Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Afghanistan
Delegate Name: Isabel Vander Molen
School: Forest Hills Northern High School

In the modern era, most nations have stood relatively united in themselves, however, cases of secession have arisen due to a number of different variables. It’s a long arduous task nowadays to succeed from a parent nation, and certain requirements must be met in order to pass legal succession. In the past years, the following states have succeeded from their parent nations South Sudan from Sudan and Eritrea from Ethiopia

Currently, a succession in northeastern Afghanistan is happening to create a new United Badakhshan People's Republic. In 2015, the Taliban were active in trying to establish power in the Badakhshan province, which impacted China and the US. The Badakhshan province borders Tajikistan on mountainous roads and has been a site where the Taliban has begun to make small progress. So far, the secession movement has not made any great progress. The matter is not addressed on a high note. It wouldn’t be strange if the Afghan government refused the movement since the branching off of a separate state could allow terrorist opportunities during the formalities of trying to create the new state and organize the duties of the parent state.

Although information is limited on the progress of Badakhshan secession, the secession of other countries can demonstrate afghanistan's attitude and beliefs about secession. For example the involvement of afghanistan in the tajikistan secession. There are a many a thing to be said about the secession of tajikistan. However, Afghanistan has not had any recent information about the discussion about everything too.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Algeria
Delegate Name: Jimmy Braun
School: Forest Hills Eastern High School

Secession movements, which are defined as the withdrawal of a group from a larger entity, has long been the solution to tension between parties, as seen in the South Sudan secession in 2011.

The 20th century has produced numerous successful secession movements, such as Congo, Kenya, and India. The end of the second world war in 1945 spawned the secession of many prosperous states. Algeria itself gained independence after its secession from France in 1962, and has valued secession since, especially with the current conflict of the Western Sahara.

The Democratic Republic of Algeria is especially drawn to seeking the increase in recognition of secession movements because of the governing conflict of our neighboring Western Sahara. We see secession as the solution to the freedom of Western Sahara from Moroccan control, and to deliver it to the people of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. The Moroccan government has put thousands in refugee camps, and refuses to recognise the sovereign authority of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. It is important to the prevention of further loss of life that the United Nations resolve the issue by declaring the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic the governing party of Western Sahara, and recognize its borders. Conflicts such as this which are the cause of tension between nations, are what needs to be addressed by the global community.

Algeria believes that secession movements are incredibly important to the cessation of tension and hostility which is created when parties have differences of cultural, ideological, or political interests. Algeria would like the United Nations to view secession movements as a right, which should be upheld as a source of safety for peoples to escape oppression. For this reason, the United Nations must better recognize secession movements. The United Nations should also make it the responsibility of the parent states to economically aid the fragile new states until they are able to self-maintain their economy. The UN must take action whether making a secession movement valid or invalid.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Angola
Delegate Name: Tristan Harman
School: Saginaw Arts and Sciences Academy

The country of Angola is of the opinion that, in nearly every case, secession movements are illegitimate and destructive to their respective nation. If such a movement should somehow succeed, Angola believes the ‘parent’ nation is under no obligation to assist the seceded nation. Angola believes the primary issues on this subject are the lack of forethought put into secession movements, their often destructive means and ends, and the misconception that a ‘parent’ nation holds any debt or duty to a nation that has seceded from them.

In committee, Angola would like to see addressed a.) A global effort to prevent secession whenever and however necessary; b.) A global effort to reconcile seceded nations with ‘parent’ nations in an attempt to restore unity; and c.) A policy stating clearly that a ‘parent’ nation is under to obligation whatsoever to any seceded nation. Angola has proposed a plan for each issue, should the desired results take effect. These plans are detailed below.

Angola recognises secession as a destructive force that wreaks havoc on the order and efficiency necessary for a nation to function. This, combined with the lawlessness and illegitimate claims inherent in matters of secession, lead Angola to believe that such matters should be prevented entirely via recognized policies or sanctions preventing secession. However, these policies will be hard to enforce; If a group looking to secede ignores the laws of their country, why would they heed any greater power? These matters could easily be solved with force, but to kill, even when killing criminals, is barbaric, and Angola would thus propose a system of increasing political and economic pressure on any seceding nations until they see the logical reasons why secession is destabilising and counterproductive.This would serve to unify nations without the use of force.

The world cannot stand divided. Angola recognizes this, and would thus recommend an effort to reunite seceded nations with their ‘parent’ nations. This would serve to reduce strife caused by the separation of a nation and would, hopefully, prevent future secession attempts, further solidifying social and political bonds between citizens and nations. Angola would, again, recommend a system of increasing political pressure to achieve these ends, in the hopes that any nation that has illegitimately seceded will renounce this secession.

Angola would like to make its stance clear, in that, if a state should illegally secede from a nation, the nation is under no obligation, debt or duty whatsoever towards the state. To put them under any obligation would provide only a further incentive to secede, and by its very nature, secession cuts all ties with the ‘parent’ nation, lending more truth to the argument that seceding nations should get no special privileges from their original countries. Angola would like to make it clear that it does not support illegal and immoral movements referred to as secessions.

Angola is currently undergoing a secession attempt for Cabinda by the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda, and, unfortunately, all efforts at treaties put forth by Angola have been ignored or broken by these rebels.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Argentina
Delegate Name: Malana Chan
School: Mattawan High School

The Argentine Republic views secession movements as a form of action to help geopolitical borders evolve. The nation is aware that secession movements occur when a part of a state separates from a parent state due to various reasons, including holding different views. The United Nations (UN) helps countries who are involved in secession movements, but the UN is also aware that other countries who are in this situation face issues like, specifying territory, making sure stability and economic growth occur. Although peaceful conclusions can occur, these specific types of movements also result in violence between governments. This issue has gained mass attention because problems regarding currency, trade relations, oil could arise. The Argentine Republic recognizes that the seceding state and the parent state in a secession movement needs to address these problems and how to best handle it.

This issue has come to the attention of Argentina because of the conflicts that involve the economy and oil. The economy and oil problems that Argentina experiences will most likely occur throughout secession movements. In recent years the nation has experienced an economic crisis. Argentina holds a high inflation at 40 percent since June 2016, unemployment has increased and the country also contains a weak consumer demand. The Argentine Republic wants to participate in creating a solution to secession movements due to the fact that when a state secedes, it becomes difficult to stabilize the economy. Since Argentina has experience dealing with an economic crisis, the nation feels that their solutions can immensely help other countries. In regards to oil, the country is known for holding shale oil with 27 billion barrels and holds the third largest shale gas and fourth largest shale oil reserves in the world. Argentina is aware that secession conflicts often revolve around oil. Because the nation holds this resource and is aware of its importance, the country feels that their involvement in this issue is needed. Furthermore, since Argentina has these problems, these conflicts will most likely occur during secession movements, making the issues unavoidable to many nations.

Argentina wants to create a peaceful solution to resolve the issue of achieving successful secession movements, Because this issue can have a large impact on many countries, the proud nation of Argentina can recognize either sides of the issue, listen to other countries perspectives, and pinpoint a solution. Nevertheless, if certain countries economy, trade relations, or any other problems were to decrease drastically, the United Nations will surely step in and help solve this issue. The Argentine Republic has many peaceful solutions and work with other countries, like Cuba to help solve this matter. The nation feels that government officials who can represent citizens should designate a seceding state as legitimate. The officials are very educated and can represent the population, so citizens feel that their voice is heard. The nation of Argentina believes that circumstances that have a negative impact on citizens overtime should indicate that a state may secede, this also reassures that no other conflicts continue to decline. Lastly, Argentina believes that seceding states could send representatives to the parent state and neighboring countries to peacefully discuss issues; therefore, building a relationship with other nations and independently evolving as a state. All in all, the Argentine Republic feels that discussing these issues in a peaceful manner can help resolve these conflicts.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Australia
Delegate Name: Maya Baker
School: Grand Rapids City High School

Australia has a long history of involvement in the issues of secession since it was settled by the British in 1788. The Commonwealth itself became its own self-determining state in 1901, when the Federation of the Colonies was achieved. Despite having our own parliamentary system, Australia is still under the dominion of the British Empire, and are proudly ruled by Queen Elizabeth II. However, it is important to distinguish Australia from the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth Realms.

Historically there have been movements in Australia advocating for the secession of one of our states, Western Australia. This is a prime example of an inappropriate secession movement. Firstly, our constitution describes the union as “one indissoluble Federal Commonwealth” and leaves no provisions for secessions of states. Applied to the rest of the world, it is important that when dealing with secession movements in established countries, that there are constitutional provisions allowing for secession. If there are not, then it is less likely that a movement may be legitimized. Secondly, Western Australia’s reason for wanting to secede was not dire enough to justify complete separation from the Commonwealth. If a group is not being deprived of their universal human rights (expressed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948) by their government, then they have little grounds to secede. Third and lastly, secession movements should be supported by the majority of people affected by the split. These conditions were applicable during Western Australia’s attempt to divide the continent, and are applicable to most every secession movement to this day.

On to the obligations of parent states. Australia has experience on both sides of territorial status. Australia achieved self-determination and independence from the United Kingdom in 1901, but remains under the voluntary influence of Queen Elizabeth through a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy. Australia also held control over New Guinea from 1920 until 1975. The Commonwealth of Australia views self-determination very important to the strength of a nation. Australia generally supports the holding of territories by nations so long as they promote the rights of the people within said territories. Australia holds human rights of extreme importance over all other motivations, and if territories are deprived of these rights, then changes must be made promptly.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Austria
Delegate Name: Katherine Sundeen
School: Williamston High School

Austria feels that within determining the legitimacy of secession movements, it is important to look at the factors filtering into the reasoning of doing so. Parent States should be able to make an argument as to why the secession is happening, but concerns in either end must be listened to. Austria also believes that even though the secession itself is hard, there should be little interference, unless further required.

Though Austria technically hasn’t had direct experience with parent states and secessions of this sort, during the course of World War 1, Austria-Hungary experienced defeat, thus causing them to split. Austria became reliant on Germany after this, and though they were never truly one country, Germany attempted to invade Austria many times throughout the course of World War 2, and by the end of it, many Austrian citizens considered themselves Germans. Austria fought this, and now has their own government. They feel that if apart of the country can be independent and has a problem big enough to want to separate, then they should be able to do so.

Austria hopes that there will be a fair treatment of the territory wishing to separate from the parent country, as well as fair treatment of the parent country. Both sides have reasons for their opinions, and they should both be heard. Extremities should have to happen for these concerns to be legitimate, however; Austria had both of their similarities in secessions after world wars. It is important, as well, to remember that the nation, once separated, may need support, and the UN should be welcoming to the new country.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Bangladesh
Delegate Name: Evan Calderon
School: Forest Hills Northern High School

Secession is the act of withdrawing from a membership of a group or body and is currently a political issue as it is difficult to determine the legitimacy of a secession. It has been a debate about who should decide when a state has seceded and whats required for the state to be independent.

The People's Republic of Bangladesh (thereafter Bangladesh) has its own history of secession. On the 26th of March, 1971, Bangladesh gained independence with help from Pakistan after just fighting the Bangladesh liberation war. They were accepted to the United Nations in September of 1974, which can be a factor in deciding an independent nation.

Bangladesh believes that the steps to determining the legitimacy of secession should be 1). Have a secure and confident governing body in place, as well as official legislation pertaining to its sovereignty; 2). Show economic and cultural development; 3). Have borders and land recognized by the international community and 4). Be accepted in an international community such as the United Nations or European Union. A sovereign state should also contain a stable population and should be able to provide humanitarian support to those who require it. In addition, the said state should be on good standing with the international community (i.e. participating in international relations and trade).

Secession is an important factor in the creation for new countries. Bangladesh believes that there should be a set of steps to decide whether a secession is legitimate. Bangladesh also believes the deciding factor in the creation of a new state should be between the parent nation and it’s “child.” Any other situation would be an infraction against the nation's’ sovereignty.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Belgium
Delegate Name: Brandon Pham
School: Forest Hills Eastern High School

Secession movements, often inspired by historical, geographical, cultural, ideological, or political interests, have played an important role in nation-building and the evolution of geopolitical borders. In the past, secession movements generally have bred contempt within parent states for the seceding states, thus proving the importance of determining the legitimacy of these movements and the obligations that parent states face. For example, during the Civil War in the United States, the South tried to secede from the North, and it started a war that lasted for eight years and killed roughly two percent of the population. Seceding states, often met with political complications and ratifications, are faced with defining their territory, ensuring stability, and sustaining economic growth. However, parent states are not receptive to aiding seceding states. Determining the legitimacy of secession movements and obligations of parent states is an important topic for the Special Political and Decolonization Committee to discuss because secession movements have historically used socio political uprisings or civil warfare to achieve their ends, and even if secession is achieved by peaceful means, conflict can later break out between the government of the two states. This is a paramount topic for both parent states and seceding states to consider, to decide who designates a seceding state as legitimate, and what circumstances must arise for a state to secede.

The Kingdom of Belgium has had a long history of secession since its independence from the Netherlands in 1830. The secession started because the Catholics objected against the interference of the protestant king in clerical matters, and the Liberals demanded more freedom. In 1828, Catholics and Liberals drew up a concerted program of demands. After a series of incidents, the revolution erupted in Brussels in 1830. William I sent in his troops, but they were expelled on September 27th, 1830. The rebels received support from volunteers outside the city. Following this rising Belgium separated from the Northern Netherlands. Since then. the Dutch-speaking Flemish and French-speaking Walloons have each sought independence from the Belgian empire at various times, being worried about losing their territory and civil rights. However, the Dutch Flemish have had a growth in population and prospered economically, and now make up over 60% of Belgium’s population and three-quarters of its economic activity. They have called for independence despite having their own regional governments in the Belgian federal system. The pro-separatist New Flemish Alliance won a plurality in Belgium’s 2014 elections, and the existence of the two distinct people in two different makes the situation exceptionally complex, on a nation and global scale. This leaves our government with an immense dilemma; it can neither allow an independence referendum, as a ‘yes’ vote would tear apart the Belgian nation, nor can it afford to ignore the New Flemish Alliance and its supporters. In regards to the Flemish secession movement, it is important to retain economic stability through political unity. If the Flemish community were to secede, it would tear the country apart, effectively meaning the end of the Belgian state, and potentially spark a war between the pro-separatist New Flemish Alliance and the Walloon and Belgian citizens.

A seceding state only has the right to secede if that right has been giving to them by the parent government or the United Nations security council because it is important for the political and economic stability of a nation. The Special Political and Decolonization Committee should intervene as a mediator, and the Belgian Government should negotiate terms with the Flemish Separatists, to avoid conflict and maintain the peace.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Brazil
Delegate Name: Paige Ostrowski
School: Forest Hills Central High School

The withdrawal of a state from a federal union should be a treatment to decrease violence and unrest. Divided populations with conflicting values and ideas of the responsibilities of their government would benefit from seceding. There are many justifications to support a seceding state. Many relative justifications concern preserving the rights of individuals that have been challenged for any reason under their current rule, and rectifying misdeeds.

States also secede for matters unrelated to abusive ruling; self-determination is a powerful force, tempting to any generally successful state with the desire to develop and thrive independently. However, separating from a declared union for reasons like autonomy may cause more disorder and brutality than what the separation would be deemed worth.

Currently, one of the twenty-six states in Brazil is gaining support to secede. São Paulo is the wealthiest Brazilian state and remains solely responsible for one third of the Brazilian Gross Domestic Product. Brazil is facing determined pressure by these three groups: Free Sao Paulo, Movimento República de São Paulo, and Movimento São Paulo Independente. Their proposition claims that transforming São Paulo state of Brazil into The Republic of São Paulo would, among many other positive changes, grow their culture. There is another, similar, separatist movement attempting to gain independence of Brazil’s southern region is referred to as The South is My Country. Three states desire this separation due to their communities possessing certain characteristics, that differ from the rest of Brazil. Despite the intentions of seceding states, their splitting can often cause more pain than would occur if they remained one body. If these states are successful in their succeeding, Brazil would lose a great contributor of income and therefore, would be inhibiting success of all of Brazil’s people. The legitimacy of seceding states must be questioned when it not based on leaving a harmful government.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Burundi
Delegate Name: Parker Pomeroy
School: Forest Hills Eastern High School

Secession movements have been prevalent in the world since the dawn of territory and government. In almost every scenario of this nature, the parent state usually is the “loser” of the movement, while the seceding state usually is the victor of the movement. The world has been a witness to such secession movements such as seceding state Austria from parent state Nazi Germany in 1945, with Austria being victorious and Germany the loser. Another historic example of this would be Lithuania seceding from the United Soviet Socialist Republic in 1990, along with 14 other soon-to-be Post-Soviet states to follow (Wikipedia, “Dissolution of the Soviet Union”). Of course, the seceding process involves many political implications. Many times the parent state is not in favor of the seceding state’s decision to separate, and as a result, political tensions arise, such as the Soviet Union’s central government’s distaste toward recognizing the seceding states as independent, most notably Mikhail Gorbachev’s 1991 resignation from leader of USSR due to the imminent possibility of independent nations (History, “Fall of the Soviet Union”).

In Burundi’s case, Burundi was under rule of Belgium, during the years 1916-1962, when Burundi was then known as Ruanda-Urundi. In 1959, Burundian ruler Mwama Mwambutsa IV called for Burundian independence from Belgium, in addition to dissipation of Ruanda-Urundi. Though Ruanda-Urundi was a UN Trust Territory after World War II, Belgium didn’t agree to the trust territory conditions until November 1959, which called for Ruanda-Urundi independence from colonial rule. Many Burundian political parties supported a Rwanda and Burundi split. The primal and most well-known party to back the dissolution of Ruanda-Urundi was the Union for National Progress, or UPRONA. UPRONA was and still is mostly made up of Tutsi ethnic group members. President Pierre Nkurunziza, though, is a Hutu. Tutsis are the dominant ethnic group in Burundi, and have maintained their position in Burundian government by persecuting and enacting violence on the minority Hutu ethnic group. Given our sour relationship with Rwanda over complicated political and ethnic ideals, we do not support a secession movement should it occur as a result of an ethnic war in the future. Early in 2016, after our president Pierre Nkurunziza successfully won a controversial third term, we denounced the idea of any forces to be present in our country to help bring back any peace that may have been absent due to demonstrations. President Nkurunziza said that if these forces were unable “‘to respect Burundi’s borders,’” then the government would be engaged in possible militaristic intervention with the forces (Murithi Mutiga, “Burundi Civil War Fears as President Accused of Campaign of Murder”). We deeply believe in a country that stays as one, despite any differences that should arise between the citizens. Though secession movements make up Burundi’s past, secession would be imminent in the present day only by means of an intense civil and/ or ethnic war. In order to avoid another Tutsi v. Hutu war we have domestically expressed our message of disapproval of those who oppose our political strategies, opinions, and goals, as they are counterintuitive to the ultimate goal of uniformity as a nation. Alain Aimé, our Minister of External Affairs and International Cooperation at the seventy-first session of the UN General Assembly, stated how we are “battling all sort of actors whose unique goal is regime change and whose methods of operation are violent” (UN News Centre, “Burundi Rejects UN Report on Country’s Human Rights Situation as ‘purposefully and politically exaggerated’”). Internationally, we have requested for the withdrawal of our nation from the International Criminal Court (ICC) for the purpose of avoiding judicial involvement in Burundi. All it takes is for President Nkurunziza to sign this bill for departure, and within a year the departure from the ICC will be official. This comes as a UN probe thought our government was responsible for “‘gross human rights violations that amount to crimes against humanity’” (Ahmad Al-Husseini, “Burundi Moves Toward Historic ICC Exit”). We responded in less than 24 hours of the release of the probe in a rebuttal, denying the outrageous accusations made against our government. Our vice president, Gaston Sindimwo, said of the UN probe “It is perfectly clear that this is a plot to do harm to Burundi” (Al Jazeera, Burundi Moves to Quit the International Criminal Court). An exit by our nation from the ICC could bring down the court potentially, which is appropriate, seeing as the court is not useful anymore, and as too much blame is placed on political leaders such as us.

Burundi proposes that secession movements be prohibited by international law, as created and enforced by the United Nations. Secession movements divide nations. A nation divided is a nation with an absence of authority and order. Progress is not attained unless a nation stays as one. We ask that the international community keeps a vigilant eye on its territories and provinces, and propose and enact legislation on behalf of the parent states to make secession a highly treasonist move domestically. Certain actions in a resolution would occur in differing levels based on imminency of secession of a territory or province, as determined by Special Political Committee leaders. A Level One Punishment would place charges on selected government officials in the territory or province that wishes to secede, a punishment including jail time and public and government financial sanctions. This is the capital punishment. A Level Two Punishment would include financial sanctions in both the public and government institutions of the territory/ province. A Level Three Punishment, the lowest offense, would see financial sanctions placed on government institutions only. The resolution overall would help solve conflicts and encourage cooperation between countries and their provinces/ territories.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Cambodia
Delegate Name: Yuyuan Luo
School: Forest Hills Central High School

Secession is the act of withdrawing formally from a country. Because it calls for international recognition and sometimes bloodsheds may happen, such a movement concerns the world community. One of the most current situations is Scotland, which may leave the UK after the “Brexit”. Kosovo declared its independence from Serbia, USA and NATO fought for Kosovo to be independent but many other nations, including the parent state Serbia, still don’t recognize it.

States are generally accepted as independent when they are member of international organizations such as the UN, NATO, the EU, ASEAN, or others. Their secession movements usually are caused by either unfair treatments of the seceding state or the different beliefs, be it political, ideological, or cultural. The UN has taken actions in the past on these secessions, but most of the movements for separation and warfare are usually directed by the states themselves.

It is part of the Kingdom of Cambodia (Cambodia thereafter)’s constitution that we will not interfere with any other nations’ internal affairs, except within the framework of UN Peacekeeping missions. If a want of secession occurs within our people, Cambodia will strive to solve problems peacefully. However, Cambodia does reserve the right of foreign military assistance, should the circumstance ever arise that military actions are needed.

Cambodia believes that the legitimacy of the seceding state should be self-determined. War, if thought necessary, could never be stopped, but nonetheless to encourage the states to solve problems peacefully will benefit not only the two states, but also their neighboring nations and nations with trading relations. Noting the devastation warfare might bring to the people, it is vital to establish a safe haven for the citizens and other affected peoples of both sides. Aware of the disastrous effects on the relations of the two states that will be evident after such a war, the UN should encourage trade relations between the two states. Only under the circumstance that the seceding state feels that it is being treated unfairly or if they have an objection to the decisions of the central government should they be able to secede.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Chile
Delegate Name: Hope Swanson
School: Forest Hills Eastern High School

Seceding States are a threat to the territorial integrity of countries. Chile is currently having a secession movement of its own. These secession movements are often inspired by historical, geographical, cultural, ideological, or political interests and often these are achieved by warfare or political coup. Constitutional secession is a type of secession that occurs with the existing state’s consent, and does not involve the use or threat of force. This will happen within the framework of the existing state’s constitution. Typically, a constitutional amendment is negotiated, which allows for the lawful secession of part of the existing state’s territory. However some seceding states lean towards unilateral secessions which occurs without the existing state’s consent and may also involve the use or threat of force. This normally happens in the absence of relevant constitutional provisions and political negotiations. However this can happen even if there is an existing constitutional provision but the seceding state deems it as inadequate or just ignores it. Chile has signed a treaty called the Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties.

Currently the Easter Island of Chile is threatening to transfer allegiance to Polynesian states in a row over land rights and immigration and Chile does not want the island to secede. The Easter Island is considered a special territory due to the giant statues known as moais on the island which make it a Unesco world heritage site. The Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties says that as long as the seceding state and the parent state write an agreement treaty the seceding state may leave, however if they do not agree they may not. Also the state which the seceding state is transferring to must also consent to the transfer. Chile has signed and agrees to these requirements.

Chile recommends that any states that want to secede do so in a peaceful way and proceed with a constitutional seceding method. However if the states seceding is not deemed adequate and is not approved there should be a hearing with legal principles to resolve the dispute. Chile wants this to be done without conflict and as peacefully as possible.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: China
Delegate Name: Reuben Glasser
School: Kalamazoo Central High School

Secession without support is a failure waiting to be unleashed. Failed secession is failing the people. To blindly leave for a “better future,” is blindly ironic. To flee a destructive system to create one just as destructive is not beneficial. Creating more disaster does not help the people, which plead for change. Work for a better future as a whole. A united as a body is an unstoppable force.

Sacrifices within a system to create a round table may in some cases be necessary to implement. For a secession to work for the root of the liberal movement, it must be done by the people. For the people. Without a properly constructed revolution, prior to succession no changes within the democratic society of the government can be made. To not work with the government before attempting succession, is both not legitimate and not beneficial to the people.

For succession to take place it must truly be beneficial with no less than a two-thirds majority of the population wishing to succeed. Without an outstanding majority (such as a two thirds majority) a vast amount of the population is not interested in cutting the previous strong ties with the current government. This will only further revolt if the undermanned succession does circumvent failure. The Chinese government feels for secession to benefit the people, a state’s government must go through a process of attempting to answer the pleas of its subjects. If this process is a failure and the outstanding majority of a nation or region within a state strongly wishes to succeed then it must be done in a diplomatic and peaceful manner. Unnecessary bloodshed of the people is an avoidable disaster when dealing with revolution. If the people are truly behind a secession and have the numbers backing a voice, a new legitimate government can be blossomed into the world.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Cuba
Delegate Name: Lindsey Hart
School: Mattawan High School

Secession movements are not all that uncommon, and the reasons for them vastly differ from country to country. Whether it be because of political, social, or religious, there’s a whole host of reasons for states to separate from their parent country. Gaining legitimacy afterwards is the next battle for states that have seceded from parent states. Many seceded states struggle to gain recognition on the international stage. Because of this struggle, the states struggle to gain footing economically and politically and their troubles are worsened when they’re not seen as legitimate. Trying to distinguish between what does and doesn’t classify as legitimate state has caused many issues on the international stage, and for the state trying to secede. The obligations of the parent states are questionable at best. There’s a distinct lack of clarity on the role of these parent states and what they are obligated to do for the seceding state as they break away.

Cuba believes that in order for a state to be legitimate, it needs to secede through a referendum and be a member state of the United Nations, or a membership to another union such as the European Union or African Union. Recognition from such organizations usually coincides with the legality of the secession, and can therefore legitimize the state. If the secession is done through a referendum, chances are most of the citizens of the seceding state agree with secession, the state can be legitimate. Cuba believes that the process of seceding through referendum is the only way to ensure that the seceding states’ citizens agree with the issue, and if they don’t, that can also be ensured. As for the obligations of the parent states, Cuba feels that if a secession is done peacefully, the parent state should help the new state out economically if needed. This allows the new state to become economically stable and doesn’t set the new state up for failure.

Above all, Cuba would like to see clarity on obligations of the parent states and the methods a state can secede from another. With clarification, a messy secession can be avoided and states can secede into a more stable place rather than succumb into even more chaos. Cuba would also like to see states legitimized only if they’re members of the UN or organizations like the EU and if secession is done through referendum.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Cyprus
Delegate Name: Nick Smith
School: Vicksburg High School

The act of secession is the withdrawal of a state from the parent country. The act of secession is political and organized in some situations, but not in all. Currently the north eastern half of Cyprus is in a seceding motion. The Republic of Cyprus does not recognize the secession acts of its northern half.

The country of Cyprus does not see that the legitimacy of a state or colony’s secession movements should be decided without the parent country. Who is to say that the secession will lead to prosperity for the new country. As it could lead to prosperity for the country, it may just as well lead to an economic problem for the new country.

Cyprus would like to bring to point that secession movements are often led by small and unorganized groups, with no political practice. What/who determines if such a movement would work or even be appropriate for such a state. Cyprus does not see the legitimacy of a movement for secession, especially when the new country’s probability of supporting said country’s citizens, is low.

The thought of giving the United Nations the power to decide the legitimacy of a secession movement is unsettling to the Republic of Cyprus. The legality and legitimacy of such action should not be the U.N.’s to decide. It should be decided by the parent state if they see fit.

The Republic of Cyprus is looking forward to discussing this and other key issues in time and is willing to help look for a suitable agreement.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Czech Republic
Delegate Name: Rebecca Chrisman
School: Fishers High School

As a state that was created through the former state Czechoslovakia dissolving peacefully, the Czech Republic believes that there are several scenarios that should call for a state to succeeded. The Czech Republic strongly believes that it is not for the United Nations to decide what constitutes a state succeeding. However, the United Nations should focus on legitimizing newly-formed independent states.

The Czech Republic has continuously supported newly-formed states and succeeding states. In 1948, the Czech Republic recognized Israel as a state within four days of Israel declaring themselves an independent state. More recently, the Czech Republic recognized South Sudan as an independent state two days after the state first got recognized as an independent state by their parent state, Sudan.

The newly-formed states should be legitimized through being recognized by outside organizations such as membership in the United Nations (UN) or the International Monetary Fund (IMF). By being recognized through these outside organizations, the succession and sovereign independence of these states is strengthened.

Parent states that have independent states succeed through peacefully means shall be responsible for maintaining economic stability within the state until the state can maintain their own economy successfully. Economic stability is needed because once a new state is formed, international trade links will be cut without help from the parent state, negatively impacting the newly-formed state.

Overall, the Czech Republic believes that it is the decision of individual states to decide circumstances leading up to needing to succeed. Furthermore, the United Nations should focus on legitimizing states that decided to succeed by accepting these new independent states into the UN. However, when a new state succeeds peacefully, the parent state must provide economic stability until it is no longer needed to stabilize the new state.

Sources:

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/

http://www.globalissues.org/

http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/abouttheministry/pages/israel-s%20diplomatic%20missions%20abroad.aspx

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Democratic Republic of the Congo
Delegate Name: Lauren Zimmerman
School: Forest Hills Central High School

The Democratic Republic of the Congo is former colony of Belgium after congolese nationalists in the 1950s took major strides towards independence. On June 30th, 1960, the nation was officially decolonized and fully independent after Belgium lost control due to these nationalists and many riots. The DRC then held elections shortly after (signifying its government type) and elected a prime minister. This need for independence arose from unjust leadership beforehand, which justifies the DRC’s support for nations who feel the need for secession.

Beginning as a colony, The Democratic Republic of the Congo understands and believes that secession is an important part of worldwide development and growth. However, it is also important for secession movements to have a valid reason. Given the DRC’s history with the State of Katanga and its transitory secession, it’s understood that secession can be necessary in some circumstances. The DRC actually declared its southern half (now the province of Katanga) independent to avoid conflict with one of its leader’s controversial actions towards communism. This is one valid reason for a nation to secede. If a country’s government begins to split in beliefs, some cases may improve if a state secedes. Another circumstance that may arise and lead to valid secession would be inappropriate governing or treatment of its civilians. The Democratic Republic of the Congo is aware of the fact that such sociopolitical disagreements, uprisings, or conflicts are credible reasons for secession.

Referencing the DRC and the State of Katanga’s history, the death of the leader that had questionable communist actions led to the UN involving itself and authorising any extreme measures to avoid civil war and secession. After United Nations conspirative involvement in the situation, the DRC believes that the UN’s involvement should support and engage with the seceding state without interfering in the parent state and the new state’s relationship.

Although the DRC signed the Vienna Convention of Secession of States in 1978, this convention held very controversial and unclear circumstances. Moreover, its imprecise regulations lead to the need for more definite settlements. The Democratic Republic of the Congo believes that a new, seceding state/country must make a stance in world affairs and committees such as the UN or IMF (an organization that seeks to build a definite framework for economic cooperation to avoid another depression). This will allow the country to flourish more easily economically and politically by initiating their involvement. Not only must the new state initiate foreign affair involvement, but they must also have an established government type before being recognized. This type of internal establishment will allow the seceding state to hold a stance in world affairs and in contrary to their parent state. In regards to the new state’s economy, they may reach out to their parent state for support, but their independence signifies that the parent state holds no true obligation to the seceded state’s economy, besides to engage with them as they would any other country.

Ultimately, The Democratic Republic of the Congo believes that secession is absolutely necessary under conflicting or unfair circumstances within a nation. However, if a state does decide to secede, their independence signifies their obligation to engage themselves in world affairs (including the United Nations). Given this responsibility on the seceding state, it should also be addressed that other nations have an obligation to treat this state and their political or economic assets as they would any other developed country. This includes the parent state. Taking into consideration the roles of both parent states and seceding states, the Democratic Republic of the Congo believes that, with a significant majority, this committee must develop entirely new regulations on the terms of seceding states.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Denmark
Delegate Name: Morgan Cox
School: Mattawan High School

Secession is defined as the “result of a successful movement for national self-determination that typically claims territory or ethnic integrity to fracture an existing sovereign state, resulting in a newly independent state”. There are two different theories of secession: remedial right only and primary right only. The remedial right only theory advocates secession as a last resort response to severe injustice with the “right to revolution”. The primary right only theory requires no injustice for groups to justly pursue secession. It asserts a general right to secession through a plebiscite or other democratic measures. Both international law and the UN believe in the remedial right theory with secession only being used as a last resort. The International Court of Justice’s (ICJ) opinion associated with Kosovo’s Declaration of independence in 2008 caused a shift in international law from a state-centric system to a more individual approach. The increasing pressures of possible nationality has insisted in immediate attention.

Denmark abstained from voting on the issue with Kosovo’s secession from Serbia. Their beliefs on the proclamation for independence were that it did not contradict with international law and that it cannot serve as a precedent where entities can seek separation from their mother country. This is because it would cause instability in the world. Since then, Denmark has not had a significant impact on this topic with the rest of the world.

Within Denmark’s realm, Greenland has been a Danish colony since 1814, but in 1979, they granted Greenland home rule. In 2008, Greenland voted to transfer more power from the Danish government to the Greenlandic government. Denmark’s government is still in charge of foreign affairs, security, and financial policy. They were also given a subsidy of 3.4 billion krones ($490,143,116.00 US) that will diminish with Greenland becoming a stronger economy. In recent years, the Faroe Islands have also considered secession, but they have done this in a calm and democratic manner compared to other secession movements. The islands belong to Denmark, but they have been mostly self governed in assuming most legislative and administrative responsibilities since 2005. Denmark’s internal affairs with these territories is based on the unity of the realm. Article 1 of the Danish Constitution mentions that constitutional law applies equally to all parts of the realm. None of Denmark’s territories have actually seceded since Iceland in 1944.

Denmark believes that in order for a seceding state to be legitimate, it has to do so in a diplomatic matter and cooperate with international law. They also believe in a more individualistic approach to secession like Denmark had with Iceland, and may eventually do with the Faroe Islands and Greenland. Movements similar to South Sudan and Scotland should not cause instability within their region and the rest of the world.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Egypt
Delegate Name: Lara Muschel
School: Royal Oak High School

Secession is often a tool for the building of a new state, and the reasoning behind those secessions are usually found within the differing interests of the seceding and parent states. Yet, secessions often lead to highly unstable countries being formed, South Sudan being a prime example of such. Upon being recognized as a legitimate state, it is now obvious that not only do they have no infrastructure (that being almost no paved highways etc.) whatsoever in place, nor any resemblance to a stable economy, but they are also recognized (according for the Fund for Peace and various other sources) as one of the most unstable/fragile states in the world, and one of Africa’s least developed nations. In a case such as this- was S. Sudan ready to secede? Yes, it’s people wanted to, but did they have the necessary resources to do so? It might have not been the right time for South Sudan to secede, and one of the vital issues to address in committee is when this becomes the right time- at what point can a state be legitimized and assured that it is stable?

Who/What has the ability to determine when a movement calling for secession actually will have the ability to become an independent state without falling apart? How can we assure that the legitimate concerns of separatist movements looking to secede are being addressed, as well as the concerns of the nation being seceded from? Allowing too much leeway to secede could lead to an increase in instability, so a solution must be found where secession is still a possibility, yet not one that poses an imminent danger to the International Community in terms of stability. On the responsibility of parent states, Egypt sees this as an individual decision that states must take based on the level of peacefulness of separation between states. As a neighbor to various volatile states, Egypt would see another secession attempt within it’s area as counter to its interest, yet it cannot deny that sometimes the necessity for separation may arise. Being a state that is still dealing with its own internal issues, rebuilding, and still trying to develope some aspects of its government, Egypt is unable to aid any seceding states, and encourages the UN to play a role in helping newly formed nations build their infrastructure, and help them achieve relative stability once they have been legitimized.

The general opinion on how to determine legitimization of a state being that the United Nations should decide brings up a few concerns within our delegation. Giving the UN the sole power to determine whether or not a state is legitimate or not would be a mistake- it would bring up to many complications about when it would be time for the UN to step in. We must determine at which point a call for secession actually becomes a secession movement as well. There is an active group in Texas calling for secession from the United States, yet we do not consider them a legitimate secession movement- the SPECPOL committee must decide at which point that becomes the case. The US would not condone for the United Nations to step in and declare Texas independent, and although this is an unlikely scenario, it brings up the point that there is no single solution for determining when a state becomes legitimate. All cases must be judged on a case by case basis, and not necessarily with the UN being the only function to regulate what appropriates legitimacy. Assistance from a regional association of countries familiar with the issue at hand could be a viable solution. After all, if one is a Middle Eastern nation, having Western, Asian, and African nations (in the case of the UN) determine the legitimacy of secession movements, would be counter to one’e interests, since they do not always have a full understanding of the exact situation such as a neighbor country would have. Our delegation looks forward to discussing the details on this, as well as other options in committee.

The International Court of Justice’s advisory opinion in response to the 2008 Kosovo separation from Serbia calls for a change in international law so that secession movements be evaluated based on individual situations rather than a “state-centric” approach. Egypt stands behind this opinion and believes that the evaluation also be based on an individualistic approach rather than following a strict set of guidelines without examining the individual situation, since most contemporary secessionist movements have differing results. However, it must also be considered that some drivers of self-determination also have a moral reasoning, not just a legal base. While we acknowledge that secession movements are sometimes necessary, the legitimacy of these have to be severely tested, so states like South Sudan and E. Timor do not get formed without the necessary infrastructure.

As a nation that has gone through three different power exchanges in the last five years, and has been actively dealing with the issues arising from the secession movements of our neighbor Sudan, Egypt cannot see secession movements as a viable source of legitimate government that can be credible without the necessary infrastructure or at least some resemblance to order.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Ethiopia
Delegate Name: Alex Calderwood
School: Roeper School

Ethiopia’s position on secession movements and parent states

Ethiopia has had to deal with secession movements before. Eritrea seceded in 1991, after a 30-year long war that devastated Ethiopia’s economy. It was not a rightful secession by any means. The secession has hurt Ethiopia’s national security and global image. Many nations are going through or have been through the same process right now. In Somalia, an area called Somaliland has declared independence from Somalia. As a member of the African Union, Ethiopia sympathizes with the Somalian cause and does not recognize the secession of Somaliland. In Serbia, Kosovo has declared independence. Although Ethiopia is not part of the area and cannot afford to send aid, Ethiopia does not recognize Kosovo as a nation and sympathizes with the Serbian cause. Ethiopia even has current minor separatist groups of its own: Ogaden and Oromia. Ethiopia has never had to secede before, as no colonial power could conquer it in the colonial era. Ethiopia’s main position is as follows: if a nation secedes, and is recognized by the United Nations, the parent state should not have to support the seceded one in any means whatsoever. Even if an area cuts ties with a nation and declares independence, the parent nation should not have to continue supporting or sending aid to that area. The delegation of Ethiopia is eager to work with any nations that agree with its position, and solve these mentioned issues. There are separatist movements across the globe, and Ethiopia will work with other nations to stop them.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Finland
Delegate Name: Dylan Haywood
School: Vicksburg High School

The Finnish have once been in a situation of secession, during 1918 Finland fought against the Russian empire in an attempt to gain freedom from them, whilst using the cover of the October Revolution to successfully split from Russia. But when determining the legitimacy of a secession movement, you must first look at the situation of the secession itself. When we split from Russia, we split because it was one that did not represent us or the ideals of the Finnish. The Russians (Tsarists) also practiced many policies that we saw as unjust or immoral and considered by many as crimes against humanity among the peace loving peoples of both Finland and the world. Though a nation of little militaristic interests, Finland has plenty of experience with secession movements and as peace loving people of Finland, Finland believes that if the secession movement is just in the eyes of Finland, it is a legitimate movement.

In terms of what the Parent States are to do in this situation, Finland believes that as a global community, the Parent state should pay for what has been done if the Secession was deemed legitimate and fair in doing so. In terms of foreign assistance when it comes to legitimate Secession movements, it should be supported if necessary for the survival of an idea, culture, or group of people, but peace is always a preferable alternative to creating proxy wars of ideologies. Finland does not wish to harm any citizen of the world, but when it is deemed necessary, we will take up arms and fight alongside guerrillas, or we will stop corrupt insurrections in the lands of our allies.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: France
Delegate Name: Christopher Eyke
School: Williamston High School

The world has seen many secession movements take place in recent years. Such secession movements include those made by South Sudan, the People’s Republic of Donetsk, and Somaliland. Causes of secession movements vary based on many contributing factors; factors such as imperialism, religion, ethnic backgrounds, economics, and political systems play a key role in secession movements and why they occur. Violence is usually used as a means to achieve independence from a parent state. Such was the case of the separatist movement in Ukraine when it disintegrated into a civil war that is still ongoing. Separatist movements can also be perpetuated when foreign entities become involved on the behalf of one side. On several occasions the international community has intervened to stop the continuation of conflict. These approaches tend to be tedious and are slow to show progress.

The Republic of France has condemned any use of violence as means to achieve independence. In the past, the nation has used diplomacy to resolve violent disputes. In the case of the current conflict in Ukraine, France has worked with other nations such as Germany, Poland, and Russia to bring both sides to the negotiating table. The country believes that it is the duty of the international community to intervene in situations that cause the loss of life. However, it respects the national sovereignty of nations and their right to oversee their own domestic and foreign affairs. It is because of this that France has always believed that the United Nations has no right to set guidelines for a definition of a legitimate secession movement. The country affirms that the sole responsibility of the international community is to mitigate the effects of a secession movement by offering aid and hosting peace talks.

France believes that the international community needs give resources to regions that have recently seceded from their parent states. However, this will not be a lifeline. The United Nations should manage and decrease violence caused by secession movements. Holding peace talks between seceding states and parent states is essential. France reiterates the sentiment that dialogue is the biggest asset the United Nations has at its disposal. A pathway to statehood should be looked at by a case-to-case basis but the international community should do its best to achieve recognition for a newly formed state. France believes that member of the European bloc, along with an supporter of national sovereignty, will share the same views.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Georgia
Delegate Name: Adithya Venkatesh
School: Forest Hills Eastern High School

Secession movements have played an important role in nation-building and the evolution of geographical boundaries. Usually, secession movements create tension between the parent and the seceding states, thus proving the importance of determining the legitimacy of these movements and the obligations the parent states face. Having past dealt with separatist movements such as the South Ossetian Separatists and Abkhaz Separatists, the country of Georgia is very familiar with secession. While as of 2016, the Georgian government recognizes Abkhazia as autonomous within Georgia, it does not recognize South Ossetia as having any special status. The cause for these secession movements is Russia. They have been providing weapons and causing disputes within our territory. President Barack Obama describes how “Russia has escalated it well beyond the dispute over South Ossetia and has now violated the space of another country,” and Former President Bush claims that “these Russian actions would represent a dramatic and brutal escalation of the conflict in Georgia.” In the end, NATO ended the conflict in 2008 by forcing Russia to sign a ceasefire agreement. Even though there is a Russian Embassy in Georgia, and they recognize us as a legitimate country, they still do not recognize our boundaries. We must discuss ways to minimize Russia’s involvement in our country to reduce secession movements.

Georgia has had a long history with secession movements and rebellion. In fact, Georgia used to a state in the USSR before it declared independence in 1918. It may have declared its independence then, but it was a fully dominated Soviet republic within the Soviet Union until 1991. Georgia didn’t truly gain its independence until then. Although this is not the same as seceding, many of the issues faced in Georgia today involve Russia and secession. Ever since, Russia has been persistent on taking our territory. In 2008, they backed the South Ossetians in their attempt to secede from our country. After this, President Saakashvili signed into law legislation on the occupied territories passed by the Georgian Parliament. This legislation restricts free movement and economic activity between the territories of South Ossetia, Abkhazia, and Georgia. It also says that Russian Federation – the state which has carried out military occupation – is fully responsible for the violation of human rights in Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Even before the physical conflict in 2008, President Saakashvili presented a Georgian vision for resolving the South Ossetian conflict at the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe session in Strasbourg. The US government expressed their support to the Georgian action plan. In 2015, the South Ossetian leader and Russia agreed to incorporate the South Ossetian military into Russia's armed forces and integrate the customs service of South Ossetia into that of Russia's. We cannot allow Russia to keep taking our territory piece by piece.

What can we do as a council to stop the unjust and unlawful taking of our territory. Although the South Ossetians do have a right to secede, they are heavily influenced by the Russians. We are actively trying to join NATO. We actively contribute to NATO-led operations and cooperates with the Allies and other partner countries in many other areas. However, NATO cannot solve this problem for us alone. We need assistance from Europe and the US to put Russia into its place. We need the UN to support countries such as Ukraine, countries that are in the same situation as us, in order to maintain peace and prosperity.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Germany
Delegate Name: Brooke Blackwell
School: Royal Oak High School

Currently, one of Germany’s federal states, Bavaria, is actively considering campaigning for secession from Germany. Bavaria becoming an independent nation is not something that will seemingly happen in the near future, but is something that is bringing Germany’s attention to what the standards are for a real politically driven movement that requires and qualifies as a secession and how that state should be set up and run. Should they be given complete free reign over the economy and government?

Germany calls attention to the fact that many secession movements are driven by an unorganized group, often moving without detailed political reasoning, and that often after a state secedes, the parent state is unwilling and unable to provide for its state. What defines a state that is truly worthy of secession?

Germany needs to see rigid and strict guidelines in the process of a secession, and strict procedure and definition of when a state is allowed to secede. Germany also wants to keep all secession movements peaceful. Basque country, which lies on the border between Spain and France, has long fought for its independence because of its distinct culture, unique language, and its separate identity. However, this movement has been marred with violence. To examples such as this, Germany challenges with the question, why can’t we attempt to be able to form a nation that can include various cultures? Why not make this the goal rather than secession's that can be deemed as unnecessary and can cause contempt from the parent state to its seceded state.

Germany hopes to address these issues formally and directly, and looks forward to developing policies on secession movements and what that can mean for a nation.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Greece
Delegate Name: Kyle Kirby
School: Grand Blanc High School

In our globally interconnected world, it is important to have distinctions for what countries are recognized, and which are not. Secession creates an issue where a region may be recognized by some countries as a new member on the global stage, but not by others. It is for this reason that clear guidelines need to be put into place on the legitimacy of secession movements. Also, discussion needs to be had on what obligations, if any, should parents states have to their seceded areas. This is vital to promoting a global sense of cooperation if a new state requires aid, or important in determining if a parent state should need to lose any more resources than what have already been lost.

Greece strongly disagrees with almost all forms of secession. One Aegean island, Icaria, was rumored to begin secession from Greece, but such rumors were instantly quelled by Greece. Secession is dangerous as it harms parent countries, creates an unstable global environment, and does not provide strong benefits to global health. It follows that if secession were to occur, any parent countries should not be held accountable to provide aid for seceded areas. Parent countries already suffer heavy losses and ails after being seceded from, and it is not necessary for a new state to cause any further suffering from the demands of aid. Furthermore, if a region would wish to secede to become a new state, that state should be able to self sustain without any aid to prove its worthiness as a country.

Greece would propose that any seceded state have to provide reason to the United Nations to secede, and for the United Nations to have to review and accept those reasons for secession to occur. Seceded states should also have to pass economic checks to ensure the success of the new state, and also to ensure that the parent state will not simply reclaim it due to the seceded state being too weak or too reliant on its parent. Lastly, parent states should have no obligations at all to seceded states, as secession in itself is taking resources away from the parent.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Honduras
Delegate Name: Josh Hagemann
School: Kalamazoo Central High School

A secession movement often holds much potential. An example of this is when thirteen British Colonies in North America seceded from the then most prominent empire, to form what would be the most powerful nation the world has ever seen. Quite a feat. Even Honduras has, at one point, been a movement with dreams of independence from a nation that did not benefit our people. Obviously, these secession movements yield much potential, and if they meet the requirements necessary to be a sovereign nation, then they should be granted that respect. In the way of any obligations of parent states, we should let these parent states do as is allowed within the limits of international law. Should these movements have independence, they should be also be treated as independent states, but through debate, we are willing to see what other options there are.

In the past, we have not been afraid to recognize states and movements that are deserving of recognition. These states include Palestine and Kosovo, both of which are, by definition, independent states. This has led to rather petty disputes that should have been avoided, but we feel that this is a moral issue, one that we must carefully consider. We have been, and still are, willing to stand up for what we believe is the right thing to do.

Members States of the United Nations have the capability to collectively do a great thing; give the world a chance. There are many pages in future history books that have yet to even be considered, and secession movements have the chance to be pen holders for the next era. They should be given that respect. A simple recognition of legitimacy is a powerful thing. Nations such as the United States, Russia, France, Mexico, and many more, which have seceded from a parent state or re-created their government to best fit their people know that potential nations should given a chance. So, a set of rules must be decided upon, factors must be considered, and through debate, we can go forward. Secession movements with the potential described, should be allowed to go forward as well.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Iceland
Delegate Name: Sam Rechner
School: Forest Hills Eastern High School

Secession movements occur when one part of a state separates from the parent state without its consent. They are often influenced by cultural, ideological, political, or historical factors, and are typically successful through warfare. Historically, secession movements have been greatly influenced by the American Revolution. The mistreatment of colonists by the British lead to warfare. The British seemed to have had the revolution contained, yet following a victory at the Battle of Saratoga, colonists were joined by the French who lead the colonists to victory. The notion to rebel for justice and equality, by the colonists, sparked a series of revolutions, most notably the French Revolution. The notion to join in the revolution by the French sparked the idea of joining wars for the geopolitical gain of weakening rivals. Even today, outside recognition–UN, IMF, and other geographical organizations– has strengthened succeeding states’ legitimacy. Legitimacy is also defined by sovereign states’ constancy to international law. Seceding states like Somaliland, South Sudan, and Western Sahara must provide definite borders, economic growth, and constant stability. They also face stressful relationships with their parent countries, for most parent countries provide no aid. These relationships are commonly the result of violent sociopolitical uprisings. However, even if secession is achieved peacefully, conflicts can arise from governments of the two states. For South Sudan in 2011, conflict over oil revenue prompted armed conflict, even following the state’s non violent secession.

For Iceland, secession from Denmark came in 1918. The Act of Union, signed by both Danish and Icelandic authorities, fully recognized Iceland as a sovereign state. However, Iceland joined Denmark in a personal union under the Danish king. This personal union meant that Iceland could establish its own flag, but Denmark could represent it in foreign affairs. In 1944, the union with the then-nazi-occupied Denmark was abolished, and Iceland’s Parliament established the Republic of Iceland.

When determining the legitimacy of secession movements and obligations of parent states, one must also question why secession occurs, how states secede, and what secession achieves. SPECPOL must answer these questions by setting a parameter that regulates who legitimizes states, circumstances for secession, relations between seceding states and parent states, parent state obligations, and seceding state obligations.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: India
Delegate Name: Henry Smith
School: Royal Oak High School

All secession movements, are, by nature, not the same. Some are just, some are opportunistic power grabs. Telling the difference is extremely difficult.

Both human rights and national sovereignty must be taken into account. The right to self-determination must be balanced with the territorial integrity of the parent nation.

There are few hard-and-fast rules that can or should be applied. Each case is unique, and it is up to the international community to evaluate each one and determine its legitimacy. The validity of secession movements cannot be determined by an algorithm – worldly context must be taken into account, and that is a job best left to the United Nations.

On the other aspect of this topic, it is the position of the Indian delegation that a parent state bears no more responsibility for the well-being of a new nation than does any other state. At the point of secession, a fledgling nation has declared that it wants to be separate. When new nation has become separate, then it is separate. It is no longer a part of the parent state.

To expect a nation to have responsibility for another is shortsighted.

The countries of Latin America, for example, are thoroughly independent from Spain and Portugal. Even when they were newly independent, it would have been ridiculous to to expect the European nations to provide aid to the South and Central American nations. Brazil, Mexico, Venezuela, Colombia and others had just told the world, emphatically, that they were different and independent of their colonial masters. Once a nation is really and truly independent of another, the line between providing aid and attempting to wield influence becomes very thin.

It should not be the place of the UN to force aid arrangements that are not wanted by any involved.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Indonesia
Delegate Name: Caroline Kuntzman
School: Forest Hills Northern High School

Secessionist movements have existed for thousands of years. To this day, places like Somaliland and West Sahara are struggling to be recognized as nations independent of their parent states. The reasons for a group to secede vary, often because of cultural, religious, political, or heritage disagreement. Secession also includes countries leaving groups of countries, such as the United Kingdom planning to leave the EU with Brexit. Most countries leave their parent state or union without the consent of the other party(ies), which raises the question of whether or not these groups need to help the newly independent state in any way, and if the UN should acknowledge them as a sovereign nation.

Indonesia was originally a Dutch colony, with Dutch exploration beginning in 1595. It remained under Dutch control until 1949 when they fought the Netherlands for their independance. Indonesia has been controlled by other powers as well, the United Kingdom and Japan. The first wars against the Netherlands began in the 1700s, with the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Javanese wars. Indonesia’s first petition for independence was in 1939. They declared war on the Dutch as soon as they reclaimed Indonesia from Japanese control, and, after four years of fighting, the Netherlands officially recognized Indonesia as a country.

Several territories within Indonesia have seceded or tried to. East Timor, a former Portugese colony Indonesia annexed in 1976, gained independence in 2002. The movement began due to human rights abuse within East Timor and eventually caught the attention of the Human Rights council of the UN. They declared East Timor capable of being its own independent country in 1983 but the movement was never truly acknowledged. Indonesia still controlled East Timor until 1999, when UN forces entered the country. In more recent times, Aceh and Papau, two other Indonesian provinces, have also begun secessionist movements. In response, Indonesia declared martial law in Aceh and has subdivided Papau.

Indonesia does not support states seceding without the permission of their respective governments as it creates political instability and creates two states weaker than the original. They do believe that countries can apply to be independent, but need the consent of their parent state before declaring themselves that way. They also believe that parent states have the right to not grant secessionist movements independance and can punish the secessionist movements if the parent state deems it appropriate.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Iran
Delegate Name: Spencer Cassetta
School: Forest Hills Central High School

Since the dawn of time empires and governments have risen and fallen throughout history. Governments has a responsibility to act within the people's interest and to protect and serve for the people. When governments fail to act in the populous self interest the government is usually overthrown. Iran believes succession is necessary in a scenario when a government has another culture within the government conflicting with its ruling.

A country has a duty to provide its people with opportunity for success, opportunity for food, and an opportunity for shelter and fair treatment for the people which it represents. When these are not met and a counter culture within the government grows to a significant size, succession is likely to occur. While Iran does not have a firm stance on succession of states, we still support decisions of populations made within countries. If a populous wants and votes to succeed it is a concern to be dealt with inside its own nation. In order for countries to be quick and decisive they must be united. A country of divided makes for a weak state. If we allow the UN to make decisions to deal with succession every country's national sovereignty is challenges.

With helping the people obtain a government that represents the population, it is important to keep a multitude of variables in sight. While populations should be allowed to succeed, we believe involvement within the United Nation would challenge national sovereignty. With the interests of all in sight, Iran looks forward to discussing the issue with other delegations

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Iraq
Delegate Name: Katelyn Brusach
School: Mattawan High School

Especially in recent history, the importance of discussing this topic becomes more and more vital to the prosperity of our globe. Opinions are becoming more drastic, with today’s technology people are able to move to places where their beliefs are supported by a majority (whereas they may be a minority in their original location), and people are becoming more ultimate in their beliefs. As more nations polarize, their desire to split from their parent nation become stronger. We see more and more cases of this every year. Recognizing this, the issue is not that they are attempting to succeed, rather, when are nations legitimate cases of succession and when are they simply rioting minorities?

Keeping that in mind, it will also be important to establish recommendations of parenting nations, as well as encouraging them to fulfill any obligations they have to their succeeding nations. With a history of super power country involvement, Iraq is open to discussing obligatory involvement after a nation has succeeded.

Iraq’s primary concern, however, is establishing a way of identifying the legitimacy of a succeeding nation. The Kurdish Republic of Iraq, Kurdistan, could arguably be classified as a succeeding nation. Therefore, this topic is highly relevant to Iraq. This topic becomes personal to Iraq in the way that it could impact Iraq very directly. Iraq will be keeping this in mind while discussing the potential obligations it may have to fulfill, as well as realizing and recognizing the possibility of Kurdistan being classified (through the eyes of the United Nations) as a succeeding nation.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Israel
Delegate Name: Ryan Mersol-Barg
School: Roeper School

Greetings esteemed delegates. The great State of Israel delights in the opportunity to collaborate with you all, and looks forward to a productive session. With the goal of peace as one that Israel wishes fulfill one day, a consideration of secession movements around the world is imperative.

Chapter 1, article 2, clause 1 of the United Nations Charter states: “The Organization is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its Members.”(1) Too often, this fundamental founding value is forgotten, but when considering the very nature of statehood, we can not afford to forget.

Israel understands the importance of secession movements. When a government does not represent its constituents to an adequate degree, it is the right of the people to demand change. This concept is key, for it is the right of the people to determine the outcome, not the right of an international body, including the United Nations.

Methods of determining the legitimacy of states born out of secession movements on the international stage already exist. Membership of international organizations, including the United Nations, indicates to the world that the state in question is legitimate to the international community. The only further step that could be taken would be to coerce the parent state into recognizing the new potential state as an independent and legitimate entity. This is a clear breach of sovereignty and Israel condemns any stance in favor of forcing parent states to recognize potential secession movements.

Many of Israel's neighbors have attempted this. Through the use of terror and war, those who stand against the Jewish people have attempted to destroy Israel by using the idea of a secession movement as a justification. This has lead to many deaths and a perpetual anxiety about the future of Israel, and it must end. Not only is there an obligation to not interfere with real secession movements as an international community, but we must assure the peace loving nations of this body that their sovereignty will not be threatened by those who use fake secession movements as a cause for war. However, Israel understands exceptions must be made under circumstances of heinous human rights violations. First and foremost, Israel values the rights of all people.

With all of this in mind, Israel hopes to find a suitable solution to these issues in order to make a more peaceful and prosperous world.

References:

1.http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/chapter-i/index.html

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Italy
Delegate Name: Max Eyster
School: Williamston High School

The secession of states is often a complicated and destructive ordeal, one which can hurt both sides involved, but is important in the process of nation-building and progression of society as a whole. For a succeeding state, the indicators of a sovereign and legitimate state, self-determination and adherence to international law, are usually not easy to meet, and little help is given by the parent state, of which the seceding state is leaving, to help the new state get on its feet. The UN must decide how to determine the legitimacy of these secession movement and what obligations a parent state should have for the seceding state.

Today, Italy struggles, and has struggled, with many secession attempts, the most prominent of these being the attempted secessions of Sicily, Padania, South Tyrol, and Veneto. Although little violence has been shed between the Italian government and these groups, political dispute has arisen because of these movements. As Italy believes in the rights of these groups to voice their views, little action has been taken to cease these campaigns. Italy does not care to be held responsible for the actions of these groups, though, and is determined to avoid association or obligations towards them. Italy seeks to follow examples led by other European nations, who do not currently have much of an official stance on the issue of secession movements, and mostly rely on the situation presented before them in order to decide the correct solution.

Although Italy is very open to alternative solutions, they suggest a logical and situational approach to the problem. Italy believes that seceding states have a right to be recognized as a legitimate state, but should not have the guarantee of aid from a parent state. Italy would be distressed to see blood shed over this issue and suggest that all nations take secession movements as legitimate, seeing that the secession receives little government backlash. If a secession is able to gain enough support, it should be able to survive without the help of its parent nation, if not, it will fail and most likely fall back into the control of its parent state. This is a safe and effective way to determine the strength of a new nation, while avoiding violence or contempt from either side during a secession movement.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Japan
Delegate Name: Alassane Gueye
School: Grand Blanc High School

The state of Japan has some different takes on this issue. Since this issue is quite complex, we must consider the multiple perspectives. As a nation on the end of fighting secessions in our distant past, we understand how complex they are. Thus, we have a few different takes.

On one hand, we must consider a peaceful solution to these secession movements if they are deemed to be going against what we consider human rights. So if they are violating people's rights such as speech and general freedom, they should be considered illegitimate. On the other hand, we must consider the current government in power and how they may have had a hand in the creation of these groups with their own laws and actions. If the country has done many bad actions and the movement is leaving because of this, the movements may be legitimate, which will require greater discussion. Also we have to look at if the movement is a fringe element or supported by most of the people that would be leaving the country and living in the new area. Thus, we must look at everything and all parts.

In the end, we need to look at a few factors. One, we must look at the actions and reasons why a movement is seceding from a country. Two, we must look at the country's actions in the creation of this movement. Thus, we look at many sides of the issue, as it is important to determine the context.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Lebanon
Delegate Name: Francesca Duong
School: Forest Hills Central High School

Secession is an inevitable occurrence that has and will happen. Some examples from the past would be the Civil War, when the Confederacy seceded from the North, or when South Sudan seceded. Even today, the UK’s Brexit might inspire others to follow their example and break away. The problem with seceding is the war that could possibly happen and the legitimacy of the nation. Even today, there is still much debate over whether or not Palestine is a state, even though 136 countries officially recognize Palestine. Also, the function of the parent state gets called into question.

In the history of the Lebanese Republic, or Lebanon, there has been many sectarian conflicts involving religious groups such as Maronite Christians, Druze, and Muslim groups. Today, we have managed to achieve a stable country that includes diversity. Lebanon consults with all main groups to give everyone a voice. For example, the National Pact of 1943 ensures that Sunnis, Shi’ites, and Maronite Christians will all be represented. Under this pact, the president must be a Maronite Christian, the Prime Minister must be a Sunni Muslim, and the speaker of parliament must be a Shi’a Muslim. In Lebanon we do our best to maintain peace and promote happiness throughout the country. Therefore, Lebanon ultimately believes in peace and justice.

The right to self-determination is one that has been guaranteed in Article 1, paragraph 2 of the United Nations Charter, which states, “To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, and to take other appropriate measures to strengthen universal peace.” It is the UN’s mission to guarantee those rights. Dr. Nawaf Salam of Lebanon said “ We congratulate… on having created an independent State through the exercise of their right to self-determination”. Lebanon firmly believes in the right to self-determination for peace. For a long time, we have supported South Sudan’s secession and we continue to support South Sudan.

To clarify our stance, we would like to say that the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) is well on its way to getting ratified in Lebanon. We believe that if these rights in the treaty are violated, then the state should have the right to self determination to secede. Lebanon is a country that believes strongly in human rights, and if the parent country is harming its inhabitants, then they deserve the right to secede. In the immediate aftermath, we believe that the state that seceded and the areas around it should be monitored closely by the UN or regional organizations.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Liberia
Delegate Name: Dieter Roeser
School: Grand Blanc High School

Secession movements—when one part of a state separates from the rest of the state, typically without the consent of the parent state—have played an important role in nation-building and the evolution of geopolitical borders. Secession movements are often inspired by historical, geographical, cultural, ideological, or political interests, and are often achieved by warfare or political coup. Historically, secession movements have bred contempt within parent states for the seceding states, thus proving the importance of determining the legitimacy of these movements and the obligations that parent states face. In the modern era of globalization, outside recognition has proven to lend a seceding state legitimacy—membership in the UN, IMF, or regional bodies typically strengthens a state’s claim. In addition, self-determination and adherence to international law are cited as two sound indicators of a sovereign and legitimate state. Specifically for liberia this issue is close to heart because they have experience with secession with them secceeding and declaring their independence in 1847.

Countries Take on the issue (1-3)

Liberia is a small country, that supports secession movements. The most common place for succession at this day and age is in africa. Liberia has support such secession movement in the past and will continue to do so in the present. The allowance of seceded states into the african Union (a union in which liberia takes part in) helps proclaim the country as independent and legitimate.

Solutions and why should the committee consider these solutions

Liberia believes in the secession of parent states but has also seen what secceeding can do to a state that was dependent on the parent state. Because of the problem that succeeded states have economic problems due to the lack of trade partners and exports. Liberia believes that Outside help is required and necessary in order for these succeeded states to be successful. Complete open humanitarian efforts are encouraged and Financial Assistance and State Recognition could be assisted with by joining groups such as the The United Nations.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Libya
Delegate Name: Joey Van Boxtel
School: Forest Hills Eastern High School

Secession movements remain today a pivotal topic in the global world. Political complications and the shortfall of proper legislation determining legitimacy of seceding states are two of the important issues that require resolution. Historically, secession movements have forged contempt between both the parent and seceding states. For example, although initially passing by a 98% majority, the secession movement in South Sudan led to years of military conflict over border issues and oil rights. Even in the most peaceful initial secession movements, warfare is seemingly inevitable. The lack of defining boundaries and economic claims led to prolonged armed conflict between South Sudan and Sudan. These two issues remain pivotal questions that our committee of Special Political and Decolonization must address. In order for states to effectively and peacefully secede, the United Nations must clearly articulate what legitimizes a seceding state. Furthermore, the United Nations must determine the necessary actions a state must undergo to secede in order to make the transfer as seamless as possible.

As a country who has recently underwent a brutal civil war, Libya understands how military conflict amidst a state can have devastating impacts upon the economy, and the overall well being of our citizens. According to the Libya Herald, the Libyan economy is near total collapse due to “political stalemate and civil conflict”. With multiple forces military forces claiming the rights to govern Libya, we know firsthand the detriment civil conflict can have upon our failing economy, and our people as well. With a government constantly in transition since Gaddafi's death in 2011, Libya has been in a state of constant chaos, lacking national leadership and assets to rebuild our country. In order to prevent an country from division, Libya wholeheartedly encourages the United Nations discourage secession movements. However, it is discernible that few exceptions must be made. A state may seek independence from the mother country when they do not feel they are being accurately represented by their government. Furthermore, tyrannical violence by an autocratic government may merit a secession movement, however Libya believes that only in the most extreme cases should the United Nations validate a secession movement. It is paramount to the general well being of a population to maintain a foundation based upon unity and collaboration rather than condoning sects of a state to rebel and remove oneself from their country.

Libya proposes that the United Nations rule secession movements illegal, with few exceptions in the most extreme possible cases, in order to eliminate the controversy regarding the legitimacy of secession movements as well as ceasing any further obligations of parent states. In a country devastated by Civil War, Libya knows firsthand the effects that political instability and divide can have on a country. In order to prevent this, the UN can eliminate any divisional conflict by disallowing secession movements to help keep countries united and politically stable. It is important that Special Political and Decolonization maintains a grounded position based upon unity within a country in order to prevent war and keep economies stable. De-legitimizing secession movements is the best way for the United Nations to promote unity and maintain peace within all nations. A resolution that advocates for solidarity within a nation will help economies to improve and help keep the global world safe from war.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Malaysia
Delegate Name: Kyler Cousins
School: Roeper School

For those who are unaware, the legitimacy of secession movements is the world and the United Nations recognizing a recently created state as a legitimate country. They now can be traded with and have a voice in international bodies. However, to this point the new nation must have laws, a stable economy and the ability to fend for themselves. The parent state has the obligation to provide these things if the new legitimate nation has no basis to build upon. To this end, Malaysia is a primary source in precedent to a violent secession movement. From this we know very well how to have this go over smoothly going forward. In 1965 Singapore seceded from us after 23 months as a part of our glorious nation. Before this there were riots between two of our political parties. We recognize now that if any one area of a nation wishes to secede that they should bring grievances to the United Nations for the larger group to determine whether this movement is legitimate. If the reason is oppression, cultural separation or even economic separation then the movement should be ruled as legitimate and the proper action should be taken to bring that area together with the nation it is housed in to have talks on peaceful separation. In doing so, these riots and protests can be avoided quickly and with the backing of an international body. The other benefit of this would be that nations can then recognize them as a new independent state. We now recognize the Kingdom of Singapore as separate but this could have been achieved in a much more painless way if proper procedure for secession had been formed.

The obligation of the parent state is linked to this in that if a new seceded state has no basis of law or government then the parent state with the help of the United Nations should be required to assist said state in formed these things. Legal precedent can be formed from the parent states and then revised from that initial point to speed along the process of nation formation. Thank you delegates for listening to our nation’s humble opinions. Thank you for your time.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Mexico
Delegate Name: Garrett Mohney
School: Mattawan High School

The United Mexican States, or Mexico, believe that secession movements are often necessary in forming a new, independent society. Mexico indeed has its own history with secession movements, as Mexico fought a bloody conflict against the Spanish in 1810, and fought again against the United States and the French for control of their territory.

Often times, due to political corruption, civil unrest, or unfair laws and orders, groups and territories often secede with good reason. Other countries, due to alliances and agreements, often feel the need to intervene with civil wars. However, this often backfires when multiple outside countries muddle the conflict and create a sprawling killing spree.

Due to this indisputable fact, Mexico believes the United Nations should allow the secession of groups from their parent nations if the secession movement does not involve the killing or destruction of innocent parties and people.

The United Nations should focus on the establishment of new nations rather than get involved with the internal affairs of countries unless absolutely necessary. If the new seceded nation is formally recognized by the United Nations, then the new nation should be allowed to function free from their previous parent. If a new nation emerges, recognized by the UN, and faces internal strife and lack of organization, United Nations Peacekeepers may have to intervene and maintain order, as long as the Peacekeepers are form an unbiased source.

While Mexico recognizes that sometimes violence and force are necessary in winning independence, it remains crucial that diplomacy and peaceful negotiations remain as the primary source of secession. Mexico looks forward to working with the other delegates to cooperate and determine an effective resolution for troubled nations.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Morocco
Delegate Name: Maya Trowe
School: Forest Hills Eastern High School

The seceding of states have widely shaped and defined geographical borders and the building of nations throughout history. From the nineteenth to the twentieth century there have been reportedly thirty six attempted secession movements, varying from the Congo declaring independence from the Democratic Republic of the Congo to Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, and Tibet from China. Secession movements are traditionally defined as a country’s withdrawal from its larger parenting state, typically without their authorization. Seceding movements have typically created disdain from the parent state in regards to the seceding state, bringing up the discussion of importance of what makes a movement legit and what the responsibilities of the parent states entail. Today, countries with a membership in the United Nations or International Monetary Fund have increased the legitimacy of a seceding state, for the inclusion in one of these organizations provides outside recognition . Self-determination and adherence to international law are also cited as two sound indicators of a sovereign and legitimate state.

Morocco became under unofficial French rule beginning in 1899.Later, The Kingdom of Morocco signed the Treaty of Fez in 1912 and became a French protectorate. After World War II, The United States further encouraged Mohammed Ben Youssef, Sultan of Morocco to gain independence. Youssef began to distance the Kingdom of Morocco from the protectorate, championing the Arab League and supporting Istiqlal, the Independence Party. Morocco then gained full independence from France on March 2, 1956.The Rif Republic was a republic in northern Morocco that was created in 1921, when the people of the Rif revolted and declared their independence from Spanish occupation as well as from the Moroccan sultan Yusef. The attempt of secession ultimately failed, resulting in the dissolution in 1926 by Spanish and French forces during the Rif War. In 1975, Morocco annexed The Western Sahara. Since then it has been the subject of an ongoing territorial dispute between Morocco and its indigenous Saharawi people, led by the Polisario Front. A 16-year-long insurgency ended with a UN-brokered truce in 1991 and the promise of a referendum on independence which has yet to take place.

The Kingdom of Morocco proposes what creating secession movements global to be considered an international crime. Secession should not be considered a viable option for countries and should be held legally accountable for seceding. Morocco argues for the Special Political Committee to create and establish laws and restrictions on any and all countries who choose to secede from their parent states.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: New Zealand
Delegate Name: Ethan O’Sullivan
School: Fishers High School

As a former colony of Great Britain, New Zealand supports vassal states moving towards autonomous rule. States with due cause seeking economic, cultural, and political independence from a parent state deserve legitimate recognition and support from its parent state. First, the factors contributing to a legitimate secessionist movement should be declared.

A seceding state should have clear reasons behind its desire to separate. These include, but are not limited to economic exploitation/inequality of the seceding state or significant abuse of human rights by the parent state. Additionally, if the seceding state is a vestigial colony from a former empire, like what has been observed in the concession of Hong Kong by the United Kingdom in 1997, an event which marked the end of the British Empire, then the secessionist movement is also valid.

The responsibility of a parent state is to, above all, ensure a peaceful secession. If tensions between separatists and parent states are allowed to boil over, chaos and war result. One example of a failure to uphold peace during a secession is the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971. While the armed conflict resulted in the foundation of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, a state officially recognized as a sovereign nation by the United Nations, its sovereignty was not achieved without the instigation of the 1971 Bangladesh Genocide, in which an estimate of 200,000 to 3,000,000 died as the Islamic Republic of Pakistan attempted to quell the Bangladeshi Nationalist movement in a severe abuse of human rights.

Without the peaceful separation of a legitimate state seeking secession from a parent state, that legitimate secessionist state cannot achieve the financial and cultural prosperity it desires. Moreover, it is in direct violation of Article 2 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty

Sources

http://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/

http://www.constitution.org/cs_separ.htmb

Genocide

http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0630.html

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: North Korea
Delegate Name: Jason Higdon
School: Mattawan High School

As a nation formed through the fracturing of one homeland (and being no stranger to the imperialistic advancements that countries may make to forcibly reunite these homelands) the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea strongly supports the rights of seceding states. It is the view of the Korean people and Brilliant Comrade Kim Jong-un that all nation states have the right to secede from their parent states, and further that it would be imperialistic to force these free nations to submit under the yoke of their parent states.

The DPRK has recognized and maintained diplomatic relations with South Sudan since the nation’s inception, proving its commitment to believing in the ability of states to achieve independence. We are resolute in the position that the will of the people will trump the imperialistic designs of corrupt bureaucrats. We further take the position that righteous warfare can be justified to free the oppressed from the imperialists that trod over them.

Our position in committee will be such that we wish to work towards a resolution that allows for the most liberal requirements for UN recognized independence as can be required. We want minimal power to parent states in the determination of secessionist movements. The people of Korea do not want to unduly burden the people of areas that are unlucky enough to be forced to struggle to the extent they pursue independence from a parent state just to make better lives for themselves. The spirit of Dear Leader smiles down upon all who refuse to submit to their oppressors. We anticipate encountering the Western powers and their imperialist satellites as our enemies on this topic in committee, and we anticipate finding allies in those nations scorned by past imperialism.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Norway
Delegate Name: Brendan Wendlandt
School: Forest Hills Central High School

Nationality is a controversial and legitimate topic of public interest for many states looking to a self-determination movement. Norway’s stance upon recognizing aspiring separatist groups and nations is, for the most part, is fairly supportive. Norwegian delegation believes that all states have a right to self-determination. Historically, although secession isn’t always the most viable option for a nation, it has had many instances in which states that perhaps do not receive international recognition display greater control and governmental security than some of their recognized peers. While there are many significant justifications as to why a nation may or may not want to start a secession movement, Norway strongly believes that each and every nation should have the liberty to chose for themselves if they want to do so, and be internationally recognized as such.

While the Norwegian delegates are ordinarily in favor of the right to secede, they do acknowledge the fact that the justifications to do so must be legitimate, plausible, and the general majority of the public must be in complete support of said movement. Particular justifications could possibly be preserving culture, language, etc. from assimilation or elimination by a greater or more powerful group, escaping “discriminatory redistribution” (tax schemes, regulatory policies, economic programs, etc., that distribute resources away to another area, especially in an undemocratic fashion), making it easier for states to join with others in an experimental union, rectification of past injustices (especially past conquest by a larger power), etc. Also, the consent and willingness of the people to secede should be defined and recognized.

In summary, self-determination is an extremely complex and controversial notion. Norway fully recognizes the importance of the right to secede and also the legitimacy of said secession. Norwegian delegates are in full support of an emerging self-determining state so long as it can provide equitable and plausible justifications along with the consent of the majority of the population strongly in favor of said secession movement. Many states that have seceded should have the right to be internationally recognized as well. Norway looks forward to a future in which a nation has the freedom to withdraw itself from an affiliation and be recognized as such.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Pakistan
Delegate Name: Tanvi Sharma
School: Saginaw Arts and Sciences Academy

The Islamic Republic of Pakistan believes that all secession movements have the potential to be legitimate, so long as they have the approval and support of the people of the region in question. There are many reasons for a region to want to gain autonomy, ranging from cultural to political to economic. Democracy is the best way to ensure and maintain peace and stability. We live in a time where ignoring the will of the people only leads to strife and further conflict. However, this is not to say that the wishes of the parent states be ignored. Once again in the interest of preserving peace, parent nation or nations have the right to have their wishes heard. The only way that both of these can occur simultaneously, is if all parties involved engage in diplomacy. For example, on the issue of the territory of Jammu and Kashmir, before a resolution to the conflict can be reached all three parties involved, namely Pakistan, India, and the government of Jammu and Kashmir, should be in agreement following deliberations.

To ensure that negotiations to determine the legitimacy of secession movements occur in a fair and deliberate manner, some impartial facilitator should be present. This could be in the form of the United Nations Department of Political Affairs, the government of another (unbiased and objective) nation, or some other international body that could fill this role. Once again, the emphasis must be placed on respecting the wishes of all involved. This can be attained through a fair plebiscite. If one of the parties is of the opinion that the International Court of Justice be involved, then the facilitator should ensure that this takes place. This is especially the case if one of the parties is accused or suspected of war crimes. Any solution that is unacceptable to one or more of the bodies involved should be taken from the table. The Islamic Republic of Pakistan would emphasize that any solution reached should be acceptable to all parties. If this is not the case, then negotiations should resume until the aforementioned goal is reached.

Obligations of the parent state should be determined by the deliberations that take place between the parties involved. However, it is important to emphasize that international law should always be followed. During governmental transitions, if they are to take place, all parties must ensure that maintenance of human rights is a priority. Once a new nation is established, parent states should be encouraged to support the economic and political growth of the new nation. The best way to ensure that this takes place is to (as emphasized earlier) that all parties are satisfied with the resolution that is reached.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Palestine
Delegate Name: Andrew Judge
School: Forest Hills Eastern High School

There has been, and always will be a group of people unhappy with their government. Sometimes the people are so unhappy, they choose to either rebel or make their own state. These secession movements have happened throughout history. But there is a recurring problem with them; existing states are usually very reluctant to help or even acknowledge these movements. Many philosophers and political theorists say that self-determination and compliance of international law should be the deciding factor of their legitimacy, but in this era, emerging states need the recognition of more powerful countries to determine their legality. This makes it very hard for the international community to decide on the legitimacy of the secession movement due to the political rivalries and tension in the world. An example of this is the U.S alliance with Israel. Ido Sarig, an Israeli citizen, stated that “ due to the extensive U.S. Israeli relationship, the United States receives unparalleled support from the Israeli government at the UN, have many trade deals, and both of their armed forces often collaborate in coordinated military action.” This statement was also praised by Mark Brodnick, a political science phD major from Stanford. This shows why the U.S. constantly ignores Palestinian opinion, and why they almost always support Israel. It is Palestine's opinion that people in these secession movements are often ignored and neglected by the international community.

Palestine is locked in a struggle for freedom against Israel. Ever since 1948, when Israel became a country, and forcibly took away Arab land, Palestine has seen many injustices committed against its people. Whether it be protesters getting shot, or farmers losing their land to illegal Israeli settlements, Palestine has continued to wither under the iron fist of the Israeli Government. In order for this to stop, Palestine must gain full independence from this invader, and the rule of our state should be determined by our people, not Israeli’s. The problem starts with the western nations. In today’s geopolitical atmosphere, if a succession movement wants to be deemed legitimate, they must have the support of countries like the United States, Britain, Belgium, France etc… Without this support, the movement will likely fail. Israel is closely allied with these Western Nations. They have the full support of the west, and can influence many events in this region just by calling up their allies. This leaves movements that are seeking legitimacy trapped and unable to call on significant help for their struggle. Only once the western world sees the flaws in their allies can we fix our communities and fight injustice.

In conclusion, the legitimacy of succession states should be determined by the self determination of rule and by the free will of those living under that rule. They should not be determined by rivalries and political power struggles.The Palestinian people are urging the delegates of the world to assist in the struggle for independence and fair rule, and to lay out better plans promoting the legitimacy of succession states. In order for the parent state to understand their obligations and duties if their people are unhappy with their rule, they must know what they have to do, and the international community would have to enforce these rules. To enable the children of the world to grow up in their own countries, governed by their own people, the world must come together to recognize these principles laid out by Woodrow Wilson. If the nations of our world recognized these lines of wisdom, we could all change for the better.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Panama
Delegate Name: Marlena Gray
School: Forest Hills Eastern High School

When conflict within a country arises, both the parent state and the seceding state feel their rights should be protected. The Special Political and Decolonization Committee is in charge of protecting these rights. This is important for Committee IV to discuss because we decide who gets what land, what resources, whether or not the secession is legitimate, to determine the obligations of parent states, and implement framework which ensures sustained economic growth and amiable political and economic relations between both parent state and the seceding state in the immediate aftermath of independence. These issues need to be resolved to keep peace.

The topic is not currently an issue within Panama, but would like the UN to protect seceding state’s rights. Panama, being once apart of Columbia, and the Spanish Empire. After its independence from Spain on November 28, 1821, modern-day Panama became a part of the Republic of Gran Colombia which consisted of today's Colombia, Venezuela, Panama, and Ecuador. The separation of Panama from Colombia was formalized on 3 November 1903. On November 18, 1903 the United States Secretary of State John Hay and Philippe-Jean Bunau-Varilla signed the Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty. No Panamanians signed the treaty although Bunau-Varilla was present as the diplomatic representative of Panama. The treaty was later approved by the Panamanian government and the Senate of the United States. In 1846 a treaty between Colombia and United States was signed. In the treaty the United States was obliged to maintain "neutrality" in Panama in exchange for transit rights in the isthmus on behalf of Colombia. In March 1885 Colombia thinned its military presence in Panama by sending troops stationed there to fight rebels in other provinces. These favourable conditions prompted an insurgency in Panama. The United States Navy was sent there to keep order, in spite of invoking its obligations according to the treaty being signed in 1846. Panama has not currently made any efforts to support seceding states internationally, but wants their rights protected by the United Nations. Panama supported the Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties in 1978.

Panama would like to see the United Nations protect the rights of seceding states and of parent states. In addition, Panama would like countries to determine the obligations of parent states, and implement framework which ensures sustained economic growth and amiable political and economic relations between both parent state and the seceding state in the immediate aftermath of independence.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Peru
Delegate Name: William Poltrock
School: Forest Hills Northern High School

While there are few to no separatist movements currently active in Peru as of 2016, Peru believes that it is vital for a country to remain unified, and to strive to find some form of common ground between the secessionists and the union upon which there can be agreement. It is through working together that we find the strength to endure. The Republic of Peru, despite not having any current seperatist movements, was a nation that was born out of conflict, and a craving for independence. As Peruvian General Jose de San Martin said during the conflict, "I have fulfilled the sacred promises which I made Peru; I have witnessed the assembly of its representatives; the enemy's force threatens the independence of no place that wishes to be free, and that possesses the means of being so. A numerous army, under the direction of warlike chiefs, is ready to march in a few days to put an end to the war. Nothing is left for me to do, but to offer you my sincerest thanks, and to promise, that if the liberties of the Peruvians shall ever be attacked, I shall claim the honor of accompanying them to defend their freedom like a citizen." The war that bore their independence, however, was indeed a bloody one that resulted in the deaths of thousands upon thousands of people, and thus, while we were born out of secession, the Peruvian Republic wishes to try to find some sort of agreement between the two parties involved in the disagreement before the two parties separate into two different countries.

Sources: https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvian_War_of_Independence

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Philippines
Delegate Name: Luke Wassink
School: Forest Hills Eastern High School

As countries become more polarized based on religion, freedoms, and economics, secession movements are inevitable. South Sudan, for example, has struggled for autonomy and independence, and is on the brink of collapse. According to the Fragile States Index, South Sudan is the second most fragile country in the world, and coming off of recent independence, this is typical. Other countries, like Scotland, are considering peaceful succession. The significance of the mother state in this process is well questioned, and rightly so. For the success of these countries, it is imperative we address this issue.

The Philippines has had numerous secession movements in the past, yet we have held strong throughout all of the trouble. For this reason, issues with secession movements are important to us. We oppose secession movements because they threaten the security of the mother country, and they are often not well justified. The Philippines also knows the importance of peace, too. Often times compromise is the best option, yet we have confronted the issue of secession movements throughout the years with violence too. Former president Joseph Ejercito Estrada declared war on especially treasonous secession groups and this has been the policy ever since. In 2013, a group called the Bangsamoro seized land in the southern Philippines. In response, we stopped the bloodshed, and ultimately restored peace with a treaty. This shows the potential for compromise in response to insurgency. That was three years ago, on September in 2013. Since then, we have had to deal with Abu Sayyaf, a terrorist group aligned with ideals of ISIL. It has really no purpose, besides inspiring fear and committing acts of terror. Such radical viewpoints and insurgencies are incredibly dangerous, and we have attacked the issue bluntly and with force. We have had to fight an ISIL presence tooth and nail. Secession movements like these are a direct danger to the wellbeing of nations across the globe, and must be squelched. Other movements are not violent. To alleviate one issue, we compromised with the Bangsamoro people, giving autonomy to permanently stop violence. In terms of experience with this issue, the Philippines knows secession movements and their implications.

As veterans of secession movements, the Philippines implores other countries to not take a chance, and check secession movements. A resolution that questions the legitimacy of secession movements would be beneficial to the Philippines. Ultimately, unity, to the Philippines, is first and foremost. We must be careful not to take such a short-sighted approach to secession movements, and to not sacrifice the peace and prosperity of a country in the pursuit of trivial matters.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Portugal
Delegate Name: Jack Murray
School: Williamston High School

Secession movements are not new nor uncommon across the world and are caused by differing political, ideological, cultural and religious movements. Secession movements tend to be without political cooperation from the parent state but not always, as seen in the Scotland referendum. Most secession movements are militaristic and violent leading to bloodshed, civil unrest and war. Secession movements can last for generations as seen in the Palestinian secession movement and the Chechnya secession movement. Nation-states that come forth from secession movements begin to really become a nation-state when their economies functionally develop. When their borders and territories are defined. And when their government become politically stable and effectively work with outside organizations.

As a small but proud nation lying on the west coast of the Iberian peninsula. Portugal has historically followed in the footsteps of her neighbors, Spain, in determining the legitimacy and regonocation of fledgling nation states. Such as in the case for Palestine. In 2016 following suit with other Western European nations, Portuguese parliament passed a bill which would recognize Palestine and call for an immediatement end to the Israeli occupation. So with this in mind Portugal almost always follows the western european nations and those Western European nations have been slow to declare a state legitimate unless they have no interest in the surrounding area or unless it benefits them quickly. Case and point being Palestine, Kosovo and South Sudan. Palestine is only recognized now because of the increasing world tension around the issue. Kosovo was almost immediately recognized after declaring it’s independence by Portugal to curb Serbian power and the Western European block almost immediately recognized the nation state of South Sudan after Sudan recognized as a nation state.

The Republic of Portugal would never like to see secession movements turn into civil unrest, civil war or violent bloodshed if at all possible. The United Nations should keep a closer eye on secession movements. Portugal also believes that its up to the parent state allow for democratic referendums and ensure peace is brought about. Secessionists should have a legitimate movement whether it being culturally, politically, ideologically, lingually or religiously. It should be up to the parent nation to decide whether or not to hold a democratic referendum. All and all it's up to the parent state of that nation to decide whether or not the legitimacy of the secessionists and the legitimacy of their referendum, however the Republic of Portugal looks higher upon following the democratic will of the people, so as to avoid bloodshed and war.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Romania
Delegate Name: Sara Mehari
School: Forest Hills Northern High School

The act of secession is the withdrawing of a state from its original – or “parent” – state, and there have been many secession movements throughout history of the world, making situations hard on both the country seceding and the parent nation, making them economically weak and the two separate nations often holding hostilities toward one another.

In Romania’s history, there have been many secession movements. The country initially seceded from the Ottoman Empire in 1877, and prior to Romania’s involvement in World War One, the Kingdom of Romania merger that was signed secretly with the Treaty of Bucharest in 1916 gained the country new territories, though the treaty was nullified and renounced after the war in 1920. Again after World War Two, Romania was required to cede Dorburja to Bulgaria within the Treaty of Craiova and Northern Transylvania to Hungary, both in 1940. After the secession of the Kingdom of Moldova, a previous providence of Romania, in 1991, relationships were strained because of the initial reluctance of Romania to recognize the independent nation as a country. Though in 1976, Ceaușescu, the leader of Romania at the time, meet with the leaders of the new country of Moldova, formally recognizing it’s independence.

After several movements toward secession from numerous states, Romania is in supportance of the right to defy their parent government and ties and declare themselves independent, under

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Russia
Delegate Name: Karthik Vuyyuru
School: Forest Hills Eastern High School

The number of conditions that must be met for a secession movement to be considered legitimate is incredibly high. While most secession movements may seem simple to finish, there are many of underlying consequences in political and economical areas including government instability and failing economies. From the United States Civil War’s Secession of the South to the complex secession of South Sudan to the comparatively peaceful breakup of the Soviet Union, there was conflict. It is not only in the developing world where there is an issue of secession; these movements can be observed in the developed world, such as was demonstrated by the British exit from the European Union and the Scottish independence movement.

Russia is focused on helping both United Nations member states and nascent secessionist nations have the right of self-determination. The Russian Government also provides monetary aid to those nations looking to secede. In the very recent past Russia has assisted independence movements in Donetsk, Luhansk, and Crimea.

Secession movements are a very serious topic for Russia. In general, Russia believes that it is right to help other states that are looking forward to seceding if they are being oppressed. The Russian government believes that a strict outline must be followed to determine the legitimacy of a secession movements. The Russian Federation supports secession movements if they are called upon by the movement to help liberate them from an oppressive parent state. However, Russia also stresses the territorial integrity of United Nations member states, but believes that a balance must be struck between this and the rights of the people within the states.

The Russian Federation seeks to give people a chance at self-determination should the conditions under their parent state be unsuitable. Thus was the case with the Crimean secession of 2014, wherein a repressed ethnic Russian majority in the area democratically voted overwhelmingly to leave Ukraine and become a federal subject of the Russian Federation. The United States is too involved in secession movements half-way around the globe, when there may be some brewing by their own borders. We encourage the United States — and all other nations, for that matter — to deal with their own affairs within their own borders and not become involved with secession movements that do not concern them on the other side of the Earth. Again, when dealing with international secession movements, Russia elects to follow a strict checklist format.

We look to create a strict checklist that determines the legitimacy of secession movements. The importance of the right to self-determination is highly important to the Russian Federation. With these factors in mind, Russia looks forward to being able to create a system that is fair to all parties, respects the sovereignty of parent states, and is considerate of the inherent rights of the people.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Rwanda
Delegate Name: Lauren Brewer
School: Forest Hills Eastern High School

Oftentimes, in periods of political unrest, part of a state separates from its parent state. Although secession can cause an advancement in geopolitical borders and nation-building, it commonly comes along with civil war and uprisings. Even if the situation starts peaceful, there are many other issues such as currency and treaties to be settled, defining borders, and sustaining the economy. Nowadays, it is easier for the seceded states to be validated; memberships into organizations, such as the UN, help to legitimize the states and the universal agreement for new states is that they are self-determined and adhere to international laws.

Secession movements are not currently an issue in Rwanda. Nothing has been done about secession since Rwanda and Burundi’s independence from Belgium in 1962, but that independence was more on Belgium's behalf and Rwanda did not technically secede. We have been known to support new independent nations. However, if the movements cause harm to people, Rwanda would not support it, as Rwanda strives to be a peaceful nation.

Rwanda recommends that the issues of secession are left to the specific states involved. If secession benefits the parent state and new independent state, then the state should be allowed to secede. Also, if the new independent state is willing to follow the universal agreement of being self-determined, to adhere to international laws, and be self-sufficient in its own economy, then the state should be allowed to secede. Rwanda would not like to take a personal role in this issue, nor do we believe the UN should take role, unless secession movement becomes violent and threatens to send harm to people.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Saudi Arabia
Delegate Name: Benjamin Brewster
School: Royal Oak High School

Saudi Arabia is a very devout Islamic nation, and in our beliefs, we place a very heavy emphasis on the rule of law. This stems from the systematic institution of our religion, and subsequently from our way of life; and because of this, our country is structured specifically with these beliefs and practices in mind. For that reason, alongside the immense faith and trust we have placed into the United Nations system of international bureaucracy, we believe that the United Nations Security Council should have the ultimate authority on matters relating to the legitimacy of secession movements, as well as the obligations to parent states.

As a devoutly Islamic nation, and as a state positioned in the Middle East region, Saudi Arabia has witnessed first hand the devastating effects that can be wrought on a nation, a region, and the world at large when self appointed Western leaders overextend their welcome and influence. By drawing lines and determining where people belong based solely on an agenda, as opposed to clear and present fact and the pre-standing status quo, this system of cultural appropriation can deal a devastating blow to the stability of a given people or region. For this reason, we believe that having internationally appointed world leaders make these decisions within the context of the United Nation’s internationally recognized legitimacy is the best way to set an agreeable international precedent, and that is exactly what the Security Council brings to the table.

Similarly, we believe the Security Council’s current duties and responsibilities make them the most logical and most qualified candidates for the job. This is especially evident when you consider the most recent internationally backed secession movement, that of South Sudan. Since the UN played a pivotal role in the transformation of South Sudan into its own, independent state, the Security Council has already effectively dealt with these issues before. It intervened in the conflict between North and South Sudan by employing ground troops to protect civilians and to ease the transition of power from one government into that of two. Saudi Arabia believes that these are the kinds of skills that are imperative to the duties we are convening to discuss, and look forward to the opportunity to openly debate this topic, and to come to an agreement on the best way to proceed.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Senegal
Delegate Name: Ricardo Ayala
School: Grand Rapids City High School

The Republic of Senegal affirms that the legitimacy of secession movements is to be determined by the state that encapsulates the conflict within its borders. Our country has experienced a secession movement in the Casamance region of southern Senegal. The conflict lasted from 1982 to 2014 with a unilateral ceasefire. The inhabitants of the region felt that the capital (Dakar) was profiting more from the region’s products than the region itself. The conflict was worsened by the fact that the region was predominantly christian and the rest of the country was and still is Muslim. There were attempts at negotiations but in the end, none proved effective. Casamance is still a part of Senegal as the movement has subsided.

Conflicts like these should be left to the parent states to evaluate as this protects the state’s sovereignty within its borders. The Republic of Senegal would have been harshly offended and felt undermined if the United Nations had become involved in the conflict. As long as there are no human rights violations or some other international treatise being broken , the state should handle the situation alone. This is most imperative in states that are constitutional republics, such as the United States and Senegal. As for states that do not have set proceedings to deal with secession within their constitutions or lack one altogether or are governed by oppressive regimes then the United Nations should determine the legitimacy of the movements, particularly in the General Assembly and most specifically in the Special Political Committee. The parent state is responsible for ensuring that the new state is economically stable, at least in the period immediately following secession but with no regard to political stability.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Serbia
Delegate Name: Jack Norman
School: Grand Rapids City High School

The issue addressed in this paper is the legitimacy or lack thereof of secession movements as well as the obligations of parent States. In our history we have moved to unite the Serbian states. In the past we have been staunchly for the secession of the Republika Srpska from Bosnia. It was not within their right to stop a group of people they feel has not done an adequate job of governing. We feel as though we wielded the spear of legitimacy in this engagement. We believe this attempt to leave would pose no threat to the territory of Bosnia nor was that our intention. We are firmly on the side of legitimate seceedence from a sociopolitical relationship that no longer benefits both parties involved e.g the relationship of the Republika Srpska with the Bosnian government. We would stand with any state attempting to follow through with a similar movement. We believe it is the obligation of parent states to provide a mutual benefit to not only the parent but the "child state" if you will. It is also the responsibility of the parent state to supply military and infrastructural aid. We would be willing to meet with UN leaders to negotiate terms of secession of a state. We would however have to insist that a state will be granted secession unless it can be shown there would be crippling instability in the parent state caused by the secession. We believe this agreement would be more than fair as it would bring a country's annexation out of the realm of the arbitrary.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Singapore
Delegate Name: Asher Howarth
School: Royal Oak High School

Singapore has mixed feelings on secession of potential new nations. Singapore didn’t exactly secede from Malaysia, as we were expelled and became our own nation in 1965. However, we can sympathize with both countries that are trying to secede and parent countries. Secession is quite a large step, and Singapore believes that it is the job of this body to set a certain ‘checklist’ that a country attempting to secede must meet. We also believe it is the obligation of the parent state to prevent violence and realize that if the government can’t provide for certain parts of their country, a secession might be better for both the parent state and the emerging country.

In recent instances such as in Crimea, we’ve seen widespread violence break out. Clearly it is the responsibility of the United Nations to make a ruling on secession, as revolutions or battles have seen inevitable when this should not be the case. Governments who can’t provide for all of their people shouldn’t expect their people to want to stay under that government, and they shouldn’t be forced to by the government. On the other hand, seceding nations who attempt to take part of a preexisting country without making extensive agreements beforehand cannot expect to not run into troubles when attempting to essentially take over a nation.

Singapore hopes that we, as a committee, can work together to find situations where secession is appropriate and necessary, and we hope that we can use those same rules to prevent potential secessions when they’re not a similar situation. We also hope we can set a ruling on how parent states should react to a secession. Hopefully rulings like these will be able to prevent violence and make it more clear cut as to when secession is the right call and when it isn’t. Singapore feels like our country can act as a bridge between different opinion and ideas so that we can cooperate and find a solid solution to this very real issue.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: South Korea
Delegate Name: Noah Haines
School: Kalamazoo Central High School

States who decide to secede from a parent state should be counted as a legitimate new body of territory. When the secession occurs it should be done through strictly peaceful and diplomatic means, as war only creates larger tensions and intensifies hatred. It is not a responsibility of the parent state to care for the seceded state in any way shape or form. When a state takes on its own new sovereignty it is responsible for creating its relations and form of governing as much as any other territory. These newly formed territories are just as qualified to receive assistance from other countries but are not entitled to it.

When addressing the creation of this countries legitimacy, the validity should be confirmed if the country falls under certain criterion. The country needs to be functional on its own under a form of governance that is its choice. To become more functional they can receive advisory from foreign countries, these countries do not have to be the parent states. Countries who wish to secede should be handled with delicate measures as tensions will be very high and any sort of influence from outside sources can form how the country will function throughout its future. During the reconstruction of Japan after World War II the United States was heavily influential on the culture of Japan. The constant presence of the United States westernized Japans culture. Seeing a constant presence like this in a newly formed territory could also influence the states government function.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Spain
Delegate Name: Sarah Flowers
School: Forest Hills Northern High School

As a nation that has historically dealt with the issue of secession, Spain sees the need of an area to sever ties with the rest of their larger governing body as legitimate in most cases. While every circumstance needs to be judged with rationale, Spain has taken the defensive side of the argument in the past. However, Spain supports efforts to ensure the justification of these secession movements as long as they prove beneficial for the wellbeing of the people.

Today, as political climates and social unrest are changing overnight, it is imperative that the leaders of every nation around the world keep a close watch on the shifts of demarcation. As tensions rise, Spain pledges to seek solutions that will not only alleviate current issues but help prevent conflict between societies in the future.

Spain also recognizes that while aid from the outside world it important, there needs to be certain standards set for parent states to adhere to. With this aspect in mind, nations should be equipped with the resources to solve problems domestically. The reform of already existing policies and the creation of new ones should allow countries to appropriately assess the gravity of these situations.

Spain sympathizes with those who are currently struggling for freedom against any oppressor while recognizing the importance of thoroughly analyzing situations and prioritizing only the most critical. Spain is looking forward to collaborating with other nations in order to find just and orderly solutions in order to solve the pressing issue that is determining whether or not the wish to secede from a parent state is legitimate.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Sweden
Delegate Name: Madeline Vonk
School: Forest Hills Central High School

In 1814, Norway separated from the Kingdom of Denmark and was forced into a union with Sweden. Norway had realized that they were never going to be recognized as a country, so they agreed to Swedish Crown Prince Charles John Bernadotte’s proposition that stated Norway could be recognized as an official state if they promised to conjoin with Sweden. The monarch promised to grant “perfect equality” to the two kingdoms, but cultural and economic factors kept that from happening. Each country had their own constitutions. The only thing binding them was their king. Norway attempted to secede three times between 1817 and 1821. Every time, their attempts were shot down by the king’s veto. After years of conflict, Norway declared independance once more in 1905. The king vetoed it again, but this time the Norwegian legislature resigned. The king was unable to appoint a new legislature leaving the two countries officially separated. Imagine if Norway had been able to utilize the United Nations and/or the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to help it to separate from Sweden. Years of conflict could have been avoided.

Sweden believes that the United Nations can work with the parent state to negotiate the legitimacy of the secession. States may look to secede if they are subject to a tyrannical government. They may not secede for economical reasons unless the United Nations has calculated the effects on the parent state to avoid leaving the parent state in a depression. The same idea transfers to the seceding state. It cannot leave the parent state if its economy does not project significant growth. The seceding country should also have a population pyramid graph that is wider on the bottom, which signifies the growth of a developing country. Most of all, the seceding state should have had the majority of its people vote in agreeance to its secession. The requirements are to secure the welfare and prosperity of the people.

Once the seceding states have met at least one of the above requirements, their issue should be recognized by the United Nations or International Monetary Fund. From there, the UN or IMF will work with the parent country and the rest of the nations to decide whether or not the state is legitimate. In those meetings, the seceding state should be prepared to list potential trade deals, form of government, currency, etc. The parent state and seceding state should also attempt to negotiate before resorting to warfare in order to save lives. To avoid conflict, interactions between the parent state and seceding state should be regulated by neutral party. Then, the UN/IMF may declare the seceding state legitimate. The UN or IMF will work with the two states as a neutral party to sort out land claims to avoid conflict in the future and to avoid what happened in the aftermath of South and North Sudan’s split. The parent state and seceding state do not owe each other anything once the secession has been declared legitimate, only to accept each other’s rights and boundaries. Sweden would also like to see SPECPOL discuss the issue of secession without taking away the parent country’s dignity since Sweden knows what it is like to have a part of their union slip away and the struggle of attempting to keep it.

In conclusion, Sweden asks that the parent state and seceding state work together with the UN or IMF to negotiate without conflict. Sweden will not recognize a seceding state until it has been recognized by the UN or IMF because of its commitment to neutrality.

Works Cited

Pike, John. "Military." 1814-1905 – Norway Under Sweden. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Nov. 2016.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Syria
Delegate Name: Samuel Frishman
School: Forest Hills Eastern High School

Secession has wreaked havoc on respected states throughout the world for many years. “States”such as Somaliland, Western Sahara, and South Sudan have done little but create bloodshed, violence, and instability through their misguided attempts at supposed freedom. Not only have states like these wreaked havoc, they have clearly gone against the wishes of the UN: The United Nations security council resolution 1244 passed in 1999 clearly “affirmed the commitment of all UN members to protect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of nations” (Quadros).While we comply with the UN’s recognition of their approved post-secession states, we adhere to the belief that it is up to the parent state to keep a nation together, through war or otherwise.

We firmly believe that violence against governmental authorities, which is a primary tactics for those attempting to achieve secession, is ineffective, anti-progressive, and unwise. For years, our leaders have, in a commendable fashion, maintained strength and authority amid several rabid rebel groups attempting to tear our great state apart. We will not stand for this — secession must only happen under the approval and supervision of the parent state. Self-determination created by rebels is terrorism. Our honorable leader Bashar al-Assad has stated that he will wrestle terrorism with “an iron fist” (AFP). Succession threatens not only a specific country, but rather the order of the world: as Bashar al-Assad once said, “the fall of [my] regime would produce a "domino effect" that would destabilise the region for many years” (AFP).

United Nations’ model charter, when discussing self-determination, blatantly implies their agreement with our great leader that secession is not a right of the world’s peoples’: “To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect” is impossible during a secession movement (1945). While Article 1 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights extends a possibility of accepting self-determination, the treaties make it clear that people’s rights are in that of their individual freedoms, not in their freedom to attempt a political coup or uprising. Article 2 of the United Nations Charter explicitly states that “All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations (1945). Following this doctrine, attempting to secede is a clear violation of territorial integrity.

We continue to honorably hold our great state to the highest standards. In achieving this, we condemn separatism and secession movements from rebel and illegal forces. The United Nations has a duty to restrict any support for separatist movements to only when parent states oblige. A resolution must pass detailing explicit punishment for those states attempting to succeed, as well as create a coalition that creates a duty for other countries to help if needed when in times of secession-led war. Through swift action, we believe the UN has the ability to create a world in which secession is not only limited, but mandated.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Uganda
Delegate Name: Marah Maher
School: Williamston High School

Secession movements have had and currently still have a large effect on the global community, specifically on the development of current geopolitical borders. When a seceding state separates from a parent state, it is typically because of divergent political, cultural, or ideological beliefs and interests. A secession movement can also be produced due to the oppression of a certain group of citizens within a parent state. Although there have been multiple prominent secession movements in recent times that have had a significant global impact, there are still many that exist today on a smaller scale. Despite their size, these movements still are influential in the countries in which they exist, especially if they are recognized by global organizations. Secession movements often create tensions between the parent and seceding states, which re-enforces the need to determine the legitimacy of said movements. To decrease the occurrence of violence and oppression as a result of secession movements, it is important that the United Nations arbitrate who is of authority to validate a secession movement, and what factors contribute to the legitimacy of secession movements on an international level.

Within the country of Uganda, there are several kingdoms, one of the largest and strongest being Buganda. Tensions between Buganda and the central government of Uganda have increased over the years, though mainly due to small, localized disputes between the governments. There have been some talks of a call for Buganda to secede, however a formal movement has yet to form. A political organization seeking autonomy for Buganda, known as the Buganda Youth Movement lead by Stanley Kato, was established in 1994. However, the group did little to further the formation of a serious movement. Overall, the kingdom of Buganda has had an important responsibility in shaping the cultural, political, and economic status of Uganda and its kingdoms, especially with having the capital city of Kampala situated in its borders, thus playing a vital role in the development of the nation.

Keeping in mind that Buganda is considered the heart of the Ugandan economy; Uganda believes that it has a right to govern itself. However, the kingdom of Buganda is an essential part of the country and cannot secede without serious repercussions such as stagnant development for other kingdoms and Uganda as a whole. Additionally, Uganda recognizes that Buganda is home to the largest ethnic group in the nation, the Baganda, and genuine autonomy would interrupt the balance of religious, ethnic, and cultural groups within the nation and its kingdoms. Furthermore, Uganda would favor the establishment of parent states as those who can determine the validity of secession movements, as they have a deep understanding of the cultural and ideological values of seceding states. Uganda would also encourage recognition that the circumstances that lead to secession to be considered dire for the movement to be deemed legitimate by the international community.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: United States
Delegate Name: Logan Vredenburg
School: Forest Hills Central High School

Seceding from a parent state is difficult, and is most commonly plagued with warfare and violence, but it is important that there must be recognition and support from both the parent state and other nations around the world. The Unites States recognized South Sudan the day it formally declared independence on July 9, 2011, and has supplied South Sudan with military supplies and assistance along with 5 military strategists to aid in the post secession conflicts.

Seceding states must have justifications for their wanting to secede from the parent state. Violations of human rights, unfair representation in government, governmental abuse of power over its citizens, and religious persecution are examples of fair reasons for a large group of individuals of a nation to secede from a nation. Seceding states should be allowed aid in the development of their financial systems, and should also be able to receive troops from other nations if their parent state refuses to cease attacks inside of the newly seceded state’s territory. The troops would be there to protect the citizens of the new state, and do everything within their power to prevent attacks from the parent state.

Both the parent state and the seceding state should have discussion regarding the formation and establishment of territory boundaries. The seceding state should bring forth its grievances against the other state, and with those grievances a proposal for territorial boundaries. It will be between the two states and any other neighboring nations to settle border disputes.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Uruguay
Delegate Name: Mason Adler
School: Vicksburg High School

The Oriental Republic of Uruguay has itself been controlled by and has seceded from three separate states throughout its history: Spain, Portugal, and Brazil. Uruguay’s struggle for independence spanned from 1811-1830. Due to the nature of its origin, Uruguay would tend to support the legality of secession movements on the principles of “Choice Theory”, a secession philosophy that emphasizes the self-determination of peoples and the freedom to separate from a nation and establish an independent state. Uruguay would argue that secession is especially legitimate if it is in response to a past injustice, such as secession after an independent state has been conquered against its will. Additionally, Uruguay believes that if the popular opinion of a region or a faction is to secede, then it is within their rights to do so. However, Uruguay understands that it is also within the rights of a sovereign state to attempt to stop a faction from seceding.

In regards to the obligations of parent states, Uruguay did not rely upon Spain, Portugal, or Brazil’s reparations or care. Instead, Uruguay delved into the world around it and made a name for itself, establishing healthy diplomatic and trade relationships with Brazil, the resident superpower. These trade routes helped Uruguay find sound economic footing and build up its fledgeling government. Uruguay’s independent, individualistic nature helped it to begin to define itself quickly, and Uruguay would tend to believe that this self made approach would be best for any newly formed secessionist state. As such, Uruguay would not believe that parent states have any real obligations to the states that secede from them.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Venezuela
Delegate Name: Colin Assenmacher
School: Mattawan High School

The secession of state, often has many causes and rarely goes smoothly. Whenever a state tries to secede, some type of military conflict is almost always involved. While many countries believe that a state's secession should be peaceful, it rarely is. Most notably, the secession of South Sudan from Sudan, was the result of a bloody civil wars that have been fought since 1955. Many people believe in self-determination, or the idea that a country can decide its own statehood. This idea was adopted by the United Nations, and continues to be a key factor any resolution that is proposed dealing with seceding states. There are currently over a hundred countries that are experiencing some type of separatists movement within their borders. Majority of these separatists movements that have formed are based off a difference in culture, beliefs or political interests.

The issue of secession is very important to Venezuela due to our current economic crisis. In 2011, the prices of oil began to drop, and eventually plummeted. Venezuela's entire economy runs solely on the market for oil. When the price for oil began to drop, Venezuela's economy entered a severe depression. This depression has since significantly worsened, and has had a crippling effect on Venezuela's economy. The citizens of Venezuela are beginning to become impatient and frustrated with the current situation that they are being presented with. As in any nation, this frustration can potentially lead to uprising and rebellions within in the country. In extreme cases, these rebellions have the potential to start civil wars and or secession. With the current state of Venezuela, the secession of particular region is very real, and possible outcome within the future.

Through debate and discussion, Venezuela hopes to see the process by which the legitimacy state's secession is determined, both specified and enforced. If the process by which a state is able to secede becomes smooth and regulated, then the bloodshed that is often associated with a state's secession can be avoided. Additionally, Venezuela would like to see that the current resolutions set in place by the United Nations enforced and followed. The framework and regulations that were laid out by the General Assembly, give a strong framework for which to continue debating and clarifying.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Vietnam
Delegate Name: Andrew Grekin
School: Roeper School

The Socialist Republic of Vietnam has gone through two colonizations and wars with the French, rebel movements against the Japanese, and a long and brutal war against the United States. With all of the wars that have happened the Socialist Republic of Vietnam would not let the US supported puppet state of South Vietnam be allowed to secede. The Socialist Republic of Vietnam and the government led by the heroic Ho Chi Minh opposed the establishment of this state, and after the US blocked a plebiscite to allow the Vietnamese people in the south to choose their government, it sought to unify all the people of Vietnam under the Socialist Republic of Vietnam led by the government in Hanoi.

Their hatred for the southern puppet government led to a 30 year war, first beginning against the French in 1945, resumed guerrilla conflict in the late 1950’s after the plebiscite in the south was blocked, and eventually ended the military stalemate following the US withdrawal with a heroic victory over the Saigon regime in 1975. The South Vietnamese and the US pretense to rule in the name of the Vietnamese people in the south was overcome.

With all of this in mind the country of Vietnam has shown that it is for secession from the parent state if it results in national liberation of a captive people. On the other hand, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam also strongly opposes new nations to emerge in territory that has been formed in a post-colonial nation that has gained independence form an occupier. Notable countries that had wars over secession include South Sudan justifiably gaining independence from Sudan, since it had ruled the south illegitimately.

Various countries have different definitions of secession. Ukraine recently had Crimea declare its independence. Russia's view was that Crimea had seceding, while Ukraine has said this split was the result of Crimea by ununiformed Russian Special Forces, and as a result was an invasion of Ukraine’s territory. This could have turned into a war if Ukraine decided that it would fight to not let their land be taken from them, as it has done over lands in eastern Ukraine now occupied by armed groups claiming to be secessionist. The Socialist Republic of Vietnam is willing to work with all nations to better define the question of secession and sovereignty.

Topic: Determining the Legitimacy of Secession Movements and Obligations of Parent States
Country: Yemen
Delegate Name: Tyler Leavenworth
School: Forest Hills Central High School

This is a hot topic in Yemen at the moment due to the actions being taken by the Houthi rebels. The rebels are upset with current shift in power in the government and they have divided the country with their political views. This is a big issue in Yemen because there are many other issues that Yemen is facing such as famine and terrorist threats. The famine in Yemen has gotten so bad that many people are dying from starvation, and this on top of the divided country is a scary thing to see.

The Houthi rebels want to succeed from the nation of Yemen and create their own country. This is a very difficult task to do and will likely not go through. The Houthi have also stated they want to end the war. They have killed 10,000 plus people and want to form unity in the government but are unwilling to compromise with the current Yemen government. A compromise between the government and the Houthi rebels will likely take place because the Houthi rebels have such a large population. A compromise in the shift of power will likely benefit both the government and the Houthi rebels.

The government of Yemen does not wish to lose a chunk a of the land that is theirs. Yemen will likely have to learn to live with the Houthi rebels peacefully. Outbreaks of war are unacceptable in Yemen and Yemen doesn’t condone them. Yemen also feels as though the only way to prevent these outbreaks of war i