Oct. 2015.

Gady, Franz-Stefan. "Philippines Asks for US Military Assistance in South China Sea." The Diplomat. The Diplomat, 31 Aug. 2015. Web. 26 Oct. 2015.

Garamone, Jim. "U.S. Outlines Asia-Pacific Maritime Security Strategy." U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE. N.p., 21 Aug. 2015. Web. 26 Oct. 2015.

Glaser, Bonnie S. "Armed Clash in the South China Sea." Council on Foreign Relations. Council on Foreign Relations, Apr. 2012. Web. 26 Oct. 2015.

Johnson, William. "Everything You Need to Know about the South China Sea Conflict – in under Five Minutes." Reuters. Thomson Reuters, 9 June 2015. Web. 26 Oct. 2015.

Smith, Jeff. "The US-China South China Sea Showdown." The Diplomat. The Diplomat, 21 Oct. 2015. Web. 26 Oct. 2015.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Yemen
Delegate Name: Dominic Lannon
School: East Grand Rapids High School

The dispute over the South China Sea began this past May when China built an oil rig in the Paracel islands in the South China Sea. According to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, a nation cannot take claim of sea territory less than 200 miles from another nation. China, in this situation, is breaking this law by building an oil rig 120 miles from the Vietnamese coastline. Vietnam is using China’s violation of this law to argue that China is overstepping their boundaries. China however, is arguing that because of a military victory over Vietnam in 1974 in the Battle of the Paracel Islands, they now own the Paracel Islands and this allows them 200 miles of sea territory past the Paracel islands (ic.galegroup.com).

China is an important trade partner of Yemen. The history of the area itself however, is older than Yemen as a country. The Republic of Yemen was founded in 1990 after uniting North and South Yemen, each gaining their freedom at a different time, North Yemen in 1918 from the Ottoman Empire and South Yemen in 1967 from Great Britain. The conflict in the South China Sea began in 1974 when China beat Vietnam in the Battle of the Paracel Islands.

Within the UN, Yemen is one of the less powerful countries and one of the younger ones as well. This means Yemen has not as much of a say as more powerful countries in the matter but still believes China is able to this because they won the battle against Vietnam and now they own a landmass able to sustain a population, applying the UNCLOS law and giving China power over the area and natural resources. It is important for China to get these resources as China is Yemen’s primary trade partner with 15.9% of Yemen’s imported goods from China and 28.3% of their goods going to China. (cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/)

Yemen believes that China should be allowed to use an oil rig on the Paracel Islands, as they did rightfully win the land, but not be allowed to use the UNCLOS law to expand their territory 200 miles. This uses the right to land won by war to grant China the islands and all natural resources in the islands. However, the islands aren’t big enough to sustain a large enough population to allow the UNCLOS law to take place. This allows a resolution for China to maintain its control over the islands without Vietnam losing control of their waters granted to them by the UNCLOS law.

Topic: Territorial Dispute in the South China Sea
Country: Zimbabwe
Delegate Name: Jacob Lohrke
School: Forest Hills Central High School

For a better part of the past century, The South China Sea has been a center of international disagreement, with issues in the region causing strains between the relations of involved countries, and some which dig the very roots of The Law Of The Seas. Recently, with the disagreements between China, Vietnam, and The Philippines causing armed conflict and extreme militarization of the area, particularly in the Spratly Island chain, it has become almost urgent that the United Nations step in to alleviate some of the stresses and perhaps construct some sort of law and order. Given the situation at hand, and its commitment to the Non-Aligned Movement, Zimbabwe concludes that China has a right to remain in control of their current claims.

The claim China makes to the South China Sea is valid for several reasons. First, the area has been claimed by China since long before the UNCLOS came into exist, and in the interest of national sovereignty, they should be eligible to keep those claims. Second, China controls several islands in the region, including some in the Spratly Island chain, the Paracel Island chain, and, more recently, some of its own creation. This land should already cement their claims to the region under the UNCLOS, although some countries would claim that the islands do not count for their own personal gain.

Using the above knowledge, although noting agitation of the other claimants, Zimbabwe proposes that (if it is not to create its own resolution) a resolution be presented that forms an agreeable compromise. For a good start, a possible solution could be allowing the Chinese oil rigs already constructed to remain in place and have them pay a tax for using the land, but to enforce that the sea be split up as according to the UNCLOS.