The Spread of Animal Viruses

Topic: 2024-Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: South Africa
Delegate Name: Jasmine Mand

Zootonic viruses spread rapidly throughout the world causing many deaths. About 60% of human infections have originated from an animal. Many developing nations lack adequate virus outbreak protections. For instance, over 11,000 people perished due to Ebola in West Africa Most prev. Most preventive measures for developing countries are expensive. To ensure proper treatment, numerous healthcare professionals need to be available. Also, poor living conditions, lack of resources, and inadequate sanitization can make animal viruses a rising issue. Several countries lack access to accurate diagnostic tools that can put their patients in dangerous situations, resulting in side effects. Africa is now rising to be a global hotspot for disease. With its rapidly growing population and more demand for meat-based items, it is prone to the spread of animal viruses. Over 100,000 people died from COVID-19 and over 45,000 from HIV. Recently, South Africa has decreased the rate of animal viruses by programs like The South African Disease Management Plan.

South Africa has been grappling with the financial impact of the spread of animal viruses. It has put a significant strain on the country’s agriculture and bio security systems. These outbreaks have also affected poultry and livestock farming which is crucial to the economy. The issue with vaccine shortages has also been on the rise. Nevertheless, South Africa has been improving their system by The Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases (CEZPD). This organization leads with comprehensive diagnostic research and operates with specialized laboratories against diseases like rabies. This includes quarantine periods for livestock and regular cleaning and disinfection for equipment. South Africa has also implemented legislation like the Animal Disease Act which mandates the reporting of any suspect or confirmed cases of controlled animal diseases. This helps in early detection and containment of outbreaks. They also implement public awareness campaigns.

Over the past years, South Africa the government has been actively working to control rabies and has had public awareness campaigns and vaccine drives. They also have enhanced surveillance systems to detect outbreaks and disease by Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR): South Africa, in collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO), developed a national IDSR strategic plan.

Topic: 2024-Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: Brazil
Delegate Name: Andrew Curvelo

Humans only make up about 2.5% of the total animal life on earth, thus diseases spreading from the larger animal population to the human population are common. The spread of Zoonotic diseases has long since been an issue plaguing nations of the world, from the long standing threat of diseases like Ebola, Rabies, and Salmonella to more recent outbreaks such as the recent Covid-19 pandemic the spread of Zoonotic diseases has been a battle the international community and Brazil have been fighting to contain. Brazil has been working to contain the spread of Zoonotic diseases from its own borders by increasing restrictions on wildlife trade, hunting, and consumption and reducing deforestation to preserve the natural barriers that prevent the spread of Zoonotic diseases in the human population.
On an international level, the Federative Republic of Brazil believes, focus on the One Health approach is essential to achieving the long term sustainable goal we as a organization have sought to achieve in the wake of global warming in addition to containing the spread of Zoonotic diseases due to properly maintaining natural boundaries that prevent the spread of Zoonotic diseases as well as monitoring wildlife for increased Zoonotic disease awareness. By placing emphasis on the importance of preservation of natural habitats, properly maintaining and monitoring those habitats as well the spread of zoonotic diseases within local populations can be more widely accepted and carried out by states.
Like the Federative Republic of Brazil, the World Health Organization heavily believes in the One Health model for continued preservation and stability in all global sectors. In addition to infusing One Health focused addendums to pre-existing legislation, the World Health Organization has taken strides to integrate a three way world health surveillance team with organizations such as the FAO and the WOAH. This enables each organization to better respond to matters pertaining to their specialties and provides a support group to work with when assistance is needed.
The Federative Republic of Brazil believes the best way for the WHO to mitigate costs for disease prevention is through integrating and educating a One Health framework in more impoverished countries. By establishing a giant communication network on multiple biological fronts issues will be identified and reported as the body identifies foreign bacteria and dispatches white blood cells to fight it. With the creation of amore unified framework can come a more unified distribution of funds when trouble calls, and the branding of a unified Biological protection framework has potential to move people such as no one organization could. The answer to the prevention of zoonotic diseases is part of a larger global question a One Health framework

Works Cited
One Health Commission. “The One Health Approach Explained.” One Health Commission, 2023.
https://www.onehealthcommission.org
World Health Organization. “Zoonoses.” WHO Fact Sheets, 2023.
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/zoonoses

Topic: 2024-Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: Niger
Delegate Name: Avery Messamore

Committee: ECOSOC (WHO)
Topic: The Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: Niger
School: Mattawan High School
Delegate: Avery Messamore

The spread of animal viruses, also called zoonotic viruses, is a big issue throughout Africa. In the past decade alone, zoonotic outbreaks have increased by 63%. The prevalence of zoonotic outbreaks in Africa is largely due to these countries having large and growing populations with a reliance on agriculture for food. This means that many countries have large populations and not enough resources to keep up; consequently, malnutrition and eating unsafe foods result in zoonotic outbreaks.

Since Niger heavily relies on agriculture for its food supply there are many livestock and animals in close proximity with humans, meaning zoonotic diseases are prevalent in Niger. Malaria is currently the number one cause of death in Niger, with 50% of deaths being caused by Malaria. With a lack of resources, both economic and hygienic, the spread of zoonotic disease in Niger is a difficult issue to resolve. Niger has decided to work with One Health in order to combat zoonotic outbreaks. Niger determined that brucellosis, Rift Valley fever, anthrax, rabies, and avian influenza are the most important zoonotic viruses to focus its efforts on. WHO is also working with Niger to stop outbreaks from occurring by focusing on early detection and quick responses to any arising outbreaks.

Niger would support any solutions that would aid Niger’s people with creating a healthier environment. Niger would recommend using external forces to aid developing countries in combating zoonotic diseases. Niger also supports training and equipping healthcare workers and veterinarians with better equipment to more sufficiently treat zoonoses. Niger also favors continuing research to better understand the spread of zoonotic viruses and factors that contribute to epidemics.

References:
https://www.afro.who.int/news/africa-63-jump-diseases-spread-animals-people-seen-last-decade
https://data.who.int/countries/562
https://www.usaid.gov/niger/health#:~:text=In%20Niger%2C%20chronic%20food%20insecurity,and%20mortality%20in%20the%20world.
https://vectormap.si.edu/downloads/VHazardReports/VHR%20Vectors%20of%20Niger.pdf
https://onehealthbehaviors.org/countries/niger/#toggle-id-2

Topic: 2024-Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: Guyana
Delegate Name: Eli Ligon

The delegation of Guyana is largely concerned with the increasing threat posed by animal viruses, especially the zoonotic diseases transmittable from animals to humans. Guyana is blessed with all this biodiversity, it is a country where human populations exchange a lot with wildlife, so tackling new health threats is critical. The emergence of zoonotic diseases like Ebola, SARS, and COVID-19 show the need for international collaboration on surveillance, prevention, and response mechanisms. Guyana argues that controlling viruses in animal populations is important for public health and also an ecological issue since the health of humans, animals, and the environment are linked.
Guyana is also pushing for stronger early warning systems and cross-border disease control with partner countries as measures to mitigate animal virus risks. It is critical that high biodiversity countries like Guyana be funded to build bomber plate veterinary health infrastructures so that animal viruses that may spill over into people are identified within hours of infection. Guyana also promotes One Health approach and One Health initiatives that involve a collaborative approach between the human, animal and environmental health sectors. This is an important interdisciplinary approach to understand the overall solutions to prevent zoonotic disease outbreaks.
Lastly, Guyana affirms the importance of fair and equitable access to vaccines and therapeutics for all affected populations, especially for developing nations. Delegation requested assurances from World Health Organization and other international organizations that the global response to animal viruses would be inclusive and available to all states regardless of wealth. Guyana believes that the global community, by coming together through shared research and pooling resources and expertise, will be able to better protect public health and prevent the next pandemic from animal virus origins.

The delegation of Guyana is worried about the increasing emergence of animal viruses, especially zoonotic disease as these have serious implications on health especially that can be transmitted from animals to men; Guyana, as a highly biodiverse country with human populations interacting with wildlife, knows that there are emerging health threats that the need to address. Zoonotic diseases, like Ebola, SARS, and COVID-19, require global collaboration for surveillance, prevention, and response systems. Guyana takes the view that animal virus control is a public health issue as well as an ecological balance issue, as the health of humans, animals, and the environment are interconnected.
In order to mitigate threats posed by animal viruses, Guyana calls for the development of better early systems and international collaboration to monitor and manage diseases at the source. High-biodiversity nations, like Guyana, must be supported to bolster their veterinary health infrastructures, so that animal viruses with the potential to infect humans can be rapidly identified. It also promotes One Health approaches that promote collaboration between health sectors focusing on humans, animals and the environment. This One Health approach is crucial for holistic responses to zoonotic disease emergence.
Lastly, Guyana highlights the need for equitable access to vaccines and therapeutics in populations affected by the disease, especially in developing countries. The delegation asks the World Health Organization and similar international organizations to make sure the effort that pertains to the animal virus is inclusive and can be allowed by all nations irrespective of the economy. Guyana believes that shared research, resources and expertise will help the world protect public health and limit the potential of animal viruses leading to pandemics in the future.

Topic: 2024-Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: Greece
Delegate Name: Rafay Dar

World Health Organization
Topic: 2024 Spread of Animal Viruses
Country:Greece
Delegate name:Rafay Dar
School: Forest Hills Central High School

According to the government du quebéc, an animal virus is a disease that can be transmitted between animals and humans. Animal viruses can impact the entire world, as seen during the covid-19 pandemic. For example, in Greece, the corporate economy tanked as the revenue within industry dropped by over 26% in earnings. Animal viruses with impacts such as these on only one country could impact other countries similarly, and it has, which is why it is important to limit the spread of animal viruses throughout the globe.

In a statement by Inger Andersen, Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations and Executive Director of the United Nations Environment Programme, it is stated that the growth of human activity and production is largely to blame for the new influx of transmissible human viruses. During the pandemic, the world health organization established a variety of guidelines in order to prevent the spread of covid-19, however they were not specifically tied to zoonotic viruses. A United Nations general assembly had a resolution to urge member states to combat the illicit trade of animals and animal-derived products as there was a problem within protecting endangered species, and more importantly, expediting the spread of zoonotic viruses. Greece would like to adopt policies regarding this matter that are attributed towards the increased surveillance and prevention of animal viruses and less so towards policies that may impact tourism, a crucial aspect of the Greek economy.

There have been many organizations in Greece that have attempted to limit the spread of animal viruses, however there has not been a profound impact as many of these measures require extensive funding and that is something that ngos or nonprofits are generally unable to achieve as projects that need to be implemented regarding this matter would be quite expensive and also intrusive towards the general public, which is something that a ngo would not have the capacity to carry out. There are many zoonotic viruses that Greece is still susceptible to, such as diseases from ticks and the frequent resurgence of the west nile virus. The country of Greece has implemented various measures that regard to preventing the spread of animal viruses, and these include the increased surveillance of populations and increased medical treatment to those who are afflicted by zoonotic viruses.

The World Health Organization should implement a system in which the extensive cost of programs necessary for the prevention of animal viruses through the use of collaboration with the general public such as donations and volunteering. There are also many countries that do have specific origins tied to prominent zoonotic viruses, such as China being the country that had both sars and covid-19 originate from it. As it is very likely that another animal spread virus may originate from that country, it is imperative that China increases its efforts in preventing spread to other countries in order to prevent another global pandemic derived from a zoonotic virus.

Sources (not in any order)
https://www.quebec.ca/en/agriculture-environment-and-natural-resources/animal-health/animal-diseases/transmission-animals-humans
https://www.pwc.com/gr/en/publications/greek-thought-leadership/the-response-of-the-greek-companies-to-covid-19.html#:~:text=The%20largest%20decline%2C%20in%20absolute,directly%20affected%20from%20the%20pandemic.
https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/statements/preventing-next-pandemic-zoonotic-diseases-and-how-break-chain?_ga=2.38064487.555320400.1732760416-29636061.1732760416
https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n21/205/05/pdf/n2120505.pdf
https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7853

Topic: 2024-Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: Canada
Delegate Name: Shyla Chadda

World Health Organization
The Spread of Animal Viruses
Dominion of Canada
Shyla Chadda
Forest Hills Eastern High School

The spread of animal viruses is important to address and can cause significant health, social, and economic consequences including pandemics if action is not taken. Zoonotic influenza viruses have increased the potential for a pandemic threat which urges strong surveillance in both animal and human populations as well as detailed investigation. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 60% of infectious diseases are spread zoonotically which causes an estimated 2.5 billion cases of illness and 2.7 million deaths each year. Canada’s approach to the spread of animal viruses revolves around serious measures in order to protect human and animal health. The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) creates inspections and surveillance programs to monitor diseases. These actions assist in guarding against the entry of animal diseases by controlling the spread of disease and having ready effective responses when issues of disease occur.

Canada recognizes the importance of the spread of animal viruses and agrees strong government methods must be used to control it. The avian influenza virus (AIV) is a contagious virus that occurs mainly in domestic and wild birds and is known to cause infections in humans. A highly pathogenic strand of avian influenza, H5N1, originally evolved in domestic birds in 1996. Human cases of A(H5N1) have started due to zoonotic transmission through direct contact with infected birds. Breakouts of A(H5N1) in mammals have recently been reported by The World Health Organization (WHO) in North America and many other parts of the world. According to the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), the risk remains low at the time, however, the risk of infection is higher for those who have unprotected exposure to infected animals. According to the World Organisation for Animal Health, (WOAH) it is often policy to cull poultry to stop AI. In 2022, Canada culled millions of poultry birds in an effort to suppress the outbreak of avian influenza. Breakouts of A(H5N1) in mammals have recently appeared in North America, including Canada. The Canadian Food Inspection Agency has implemented surveillance strategies to help. This includes a nationwide network known as the Canadian Animal Health Surveillance Network, (CAHSN) and animal identification programs that concentrate on collaboration of early disease detection and rapid response to animal disease threats. Canada aims toward a One Health approach. One Health is a program created by the United Nations World Health Organization (WHO) that is integrated by sustainably balancing the health of people, animals, and ecosystems. This has been conducted by several federal government agencies such as the PHAC, the CFIA, Health Canada, and AgriFood Canada. While avian influenza is uncommon to cause serious threats in Canada, The Government of Canada prioritizes health and devotes many resources to mitigate the spread of transmission from infected mammals to humans as the CFIA is in the leading position of the effort.

Canada urges the United Nations to take executive action towards mitigating the situation of animal viruses in order to reduce the cause of infection and disease spreading to humans. Canada recommends establishing a sub-committee to further establish government policies that will help implement the prevention of the spread of viruses. This can be created by following the United Nations One Health plan that advocates the unity of animals and humans through the prevention and detection of diseases to contribute to an overall higher global security rate. Funding can be included internationally by anyone wanting to be involved in a change, and to help benefit those in greater need. Canada is involved in a greater change and hopes to help others as well.

Topic: 2024-Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: Australia
Delegate Name: Maizie Van Ausdall

GLIMUN 2024
ECOSOC: World Health Organization
Country: Australia
Delegate: Maizie Van Ausdall
Fishers High School

Topic A: The Spread of Animal Viruses
In Australia, the common zoonotic diseases most frequently come from livestock, including cows and sheep. The only spread by non-domesticated animals ever commonly seen is by bats (Chiroptera), rodents (Rodentia), and mosquitos (arboviruses). It largely affects only livestock workers or other individuals who regularly come into contact with the bacteria-housing bodily fluids of domestic animals. Zoonoses are also spread not only from direct contact, but contamination of water supplies or dairy products as well. The particular diseases most frequently found in Australia are Q Fever and Leptospirosis.
Overall, zoonotic viruses do not pose a major threat in Australia, but the country would like to enhance preventative measures and improve healthcare, so it poses no threat at all. It is clear to Australia that the best way to combat common zoonotic diseases are better health and produce regulations and wide-spread vaccination. Q Fever for example is both highly infectious and entirely preventable with vaccinations. The delegation of Australia recognizes that the spread of many diseases is able to be ceased through the encouragement of preventative vaccination.
Australia is an Active Member State and has had a partnership with the WHO for more than 70 years, having consistently been a top contributor. The delegation of Australia believes in order to have an impact on the health and welfare of all peoples, it is vital that all countries promote initiatives such as mandatory vaccinations in schools and universities, better food and drug regulations. Anthrax, one of the most common zoonosis world-wide, is incredibly rare in Australia, with only 3 cases in humans since 2001, because of the efforts by the Department of Health and Aged Care to encourage vaccination and the Department of Agriculture and Water to regulate livestock. The efforts that Australia makes to prevent zoonotic diseases have proven to be widely successful and the delegation of Australia is proud to be an exemplary model of controlling the spread of zoonoses.

Sources
Topic A:
https://www.vetvoice.com.au/ec/diseases/zoonoses-and-zoonotic-diseases/
https://www.qfever.org/aboutqfever
https://www.business.qld.gov.au/industries/farms-fishing-forestry/agriculture/biosecurity/animals/diseases/manage/zoonosis
https://www.biointeractive.org/classroom-resources/patterns-zoonotic-disease
https://www.who.int/about/funding/contributors/aus
https://www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/who-assessment.pdf
https://www.health.gov.au/diseases/anthrax#:~:text=These%20bacteria%20can%20survive%20for,grazing%20animals%20in%20many%20countries

Topic: 2024-Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: India
Delegate Name: Evalea Brown

India recognizes that animal spread diseases also known as zoonotic diseases pose a serious threat to public health. Some commonly seen viruses are rabies, cholera, sylvatic plague, and many others. India’s most current health threat is combating rabies with over 20,000 human deaths annually. This is around 35% of the total rabies fatalities world wide.

Currently India has systems in place to monitor outbreaks and to predict future outbreaks. This is governed by the DAHD, Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying, Government of India. Additional India supports a one health policy, and vaccinations for certain zoonotic diseases. India is continuing to look into ways to improve the systems in place, with one of the biggest problems they face being that there is no centralized effort often making it difficult to implement and follow through with policies.

India is working towards a better disease software program to track and monitor zoonotic diseases, and is hoping to centralize its disease prevention programs as well as working with other countries to implement improved policies. Additionally India is working with other organizations on the one health policy.

Topic: 2024-Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: Israel
Delegate Name: Sofija Dainelis

City High School
The spread of zoonotic disease can be incredibly concerning if not dealt with. As of 1996 15 zoonotic diseases have been recorded in Israel, ten of which are notifiable in humans at the national level. These diseases are commonly foodborne, although they can also be spread through contact, and can affect food supply, and even lead to death.
Although there are laws enforcing agricultural policies, in order to prevent the spread and cultivation of these diseases the government struggles to implement these practices. They are especially reluctant to enforce these laws on people of religious minorities, specifically Orthodox-Jewish communities, and the Arab and Bedouin populations. This is due to fear of violation of religious freedom, contrary to health interests. Because of this lack of enforcement livestock has been raised on land that is not intended for commercial use, this leads to crowding and unhealthy practices that can cause disease to cultivate and spread.
As a country, we can move towards healthier living. By increasing and strengthening the enforcement of agricultural practice laws we can protect against the spread of zoonotic disease. Since the majority of these illnesses are food-borne it is important that we enforce laws around healthier practices in order to prevent the spread of disease. With the health of our people in mind, it is best to do all that we can to protect them from illness and harm. Strengthening enforcement that prevents these issues will lead our country to a healthier, happier nation.

https://bpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/wp.nyu.edu/dist/b/11111/files/2024/07/Israel-Live-with-Cover.pdf
https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/3/2/97-0221_article#:~:text=As%20of%201996%2C%2015%20zoonotic,avian)%20(Table%201)%2C

Topic: 2024-Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: Bangladesh
Delegate Name: Sophie Roberts

Sophie Roberts
World Health Organization
The Spread of Animal Viruses
Bangladesh
Mattawan High School

Zoonotic diseases, or zoonoses, are infectious diseases transmitted from animals to people. For decades, epidemics of zoonotic diseases like MERS and H1N1 have sent shockwaves through the global economy, and endemic zoonotic diseases have continued to cause illness and hinder economic development, especially in impoverished regions. The COVID-19 pandemic, often thought to be the result of zoonotic spillover, highlighted the importance of strengthening global responses to zoonotic diseases. Zoonotic diseases are responsible for an estimated 3.3 million deaths each year worldwide. The value of those lost lives totals at least $350 billion, and there is an additional $212 billion per year in direct economic losses due to zoonoses.

In recent years, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Quadripartite Organizations have urged states to cooperate in tackling zoonoses by sharing research and surveillance information. The Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) created the EMPRES-i+ system to coordinate global communication about zoonoses. The system provides a good model for how states could easily spread information worldwide about zoonotic disease outbreaks, although the system is less detailed than many national databases. The United Nations Environmental Assembly’s 5th session issued the resolution “Biodiversity and health” in 2022, which urged member states to cooperate on sharing resources, research, and genetic information about viruses during epidemics. The resolution also called upon member states to help implement the One Health approach to human, animal, and environmental health in developing countries. However, challenges remain in making vaccinations and other disease-prevention measures available in developing countries.

Bangladesh is considered one of the global hotspots for zoonotic disease transmission. Many people in Bangladesh live in close proximity to livestock and poultry, making them susceptible to exposure to zoonotic diseases and transmitting them to others. Additionally, there is little public awareness of animal-transmitted viruses in Bangladesh. Bangladeshis’ limited access to medical care contributes to this issue—over 70% of the population of Bangladesh lives in rural areas, while less than 20% of healthcare providers do.

The delegation of Bangladesh supports increasing international collaboration on animal viruses and outreach in rural areas. Aiding nations to make healthcare and veterinary services more accessible in rural or impoverished areas will allow more patients to be vaccinated and screened for zoonotic diseases. Bangladesh endorses subsidizing the cost of human and livestock vaccines to increase vaccination rates. Additionally, the global distribution of diagnostic tools such as rapid immunomigration tests, which work quickly and don’t require a laboratory, would help with virus surveillance in low-resource areas. Bangladesh calls upon the WHO to increase healthcare education worldwide so that people can learn about the symptoms of zoonotic diseases and what they can do to limit their spread. Bangladesh also recognizes how zoonoses can threaten people’s livelihoods and the food supply, and supports expanding World Food Program outreach in areas impacted by zoonoses. The delegation of Bangladesh believes that fighting zoonoses in vulnerable areas is vital to protecting global health and preventing zoonotic spillover.

References:
https://www.fao.org/animal-health/areas-of-work/early-warning-and-disease-intelligence/FAO’s-EMPRES-Global-Animal-Disease-Information-System-(EMPRES-i-)/en
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4046968/
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8013274/
https://unsdg.un.org/sites/default/files/2020-07/UNEP-Preventing-the-next-pandemic.pdf
https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3999272?v=pdf
https://www.who.int/health-topics/one-health#tab=tab_1

Topic: 2024-Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: Sierra Leone
Delegate Name: Matthew Gascon

Sierra Leone knows full well the dangers of zoonotic viruses. Sierra Leone’s climate, location, dense population, and frequent contact with wildlife leave us more vulnerable to these deadly pathogens, which have several ways of spreading through touching animals, contact with fluids, and much more. Sierra Leone was one of the worst affected countries during the Ebola outbreak from 2013-2016, with over 14,000 cases and almost 4,000 deaths. Sierra Leone continues to deal with the lingering threat of other viruses like Lassa fever, a common virus in West Africa that can spread fast due to underdeveloped public health systems. The delegation of Sierra Leone wants to work with the World Health Organization to prevent anything like the Ebola outbreak from ever happening again and help control and defend against other zoonotic viruses as well.
To respond to these threats, Sierra Leone has implemented many programs and actions to prevent and fight against zoonotic disease outbreaks more effectively. The government with support from the World Health Organization has worked on improving disease reporting to better detect early signs of outbreaks. Sierra Leone is also working on educating the populace on proper measures and techniques to avoid initial infection and the spread of disease. Sierra Leone has also worked to strengthen its healthcare infrastructure by training healthcare professionals on how to deal with zoonotic virus outbreaks and improving facilities to ensure the best quality of care possible. During the Ebola outbreak, Sierra Leone implemented quarantines to prevent further spread of the virus.
In the future, Sierra Leone will continue to work with the World Health Organization to implement improvements to its public health system. In addition, Sierra Leone is interested in funding to help improve laboratories for better research of and prevention of zoonotic viruses, investment in community disease tracking systems for better data on outbreaks, and more reliable infrastructure to ensure the best possible care. All of these current and future measures will help make Sierra Leone and the world a safer place by preventing zoonotic virus outbreaks.

Topic: 2024-Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: Venezuela
Delegate Name: Karmen Rozelle

Venezuela understands the serious risk that animal viruses pose to public health and global safety, especially since diseases can easily spread across countries. With its rich biodiversity, Venezuela is aware of both the benefits and challenges this brings. The variety of animals and ecosystems can contribute to the spread of diseases that impact people’s health, farming, and the economy. Venezuela recognizes the need to take action, like monitoring for outbreaks, supporting research, and working with other countries to reduce these risks and protect everyone.
Venezuela emphasizes the need for a systems to monitor and prevent outbreaks, advocating for increased support for veterinary services and laboratories. The country calls for strengthened cooperation to share data, research, and best practices. Venezuela also supports a way to find an effective vaccines and treatments, and encourages partnerships with other country’s. Venezuela believes educating the public about the risks of animal viruses and promoting safe practices are crucial steps.
Additionally, Venezuela supports farming methods that are good for the environment and better ways to manage wildlife to help lower the risk of diseases spreading between animals and people. By taking care of nature and using safer farming practices, the country hopes to prevent new diseases from starting and spreading.
Venezuela is committed to finding safe and practical ways to deal with these problems. The country is asking other nations to work together, sharing ideas and resources, to help keep everyone safer and healthier. Venezuela believes that by working as a team, the world can take big steps toward protecting both people and nature.

Topic: 2024-Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: China
Delegate Name: Anderson Dadey

Topic A: The Spread of animal viruses

China has a great depth of understanding of the issue of animal viruses also known as Zoonoses. This is because of the amount of Zoonoses that come from the meat markets of major cities in China. Studies have shown that more than 125 potential high risk viruses have been identified to be carried by these animals in these meat markets. China has been blamed for the spread of COVID-19 by many Western media outlets falsely claiming that they withheld information on the spread of COVID-19 and some such as “War on the Rocks” which claims that China should be held legally responsible for the Covid-19 pandemic.

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines Zoonoses as “an infectious disease that has jumped from a non-human animal to humans”. These could be Bacterial or viral infections and include infections such as Ebola, Salminala, and COVID-19. The WHO has outlined ways to prevent and control the spread of these infections. Setting out clear and safe guidelines for animal care in agricultural settings to prevent the spread of infections through contaminated food. Standards for drinking water to prevent contaminations to the water supply that could cause an epidemic in the regions that use that water supply. Teaching people preventative measures such as hand washing before and after contact with potentially affected animals and washing food before eating. The WHO says that one of our best defenses against the spread of animal viruses in vaccines is because they can prevent the virus from spreading to more people.

China believes that the best way to protect against Zoonoses is to first, Educate people on proper personal hygiene such as washing hands and avoiding sick or diseased animals without proper knowledge of care taking of these animals. And second is that after a disease has started to infect a large percentage of the population of a city or town to start research into a vaccine or other form of medicine and to try and find if there is something that can reduce the effect of the virus on infected people. China has already started to increase regulations on the consumption of wild animals and has drafted laws that even outlaw the farming and consumption of wild animal products.

Works Cited
Center for Disease Control. “About Zoonotic Diseases.” cdc.gov, 29 FEBRUARY 2024, https://www.cdc.gov/one-health/about/about-zoonotic-diseases.html. Accessed 27 November 2024.
Consulate-General of the People’s Republic of China in Sydney. “The Truth on the So-called “China covering-up the COVID-19 and therefore delaying other country’s response” –Reality Check of US Allegations Against China on COVID-19 (III).” sydney.china-consulate.gov.cn, 11 May 2020, http://sydney.china-consulate.gov.cn/eng/zlgdt/202208/t20220825_10752759.htm. Accessed 27 November 2024.
Francisco de Souza, Hugo. “Chinese farmed fur animals found to harbor dozens of novel viruses.” news-medical.net, 9 September 2024, https://www.news-medical.net/news/20240909/Chinese-farmed-fur-animals-found-to-harbor-dozens-of-novel-viruses.aspx#:~:text=The%20present%20study%20identified%20Chinese,zoonotic%20transmission%20potential%20to%20humans. Accessed 27 November 2024.
Kraska, James. “China Is Legally Responsible for COVID-19 Damage and Claims Could Be in the Trillions.” War on the Rocks, 23 March 2020, https://warontherocks.com/2020/03/china-is-legally-responsible-for-covid-19-damage-and-claims-could-be-in-the-trillions/. Accessed 27 November 2024.
National Library of Medicine. “Veterinary infectious diseases control in China.” pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, 27 March 2019, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7128199/. Accessed 27 November 2024.
Standaert, Michael. “HOW EFFECTIVE ARE CHINA’S ATTEMPTS TO REDUCE THE RISK OF WILDLIFE SPREADING DISEASE TO HUMANS?” encia.com, 5 November 2020, https://ensia.com/features/farmed-wildlife-zoonotic-disease-china/. Accessed 27 November 2024.
University of Illinois. “Preventing Zoonotic Diseases | Research Animal Care and Safety.” Animal Care, 3 June 2021, https://animalcare.illinois.edu/standards/preventing-zoonotic-diseases. Accessed 27 November 2024.
World Health Organization. “Zoonoses.” World Health Organization Newsroom, 29 July 2020, https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/zoonoses. Accessed 27 November 2024.

Topic: 2024-Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: Viet Nam
Delegate Name: Sabrina Green

Animal diseases have been a big problem throughout Vietnam. Diseases damaged Vietnam’s health and economy painfully. Outbreaks of diseases like avian flu and foot-and-mouth have led to huge losses for farmers, major public health scares, and citizens. For example, avian flu has caused the culling of millions of birds, messing up food supplies and farmers’ incomes. Avian influenza virus infections in humans may cause diseases ranging from mild upper respiratory tract infections to more severe diseases and can be fatal to anyone. Organizations like the FAO and WHO have helped many countries by supporting vaccination and disease tracking. This is a global issue because these diseases can spread across borders, negatively affecting everyone quickly.
Vietnam is serious about tackling animal diseases. Vietnam has adopted the One Health approach, which looks at human, animal, and environmental health together. Vietnam has greatly improved veterinary services, improved disease surveillance, and run many public awareness campaigns to teach farmers how to better biosecurity practices. Internationally, Vietnam works with large international groups such as the FAO and WHO who partakes in treaties and conventions. Even though Vietnam has produced progress, the country knows there’s more to do. Vietnam believes they will be ready to collaborate globally to improve defenses against these diseases.
Vietnam suggests several efforts to fight animal diseases. First, countries need more funding. Things that need more funding include veterinary services and research. Better early detection and response systems are crucial to stop diseases with fewer deaths, so everyone should develop strong surveillance and reporting tools. Public education should also be expanded to teach better biosecurity practices. International collaboration with many new countries is key—sharing knowledge about different ideas, necessary resources, and safe practices can help every country’s citizens. All countries around the world should support other countries as well as provide technical help to countries in need that are struggling with animal diseases. Together, all countries can build a healthier world and reduce the impact of these diseases on health and economies.

Topic: 2024-Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: Turkey
Delegate Name: Fionnoula Walsh

The spread of zoonotic diseases has posed a threat to public health around the world. Zoonotic viruses are diseases that are spread from animals to humans. Some can be mild, while others are life-threatening. Scientists infer that 3 of every 4 emerging infectious diseases arise from animals. The World Health Organization (WHO) has been tirelessly working in an attempt to relieve this issue, by actively involving itself in committees that work to find solutions to emerging pandemics. For example, WHO is a part of the One Health High-Level Expert Panel to gather a further understanding of how zoonotic diseases can lead to global pandemics. WHO works in partnership with the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), and operates under the One Health Approach. The One Health Approach takes into consideration the holistic health of humans, animals, and the environment. Furthermore, WHO has mitigated the costs of disease-preventing measures through financial support. It has lowered the cost of vaccines through programs like GAVI, the vaccine alliance which aids the cost of vaccines in countries who need assistance.
The delegation of Türkiye believes in a holistic One Health Approach to fighting zoonotic diseases. This means that the health of humans, animals, and the environment are all intertwined, so all fronts need to be attended to. For example, Türkiye has created acts such as The Law on the Control of Rabies (No. 5282, 2004) and The Communicable Diseases Law (No. 1593, 1930) which help regulate zoonotic diseases and create guidelines for pandemics and reporting disease outbreaks. These efforts advance the fight against zoonotic diseases. Additionally, the Republic of Turkey has a National Committee on Zoonotic Diseases, which develops national programs and projects for the prevention and total elimination of these diseases.
One potential solution to the spread of zoonotic diseases is vaccination in animals. The root of the spread of animal disease is a lack of support for animals, so providing a greater amount of attention to vaccination in animals will help stop the said virus from even getting to humans. Another solution to the spread of zoonotic diseases is strengthening food safety regulations. Zoonotic diseases can be spread through the consumption of food, so intensifying regulations on the safety of food that is sold around the world can benefit the health of humans and decrease the amount of zoonotic diseases spread.

Works Cited
“National Committee of Zoonotic …” National Committee of Zoonotic Diseases Meeting Chaired by Deputy Health Minister Prof. Dr. Alp Meşe, www.saglik.gov.tr/EN-49632/national-committee-of-zoonotic-diseases-meeting-chaired-by-deputy-health-minister-prof-dr-alp-mese.html. Accessed 27 Nov. 2024.
“Zoonoses.” World Health Organization, World Health Organization, www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/zoonoses#:~:text=Key%20facts&text=A%20zoonosis%20is%20an%20infectious,food%2C%20water%20or%20the%20environment. Accessed 27 Nov. 2024.
“About Zoonotic Diseases.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, www.cdc.gov/one-health/about/about-zoonotic-diseases.html#:~:text=Zoonotic%20diseases%20are%20very%20common,in%20people%20come%20from%20animals. Accessed 27 Nov. 2024.

Topic: 2024-Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: Thailand
Delegate Name: Hana Shabani

World Health Organization
The Spread of Animal Viruses
Thailand
Hana Shabani

The spread of animal viruses has started to become a known problem in Thailand. Thailand has noticed how the spread of rabies is killing tens of thousands of humans a year, a disease that can be spread from animals to humans because of environmental and public health implications.​​ In the context of ever-growing population, changing climate or expanding food systems, recognizing the nexus between food security, health, and agriculture becomes a must. Thailand embraces strategies that utilize the advantages of the WHO and FAO, in pursuance of a harmonized strategy for health and sustainable development. Because of this, the WHO of Thailand created a rabies control program, and has been issuing laws and making public awareness of the disease. This shows Thailand’s stance on the issue, and how Thailand is working their way to resolve it.

Thailand considers this a big issue. Due to increases in diseases, Thailand has created maps of all areas to map off where vaccinated and unvaccinated animals roam. The WHO began doing studies on the percentage of vaccination needed to help stabilize rabies, which came down to 70%. Thailand strives to make a difference and help stop this disease outbreak, so they have worked with the WHO, FAO, all organizations that would help to create and implement standards to prevent disease outbreaks.

In conclusion, Thailand calls and hopes for other countries to increase global security and cross border control. Thailand hopes that other countries will partner up to share knowledge and resources on this problem to come to a happy conclusion which is to get rid of this issue. If everyone can work together, we can figure out a way to help lessen the spread of animal viruses.

Topic: 2024-Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: Ghana
Delegate Name: Jack Bredeweg

World Health Organization (WHO)
The Spread of Animal Viruses
Ghana
Jack Bredeweg
Ghana’s Stance on the Spread of Animals Viruses
Animal Viruses have a long history of causing detrimental impacts on Ghana that have long standing effects. Such as the Ebola outbreak in 2013-2016, which directly harmed other countries in West Africa, still indirectly affected the economy in Ghana due to disruptions in regional trade as a way to prevent the spreading of the virus. Africa is the fastest growing population and because of that has a growing demand for poultry, milk, eggs, and meat. If animal viruses are not prevented soon we will see a devastating impact in West Africa, including in rural and isolated areas as transportation is improving in Africa. If another outbreak such as Ebola managed to make its way into Ghana, the government would have difficulty managing the effects of the virus. This is because Ghana just isn’t equipped to handle a virus. Only 38% of all hospitals have isolation beds that would be needed to keep infected patients away from noninfected patients. But also if most hospitals aren’t suited for storing medicine that would be needed to treat patients, as only 30% of hospitals with pharmacies meet the required standards for storing medicine.
Since the beginning of time Animal Viruses have always been on the mind of Ghanaian people. Between the years 2020-2023 there have been 77 confirmed deaths due to rabies. Ghana has policies in place that require review and updating to ensure suitability for disease
Preparedness. However, most are outdated. Such as the veterinarian services act (from 1961) and wildlife trade laws that have limited penalty, scope, and enforcement. On a national level, Ghana has many measures to prevent the spread of animal viruses. Primarily, Ghana has created multiple government agencies, such as the Veterinary Services Directorate (VSD) and the Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MoFA), to oversee operations preventing the spread of animal viruses. Furthemore, Ghana has procedures in to vaccinate livestock, set quarantine on imported animals, and to spread awareness through the country. On an international level, Ghana has engaged with organizations aimed to prevent the spreading of animal viruses such as Global Early Warning System for Animal Diseases (GLEWS). Moreover, Ghana is a signatory on the International Health Regulations, which aims to prevent the international spread of animal viruses.
The Republic of Ghana urges the United Nations to take a multiple-faceted approach to addressing the spread of animal viruses that emphasizes international cooperation and more intricate surveillance and prevention measures. The Republic of Ghana recommends that the International Community works together to give financial and technical support to developing countries. Additionally, strong cross-border cooperation especially in developing countries will prevent the transboundary spread of animal viruses. The Republic of Ghana calls for the international communities’ support in the One Health approach, which links human, animal, and environmental health together. Only through a united, global effort will we be able to combat the spread of animal viruses.

Topic: 2024-Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: Egypt
Delegate Name: Asher Stein

Committee: ECOSOC/WHO
Topic: 2024 – The Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: Egypt
School: East Grand Rapids
Delegate Name: Asher Stein
The spread of animal-borne viruses, or diseases passed from animals to humans, is a growing issue in Egypt. Zoonotic diseases like avian influenza (bird flu), Rift Valley fever, and rabies pose serious risks to both human health and the economy. Egypt’s agricultural sector, which provides jobs for about 25% of the population, involves close contact between farmers and livestock, increasing the chances of these diseases spreading. Outbreaks of these illnesses have caused harm not only to people but also to farming communities that rely heavily on healthy animals for their livelihoods. Egypt must take steps to prevent these viruses from spreading further.
Egypt plans to focus on prevention, treatment, and education to address this issue. First, monitoring systems must be set up to track diseases in animals before they spread to humans. By creating a strong connection between veterinary and public health services, outbreaks can be identified and controlled quickly. Second, vaccines for high-risk animals like chickens and cattle are critical to stopping the spread of diseases like bird flu and Rift Valley fever. These vaccination programs can protect both animals and humans. Third, teaching farmers and rural communities how to safely handle animals and maintain clean environments can make a big difference. Education campaigns can help reduce risky practices that allow diseases to spread.
It is also important to measure the success of these efforts. Egypt proposes setting up a system to monitor outbreaks, vaccination rates, and the effectiveness of prevention programs. Progress should be reported regularly to the World Health Organization (WHO) and shared with other countries to learn from global experiences. Local communities should also be included in evaluations to ensure that programs meet their needs. By focusing on these strategies, Egypt aims to reduce the spread of animal-borne viruses, protect public health, and support farming families who are essential to the country’s economy.

Works Cited:
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5617990/
https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/16/7/09-1695_article
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rift-valley-fever

Topic: 2024-Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: Afghanistan
Delegate Name: Reid Osieki

Delegation of Afghanistan
World Health Organization (WHO)
Topic: Spread of Animal Viruses

The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan recognizes the serious global threat posed by zoonotic diseases and their potential to cause widespread health crises. Afghanistan acknowledges its vulnerability to the emergence and rapid spread of such diseases, given its agrarian-based economy and close interactions between humans and livestock. However, the delegation underscores the importance of respecting national sovereignty and the unique challenges faced by developing nations when addressing these issues.

Afghanistan reaffirms its commitment to building effective national capacities through targeted investments in veterinary infrastructure, a nationwide disease surveillance network, and increased public awareness of health-related issues. While the delegation acknowledges the value of international partnerships, particularly with organizations like the WHO and FAO, it emphasizes that such collaborations must align with national priorities and cultural contexts to ensure strategies are durable and well-suited to local conditions.

The delegation further stresses that early warning systems and capacity-building programs in high-risk areas should focus on empowering national institutions. Afghanistan calls for the fair distribution of resources among WHO member states, particularly for countries with underdeveloped healthcare infrastructures, to enable equitable and transparent collaboration.

Afghanistan is open to cross-border cooperation with neighboring countries to address the spread of zoonotic diseases. However, such efforts must remain strictly within the framework of bilateral agreements and should not compromise Afghanistan’s autonomy. The delegation also urges WHO member states to invest in targeted research on zoonotic diseases in underserved regions, ensuring that the resulting benefits—both in outcomes and resources—reach vulnerable populations and do not exacerbate global inequalities.

Topic: 2024-Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: Iran
Delegate Name: Hadley Abrutyn

Committee:WHO
Topic: The Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: Iran
School: Roeper
Delegate Name: Hadley Abrutyn

The spread of zoonotic diseases, a disease or infection that is naturally transmissible from animals to humans, poses a threat to public health. Some zoonotic diseases, such as rabies, are 100% preventable through vaccination and other methods. These viruses harm not only human populations, but also communities and ecosystems that rely on animals for their livelihoods. The Islamic Republic of Iran is devoted to addressing this issue by working with other nations to improve proactive and preventative procedures for limiting the spread of these viruses, through methods such as increased disease monitoring.

In the Islamic Republic of Iran, dog-transmitted diseases such as cystic echinococcosis (CE) and rabies are endemic and are a major health and economic burden for communities. Nevertheless, efforts to control dog-related zoonoses are increasing all the time, particularly in the case of CE, and particularly since the establishment of the Iranian Research Center for Hydatid Disease (RCHD) in 2013. RCHD aims to conduct basic epidemiological and clinical research, build capacity, raise public awareness and increase community outreach to tackle this neglected zoonotic disease. This has led to important, concrete improvements. CE surveillance has increased after the establishment of a national CE registry. Access to CE diagnostics has also been expanded and awareness-raising campaigns have been delivered to children, clinicians and the public alike. Professional education to improve the diagnosis and treatment of CE is gathering pace, and the promotion of humane dog population management is also being prioritized. Effective surveillance is the foundation for detection, control and management of CE. In 2014, RCHD, supported by the Ministry of Health and Medical Education, created a national CE registry system (HydatidReg). The registry has helped improve the understanding of CE epidemiology in the Islamic Republic of Iran, highlight disease burden and inform treatment.

Currently, the WHO has made efforts to combat zoonotic diseases globally, including providing assistance and coordinating response efforts during outbreaks like Ebola and MERS. However, these efforts have not always been effective in developing countries, due to limited resources and political challenges. In developing countries, the WHO can play a more proactive role by helping the government strengthen local health systems, improve public awareness, and increase funding for zoonotic disease research. Additionally, strengthening regional partnerships with neighboring countries could help create a more robust system for monitoring and responding to outbreaks, especially in areas where cross-border transmission is a risk.

A comprehensive solution to zoonotic virus prevention in Iran involves a combination of policy reforms and international collaboration. First, the UN should prioritize the implementation of disease prevention policies by strengthening animal health surveillance, improving veterinary care, and enforcing biosecurity measures in agriculture. The WHO and international organizations should offer support and financial incentives to ensure that these measures are implemented effectively. Lastly, community-based interventions, such as training local farmers in safe farming practices and increasing public awareness, will play a crucial role in reducing the risk of disease transmission. By adopting these strategies, Iran can improve its ability to manage zoonotic disease risks while minimizing the economic impact on its agricultural sector.

Topic: 2024-Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: Cuba
Delegate Name: Emily Ochieng

WHO
Cuba
Emily Ochieng
Topic: The Spread of Animal Disease
Mosquito-borne viruses have been wreaking havoc in tropical countries in Latin America and Africa. One specific mosquito-borne virus is the Zika Virus. The Zika Virus is one that is especially feared due to it not yet having a vaccine and for the major harms it can cause to an unborn child (such as premature development and brain damage). Cuba especially being in the Caribbean is surrounded by the threat of Zika virus. On disease trackers’ epidemic maps, focusing on the spread of the Zika Virus in the Caribbean, nearly every country there has experienced widespread transmission of the virus. In Cuba, however, it is shown to only have a sporadic spread of the virus.

Cuba, since 1981 (where dengue virus claimed the lives of 158 individuals), has been fighting mosquito-borne viruses with a zeal. One way Cuba stood out from the rest of the countries heavily affected by the Zika virus was their early intervention. Cuba back in 2015 announced a national alert for the Zika virus before any cases were reported. They initiated preventative measures by using invasive and effective vector control (using military forces to spray fumigation, activating clinics to send out mosquito-control workers to hundreds of households to inspect and treat potentially prone areas), the surveillance of high-risk individuals (such as pregnant women), and active communication with its people on preventative measures to slow the spread. Cuba in addition to this, partnered with the U.S. in aid for developing a vaccine and has put forth guidelines for travelers to stay protected.

Cuba will continue its zealous work in slowing the spread of animal diseases. With the continued hard work, current and future generations will be protected from zoonotic viruses. Cuba would appreciate finding an ally in other nations agreeing with the stated.

Topic: 2024-Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: Russian Federation
Delegate Name: Saatvik Raman

Spread of Animal Viruses
Russian Federation
Saatvik Raman

The World Health Organization (WHO) is an important topic for the committees to address because it can lead to an increase or decrease in population. The Spread of Animal Viruses is an important factor in population changes. Some viruses that animals help spread include COVID-19, Black Death, Cat Scratch Disease, etc. The Russian Federation has helped decrease the spread of COVID-19 by giving animals vaccines. Another thing that Russia has done to prevent the spread of rabies is giving animals anti-rabies vaccines. From this, we can conclude that Russia relies heavily on vaccines to prevent the spread of animal viruses.

A big issue that the Russian Federation came across when trying to prevent these diseases is the transmission of bird flu. This is because as the country increases meat production, it also increases the risk of creating better conditions for viruses to survive. One solution that Russia has come up with is increasing the popularity of this issue and keeping it on their radar as something they might need to stay alert about. Another issue is that avian influenza (AI) puts humans at danger and it started to spread a lot in 2017.

Something that Russia could have done differently is trying to find cures for diseases and viruses in other ways than vaccines. Russia has implemented many acts to safeguard and enforce animal welfare in 2014. These acts could have been more successful as they directly pointed solutions to the rising animal diseases.

Topic: 2024-Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: United States of America
Delegate Name: Moon Fenchel

The United States’ experience addressing zoonotic diseases dates back many decades, with the earliest interventions targeting epidemic sensitive viruses like the 1918 influenza pandemic, which was believed to have avian origins. Over time, the US has developed advanced response mechanisms for infectious diseases which focus on early detection and fast containment. The United States notably led a quick response to the 2003 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak, an illness linked to Chinese animal markets. They successfully stopped its spread by initiating rapid public health warnings, international coordination, and advanced containment strategies. This situation demonstrated the US’ capacity to act decisively. Additionally, it underscores the importance of utilizing the organization in areas that lack resources to fight infectious diseases on their own.
Today, the US is making significant progress in controlling the spread of animal viruses through the “One Health” approach, which encompasses human, animal, and environmental strategies. In partnership with the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH), the US funds disease surveillance programs to detect the spread of zoonotic diseases before they spread throughout populations. Programs like the Global Early Warning for Major Animal Diseases (GLEWS) and the International Health Regulations (IHR) provide countries with the resources to respond promptly to animal based disease threats. WHO’s training programs for health workers have helped countries increase their doctor/patient ratios and to develop animal disease tracking systems. Although financing remains a challenge for countries with limited resources, the US continues to allocate funding solutions to take proactive measures. For example, the US is trying to make animal vaccinations globally accessible.
Moving forward, the US’ role in managing the spread of animal viruses will likely center around developing cost effective strategies. These strategies include supporting disease prevention initiatives, improving farm practices, and strengthening international aid for disease prevention infrastructure. The US also aims to foster a worldwide culture of proactivity rather than reactive responses, especially given that animal viruses and climate change are directly correlated due to the sensitivity of the environments in which animals live. By advocating for strong policies and utilizing technology, the US can help minimize future outbreaks and support a sustainable balance between human and animal health.

Topic: 2024-Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: Syrian Arab Republic
Delegate Name: Lauren Barteld

The country of Syria has dealt with its fair share of animal viruses within its borders. In Syria, leaders and other officials are concerned about the spread of animal viruses, as they want to prioritize the health of their citizens. The Syrian government has worked with other international organizations, including the World Health Organization, in order to control and monitor these diseases and the transmission of them.

Therefore, Syria recognizes how large of an issue the spread of animal viruses is and the need to maintain a certain level of supervision over their citizens, for the greater benefit of the people. Syria has put into effect certain measures in an attempt to slow the spread of viruses, such as vaccination programs, surveillance, and publically stressing the importance of veterinary care for animals to stop the viruses from the source. These measures have been beneficial, and would have a good chance of being even more effective if implemented in the future. These solutions can apply to any other international country, not just Syria.

Despite issues with animal viruses dating back to ancient times, the 20th century brought significant change in the reactions to these viruses. Syria, along with other countries, began to take increased measures to slow and stop the spread of these harmful diseases.

Ongoing conflicts in Syria have caused issues in the government’s capability to protect its citizens from the diseases to the best of their ability, as the war has led to severe poverty in many places. This leaves healthcare organizations in the country without the resources necessary to best address the presence of these viruses.

Currently, Syria remains a country in crisis, which has left so many of its people without the proper means to stay protected from things that can be prevented, the transmission of viruses from animals. This is why Syria’s government recognizes that protecting the health of its people is partially dependent on the ability to monitor things like viruses, vaccinations, and education on this topic. Being able to monitor this part of our resident’s healthcare would give the government an advantage to keeping people safe because they would know sooner when an outbreak may be occurring or when the WHO has to get involved to aid our people for their well-being. It’s a better way for Syria to work with the World Health Organization and even other countries in the UN for the greater good of the people. They can implement measures such as the solutions stated above; monitoring viruses, education on the topic, and providing vaccinations.

Works Cited:
National Institutes of Health- Infectious disease risk from the Syrian conflict, 2013
(www.nih.gov)
World Health Organization- Syrian Arab Republic
(who.int/countries/syr)

Topic: 2024-Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: Philippines
Delegate Name: Bobby Young

The spread of animal viruses has been a large concern for Filipino farmers for years now. The spread of zoonotic and non-zoonotic viruses like African Swine Fever (ASF), Echinostomiasis, Clonorchiasis, and many others have been plaguing our nation’s pork industry for about 5 years now (Fernandez-Colorado et al., 2024). The virus does not affect human health but it still has a very negative effect on our nation’s agricultural industry. The disease is able to stick to boots, clothes, wheels, and other farming materials that can easily make their way onto our farms and infect and kill our pig population.

It is the Filipino belief that together we can improve the WHO’s efforts to prevent the spread of ASF by recommending stronger guidelines for transportation of animal products. The Philippines hopes for this committee to pass a strong resolution that strongly recommends governments to make stronger regulations on the cleanliness of the conditions of transporting animal products as well as products that will be used around animals to ensure that we prevent diseases from reaching the animals and so that we can prevent people from receiving infected products from the animals. The Philippines would also like to call on this committee to collaborate and make a resolution that calls for governments to further research into the development of vaccinations to limit the damages of a potential outbreak of these viruses in the case this were to happen, as well as a resolution that calls for the testing and monitoring of animals health on farms in areas vulnerable to these viruses to ensure that these diseases do not spread further past the farms. And finally, we hope that this committee can form a resolution that equally supports developing nations’ prevention of these diseases as these zoonotic diseases saw a 63% increase in African countries that have less developed systems and resources to prevent the global spread of these viruses in the year 2022 (From Africa Renewal: July 2022, 14 July 2022 By: WHO).

Works Cited:
https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/july-2022/africa-63-jump-diseases-spread-animals-people-seen-last-decade

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1822878/#:~:text=A%20number%20of%20food%2Dborne,diphyllobothriosis%2Fspirometrosis%20and%20sparganosis%2C%20intestinal

https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/zoonoses

https://www.woah.org/en/disease/african-swine-fever/

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11200829/

Topic: 2024-Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: Colombia
Delegate Name: Brady Young

Animal viruses, or zoonotic diseases, affect countries and regions differently. In Colombia, the Colombian government and CDC have taken the correct course of action. Action plays were made and diseases such as Equine Viral Encephalitis, Zoonotic Tuberculosis, and Rabies are on a disease/infection watch list. The Colombian government has several committees such as the ICA (Colombian Agricultural Institute) INS (National Institute of Health), and the Ministry of Health and Social Protection of Colombia. The main zoonotic disease affecting Colombia is Malaria. In 2024, according to Outbreak News Today and the Visual Atlas of Malaria, there has been an 81% increase in infection compared to 2023. In total, there are 110,343 cases of Malaria in 2024.

However, the severity differs for other South American and global nations. In Brazil and Nigeria, zoonotic diseases are of much more concern. Brazil in the 2010s experienced significantly high levels of infection, however, in recent years there has been a trend decrease. Yet, As deforestation in Brazil continues, malaria becomes a greater and greater threat. In Brazil, there is a large at risk population in poverty-stricken areas in which communities get their money through outside development. “Given the escalating trend and the projected increase in cases for 2023 and 2024, it is crucial to pay close attention to this issue and take appropriate measures in Indigenous villages and gold mining areas.” Reported by the National Library of Medicine (Is Brazil reaching malaria elimination? A time series analysis of malaria cases from 2011 to 2023 – PMC.)

Then, In Nigeria, many initiatives were taken by the Nigerian government and other countries to decrease or end Malaria. Actions such as the U.S.; Stop Malaria Faster and USAID 5 pillars program; along with the Nigerian government’s End Malaria Council and National Malaria Elimination Program (NMEP) all attempt to stop Malaria from progressing. Despite this, Nigeria still accounts for 27% of the world’s Malaria cases and the highest number of deaths from Malaria. Similarly to Brazil, mass deforestation in Nigeria causes Malaria to be more of a threat. There are many approaches to decreasing the number of cases including but not limited to education programs, better documentation in medical facilities, and prioritizing at-risk populations.

Finally, zoonotic diseases, mainly Malaria, have a direct link to deforestation. Therefore, in developing nations, citizens frequently have less access to healthcare services, a lack of funds to supply themselves or their families with needed medical equipment, and a general lack of up-to-date medical technology, antibiotics, or education on diseases affecting their region. As a global precedent, for all developing nations the U.N. with branches such as the World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Sustainable Development Group (SDG), and United Nations Environment Programme (EP) should create a committee for zoonotic diseases affecting developing nations. To conclude, the Colombian government calls for better protection for developing nations fighting against zoonotic diseases. Colombia looks favorably at working with other countries to achieve this future.

Works Cited
A.J. MacDonald, E.A. Mordecai, Amazon deforestation drives malaria transmission, and malaria burden reduces forest clearing, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
116 (44) 22212-22218, Accessed Nov. 22, 2024 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1905315116 (2019).
Atlas visual. “Malaria in Colombia: 81% Increase (EW44) 110,343 Cases and 16 Deaths” Atlas Visual Nov. 16, 2024. https://atlasvisualdelamalaria.org/en/malaria-in-colombia-81-increase-ew44-110343-cases-and 16-deaths/ Accessed Nov 22, 2024

CDC. “Prioritizing Zoonotic Diseases for Multisectoral One Health Collaboration in Colombia” CDC Feb 22, 2023. https://www.cdc.gov/one-health/media/pdfs/Colombia-508.pdf. Accessed Nov 22, 2024

nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10830034/#:~:text=Brazil%20has%20witnessed%20a%20decline,villages%20and%20gold%20mining%20areas )Garcia KKS, Soremekun S, Abrahão AA, Marchesini PB, Drakeley C, Ramalho WM, Siqueira AM. Is Brazil reaching malaria elimination? A time series analysis of malaria cases from 2011 to 2023. PLOS Glob Public Health. 2024 Jan 31;4(1):e0002845. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002845. PMID: 38295141; PMCID: PMC10830034.

Global Forest Watch. 2023 https://www.globalforestwatch.org/dashboards/country/NGA/ Accessed Nov. 22, 2024.
PMI https://www.pmi.gov/home/pmis-strategy/ 2021 Accessed Nov. 22, 2024

PMI 2023 https://www.pmi.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/FY-2024-Nigeria-Country-Profile.pdf Accessed Nov.22, 2024

Renata Carvalho de Oliveira ∙ Jorlan Fernandes ∙ Jonathan Gonçalves-Oliveira ∙ Alexandro Guterres ∙ Elba Regina Sampaio de Lemos. “Out of the shadows, into the spotlight: Invisible zoonotic diseases in Brazil” Lancet Apr. 2022 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanam/article/PIIS2667-193X(22)00019-9/fulltext. Accessed Nov 22, 2024

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4830684/#R58 Rodríguez JC, Uribe GÁ, Araújo RM, Narváez PC, Valencia SH. Epidemiology and control of malaria in Colombia. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2011 Aug;106 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):114-22. doi: 10.1590/s0074-02762011000900015. PMID: 21881765; PMCID: PMC4830684.

Robert Herriman. “Malaria cases up 81% in Colombia in 2024” Outbreak News Today. Nov. 16, 2024. https://outbreaknewstoday.substack.com/p/malaria-cases-up-81-in-colombia-inhttps://pmc.ncbi. Accessed Nov. 22, 2024

Rainforest Alliance Apr 2020 https://www.rainforest-alliance.org/insights/deforestation-and-pandemics/#:~:text= Multiple%20scientific%20studies%20show%20a,the%20risk%20of%20disease%20transmission. Accessed Nov. 22, 2024

USAID 2020https://www.usaid.gov/nigeria/news/eliminating-malaria-nigeria-five-ways-usaids-presidents-malaria-initiative-states-making-difference Accessed Nov. 22, 2024.

Topic: 2024-Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: Albania
Delegate Name: Rayyan Abu Azine

The prevention of the spread of animal diseases is a serious problem for the world. The spread of zoonotic viruses occurs when viruses are transmitted from animals to humans, often via animal products or vectors like mosquitoes or ticks. The rise of zoonotic diseases is linked to several factors, including urbanization, deforestation, and climate change. As underdeveloped countries lack the required funding and awareness on preventing the spread of animal diseases which is a very preventable problem. A recent outbreak of an animal virus case was the 2014 Ebola Outbreak. Ebola was originally discovered in the Republic of Congo and the disease originated from the consumption of bats. It was an airborne virus which caused victims to bleed out of their eyes and cough out blood from their mouth. The World Health Organization responded to this outbreak by contacting people in power, spreading awareness, and providing resources to all countries in need to prevent these outbreaks. As time has progressed, these methods have proved effective.

Previously, Albania has been criticized in the past for problems with insufficient enforcement of welfare laws and illegal smuggling of animals. One of these critics includes a global animal welfare organization known as Four Paws. Four Paws advocated for an increase in sanctuary establishments as well as further stricter controls of illegal trade of animals. Albania since then has worked closely with the organization. This includes their capture and relocation of illegal animals within Albania.

In recent years, Albania has worked closely with the EU aimed to improve following their standards of strengthening of the veterinary force, vaccination, and for disease reporting mechanisms upgraded and strengthened. These systems include enhanced disease surveillance as well as mandatory quarantine for imported livestock which can in turn catch and prevent any disease before it is spread to local livestock. Other EU guidelines Albania has worked with is the implementation of better animal practices, reduction in illegal animal trade, and improved awareness to the public.

Within this committee, Albania aims to collaborate for a solution and prevention for these problems. Albania advises the World Health Organizations to act upon the spread of animal disease by enacting stricter enforcement and reformed guidelines as needed, as well as the need for stronger spread of awareness to all countries. Albania would also consider the use of surveillance systems, mandatory quarantine on imported livestock, and the capture of illegally smuggled animals to be held in captivity and relocated. Albania looks forward to the collaboration of fellow delegations to secure the safety of the world and the health of the inhabitants.

Works Cited
“Ebola Disease Basics.” Ebola, 23 Apr. 2024, www.cdc.gov/ebola/about/index.html.
Détail. 3 Oct. 2023, www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/influenza.
“Marking Two Decades of Multilateral Efforts in Transboundary Animal Disease Control.” AnimalHealth, www.fao.org/animal-health/news-events/news/detail/marking-two-decades-of-multilateral-efforts-in-transboundary-animal-disease-control/en.

Topic: 2024-Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: Switzerland
Delegate Name: Saraswati Guzzardo

Globally, seasonal influenza kills an average of 700,000 people each year (Dattani). The World Health Organization has had a flu vaccine since 1945, and yet 700,000 people per year still die from this curable disease. This zoonotic virus, likely originating from the domestication of pigs and birds, has ravaged the human populations for over a century, killing between 50 to 100 million people since 1918. Today, we are the global defense system against viruses like these.
Switzerland is amongst the most prepared countries in the world when it comes to the prevention of health threats. We excel at national legislation, public policy, and international communication (Prevent Epidemics). In June of 2023, the Swiss electorate passed a bill regarding future measures to be taken with COVID-19-related diseases. Medicines for severe COVID-19-related diseases can continue to be imported and used, employers can be required to continue to protect particularly vulnerable people (such as allowing them to work from home), and the currently deactivated SwissCovid app can be reactivated if required (The Federal Council of Switzerland). Switzerland continues to take proactive measures like this to prevent global and national health crises in the future and hope that other countries will take similar actions to keep their people safe.
On the international scale, WHO has created the IHR (international health regulations). This international law requires the report of public health events, outlines the criteria for a “public health emergency” or “international concern”, and protects the treatment of international travelers’ personal data, informed consent, and non-discrimination in public healthcare (World Health Organization). Even with these procedures in place, there is still so much more to be done.
The WHO must incentivize states to make proper reforms in disease prevention. Approaches to this include proper information distribution, government role and legislation, and financial encouragements. The spread of misinformation has crushed reform in the past. If, on the international scale, a committee were able to clearly mark misleading information, people would be naturally encouraged to aid in the fight against disease. Additionally, governments can switch their role from service provider to manager and financier of the health sector. Governments can use fiscal tools such as fees, taxes, and subsidies to drive global change (Harvard). Another functional incentivization is performance-based financing (PBF) which links payments to the quality and quantity of services provided by health facilities and workers on the international scale. (World Bank).
Many solutions for incentivisation can flood into lessening costs for developing nations. Switzerland believes that the subsidization of drugs and implementation of international law past the IHR can support these emergent nations. Administrations can subsidize and regulate drug prices, make bulk purchases from manufacturers for distribution at reduced prices, and distribute certain drugs with complete or partial subsidies to target populations.The health benefits and low costs of these medicinal interventions make them great targets for subsidization (Nugnet). Expanding training programs to all public providers, enforcing standards for private and public providers, changing payment systems, and developing policies to protect consumers against malpractice are legal changes that can be made to shield these developing nations and fend off possible financial threats (Nugnet).
There is not one solution to the prevention of the spread of animal viruses, nor the process of lessening developing nations costs’. Resolutions must be multi-faceted, targeting numerous issues in the healthcare field for any long lasting effect. Switzerland thinks that proper reforms and a global effort will help not only evolving nations, but the entire world. The delegation of Switzerland enters this session of the WHO with empathy and is ready for collaboration to be met with change.

Topic: 2024-Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: Sudan
Delegate Name: Warda Elmi

The spread of diseases from animals to humans is a critical issue in our modern world. Viruses like Ebola, avian flu, and the infamous COVID-19 have shown that the spread of animal viruses are a force to be reckoned with in the field of public health. In order to lessen the risk of future viruses like this and to contain existing viruses, it’s important to develop comprehensive plans that protect the health of our various populations.
However, for developing or war-torn countries such as ours, Sudan recognizes that it is of utmost importance to make health resources accessible to all and resistant to disasters such as war. Having in place detection systems for surveying animal diseases and human symptoms is of the utmost importance in disease control. Sudan promotes the use of online and digital media in order to allow people to detect and report symptoms that may be related to animal viruses.
Prevention is vastly superior to a cure, and the creation of cellphone apps that would allow individuals to input their symptoms would be a modern, low-cost, and extremely scalable way of tracking animal diseases. Additionally, access to vaccines and treatments should be equitable, so that no one has to suffer from a curable or preventable disease. By researching low-cost ways to mass-produce vaccines, we can work to make sure that everyone has a steady supply of them. Mobile healthcare clinics would work to give out these vaccines and treatments, and would provide more access to rural, poorer, and displaced individuals, such as those that make up a large majority of Sudan. Investing in healthcare helicopters would also be hugely important, as they can be used to take individuals showing these symptoms immediately to the closest hospital.

Topic: 2024-Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: Ireland
Delegate Name: Jackson Harlan

Country: Ireland
Committee: WHO (ECOSOC)
Topic: The Spread of Animal Viruses
Delegate: Jackson Harlan
School: Williamston High School

Humans and animals have always shared the earth and the spread of animal viruses directly impacts both. For example livestock is one of the most influential worklines, profiting around 1.16 to 3.1 trillion dollars worldwide. The spread of animal viruses impacts not just animals themselves, but also the lives of farmers, producers, and consumers. The lives of these people can be severely impacted, they can be at risk of bacterial infection, as well as loss of income for farmers and producers. It is estimated that 75% of upcoming human illnesses have an origin from animals. It is important to note that livestock or poultry and domestic animals have closest contact with humans. Past proposals on the issue have been increasing collaboration between other nations for emergency response to the initial effects of the spread of the animal viruses. Increasing collaboration for research of animal viruses has also been proposed in the past. Alternate suggestions include inspecting the livestock during production to ensure there are no animal viruses present.
Ireland is one of the world’s largest producers in livestock, and the spread of animal viruses greatly impacts the industry. In past years Bluetongue has spread into surrounding countries and the spread into Ireland would greatly impact the livestock industry in Ireland. Currently Ireland is continuing to monitor the importation of livestock in order to protect the fragile industry. The program Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Eradication Program has made many efforts to ensure the stoppage of animal viruses. These efforts include tissue tag testing, including doing so from birth, and separating the calves who have been infected. These actions have led to record low numbers of BVD present in livestock in Ireland, which ensures the success of farmers, producers and safety for consumers. Financial support has also been presented to farmers participating in the program to ensure stable income. Another action has been the introduction of vaccines for BVD, which is still ongoing. Ireland wants to continue these courses of action as well as collaborating with other nations to make progress going forward.
Ireland believes in pushing for collaboration with other nations to fully combat the issue. Ireland would like to continue pushing forward with current programs as well as introducing similar programs to other nations. It is important to recognize the constant need for research on the topic, as new animal viruses can present themselves. Creating research facilities for collaboration on the topic would be a good course of action. In the past Ireland has conducted research on the knowledge of farmers’ knowledge of animal viruses, and found many farmers were not aware of the dangers or spread of animal viruses. With this information Ireland proposes to create an educational program involving the spread of animal viruses and presenting the information to farmers. Ireland wants to continue to fight the spread of animal viruses and support the people impacted

Topic: 2024-Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: Peru
Delegate Name: Margaret Leahy

Country: Peru
Committee: WHO
Topic: The Spread of Animal Viruses
Delegate: Margaret Leahy
School: Williamston High School

The spread of animal viruses is critical to the entirety of the world and it is clear that animal viruses need to be taken seriously. The World Health Organization (WHO) even stated that there will inevitably be more pandemics in the future if the United Nations are not proactive about the possible zoonotic (animal borne diseases) threats to our countries. Recently, the importance of taking safety measures to ensure that more global pandemics do not occur is extremely important. As of now about 7 million people died because of the COVID-19 pandemic. There is about a 30 percent chance that there will be another pandemic in the next decade. Not only did the Coronavirus scar people’s health, but it took a toll on the public’s mental health. There was about a 25 percent increase in anxiety and depression worldwide during COVID-19. Furthermore, rabies kills 70,000 people worldwide, every year, 99 percent of those are from dogs. Even though we have had good vaccines for rabies for over a century, there are still limited public health resources.
Peru’s most recent outbreak of the avian influenza has killed an estimated amount of thirty thousand animals between 2022 and 2023. This is concerning since avian influenza is very prevalent in Peru and Chile. This influenza is also very concerning because if more poultry are infected, it could lead to a huge shortage of chicken and eggs, which is a big industry in Peru. Also, rabies is a threat to people living in rural areas. In Peru, domestic dogs and bats (especially in the Amazon region) are often the biggest transmission of rabies. Another zoonotic disease common in Peru is leptospirosis (Weil’s disease), it can be found in places where there is heavy rainfall, the Amazon basin, or uncontaminated water sources. Outbreaks can occur in rural and in urban areas. Humans most likely come into contact with it from direct contact with urine or contaminated water or soil. Symptoms sometimes appear as flu-like and then get progressively worse. These zoonotic diseases are a hardship on Peru agricultural and on public health. Resources to rural areas are concerning and vaccinations for rabies and other animal viruses are still low. Being proactive about the concern of zoonotic viruses as necessary for future generations.
Peru strives to have public awareness campaigns as well as local aid to rural and urban areas to prevent future rabies and leptospirosis. Getting vaccinations to areas in need is essential to preventing outbreaks in the future. By administering care in rural areas, there is less opportunity for zoonotic diseases to spread. People with jobs that require close contact with animals should be aware of the possible ways diseases could spread, especially with taking care of animal feces. Public awareness is key to making sure people do not come into contact with rabid dogs or unsanitary conditions. Measures should be taken to get clean water sources so leptospirosis does not spread through contaminated water. This is vital for controlling the spread of Weil’s disease. Planning and prevention for outbreaks is very important to make sure animal viruses do not spread so worldwide pandemics do not transpire is crucial to the coming times ahead of us. Peru would love to collaborate with other countries who feel the same way.

Topic: 2024-Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: Belgium
Delegate Name: Katherine Petersburg

Committee: WHO
Topic: The Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: Belgium
Delegate: Kate Petersburg
School: Williamston High School

Since animal viruses make up such a huge portion of human infections it is vital that it is an issue being focused on. Currently, 60% of all human infections stem from animals, and 75% of those “jump” to humans. It is highly estimated that a decent portion of these cases are due to increased exposure and poorly maintained conditions while others could be from consuming animal products that haven’t been prepared properly. Past efforts to manage zoonotic virus outbreaks have resulted in varying results such as the 2003 SARS outbreak being contained in as little as six months while the Ebola outbreak in West Africa ended in 11,000 deaths which took months to even identify the virus involved. Limiting the spread of these zoonotic viruses is crucial to prevent further outbreaks.
Belgium believes that the spread of animal viruses is a major issue that needs to be handled and talked about. Currently, Belgium has many plans and goals regarding this issue such as Monitoring and Surveillance. Belgium plans to keep a close eye on these diseases to be able to detect and control them better. The FASFC for example has many protocols in place to report and contain any possible outbreaks of animal diseases. In addition, Sciensano, or the Belgian Institute for Health, works with the FASFC to collect and analyze data on animal diseases that might have a possible impact on human health. Belgium also has protocols for early detection and rapid response. This involves collaboration between public health and veterinary services to handle these issues swiftly. These collaborations work closely to ensure potential outbreaks are identified and removed before further harm is caused. This includes contact tracing, Quarantine and isolation measures, and Vaccination programs to ensure everyone’s safety. Belgium also enforces biosecurity in places such as farms, wildlife reserves, zoos, and other animal-related facilities. This also involves the safe handling and consumption of meat. There are also public awareness campaigns to inform the population on the risks of animal viruses and how to properly reduce the potential of transmission including how to properly handle animals and maintain proper hygiene. An example of how Belgium has acted to protect the people in the past is the H5N1 Avian Influenza. Belgium put forth strict quarantine measures in affected farms and put restrictions on the birds affected. Belgium takes an active stance on this issue and believes it to be an important matter for all to be concerned about.
Belgium’s plan for the future is to continue the current policies to stop the spread of animal viruses and manage those affected. Although Belgium has many current policies in place, Belgium would be open to expanding and strengthening them. Belgium would also be open to working with other countries to achieve its goals and help stop the spread and dangers that come along with animal viruses. Belgium believes The Netherlands, Luxembourg, and France will be good allies to work with in the future.

Topic: 2024-Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: Italy
Delegate Name: Rocco Blaisdell

Position Paper: The Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: Italy
Committee: The Food and Agriculture Organization
Topic: The Spread of Animal Viruses
Introduction:
The spread of animal viruses poses significant challenges to global food security, public health,
and agricultural sustainability. Italy, as a key player in European agriculture, recognizes the
importance of addressing this issue. With its strong livestock sector and diverse farming
systems, Italy is deeply concerned about the risks posed by animal viruses and their potential to
disrupt food production, trade, and ecosystems. This position paper outlines Italy’s concerns,
policy positions, and proposed solutions to combat the spread of animal viruses effectively.
Italy’s Perspective:
Italy acknowledges the multifaceted nature of the threat posed by animal viruses and their
potential implications for food systems, animal welfare, and public health. Italy is particularly
focused on the following issues:
1. Zoonotic Disease Transmission: The potential for animal viruses to cross into human
populations, such as avian influenza or swine flu, raises public health concerns.
2. Economic Impact: Disease outbreaks can devastate livestock production, leading to
significant economic losses for farmers and the agricultural industry.
3. Biodiversity and Ecosystem Health: The spread of animal viruses can harm native species,
disrupt ecosystems, and reduce biodiversity.
4. Antimicrobial Resistance: Misuse of antibiotics to control animal diseases can exacerbate the
global issue of antimicrobial resistance.
Italy’s Policy Positions:
Italy emphasizes the importance of international collaboration and science-based strategies to
address the spread of animal viruses.
1. Promoting Biosecurity Measures: Strengthening biosecurity practices in livestock farming to
prevent disease outbreaks.
2. Enhancing Disease Surveillance: Supporting robust monitoring systems to detect and
respond to animal viruses promptly.
3. Reducing Antimicrobial Use: Advocating for responsible use of antimicrobials to minimize
resistance risks.
4. Supporting Research and Innovation: Encouraging research into vaccines, diagnostics, and
disease-resistant breeds to mitigate the impact of animal viruses.
Proposed Solutions:
To tackle the spread of animal viruses effectively, Italy proposes the following solutions:
1. International Collaboration: Foster partnerships with neighboring countries and international
organizations to share data, resources, and expertise on animal virus control.

2. Improved Surveillance Systems: Implement advanced surveillance and reporting mechanisms
to monitor animal health trends and identify potential outbreaks.
3. Farmer Training Programs: Provide farmers with education and tools to adopt best practices
in biosecurity and disease management.
4. **Increased Investment in Research**: Allocate resources for the development of innovative
solutions, such as vaccines and alternative treatments, to reduce reliance on antimicrobials.
5. Public Awareness Campaigns: Raise awareness among stakeholders, including consumers,
about the importance of controlling animal viruses and supporting sustainable practices.
Conclusion:
Italy is committed to addressing the spread of animal viruses through a balanced approach that
safeguards animal and public health, ensures food security, and protects the environment. By
strengthening biosecurity measures, fostering research and innovation, and working
collaboratively with other nations, Italy aims to lead efforts in mitigating the risks associated with
animal viruses and ensuring the resilience of global food systems.

Topic: 2024-Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: Germany
Delegate Name: Lee Gerring

Delegate: Lee Gerring
Committee: WHO
Topic: Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: Germany
School: Williamston High School

Ever since the start of life on Earth, disease has been prevalent in many forms. Zoonotic diseases are not an exception with their effect of massive harm to human life. Diseases such as Ebola and the Bird Flu were diseases that had originally started in animals and eventually spread to humans as the animals continued to come in contact with them. This led to major outbreaks and loss of life, along with major economic losses as well. Not only do people’s lives get harmed by these illnesses but their careers do as well, if an animal on a farm contracted a disease such as Ebola then not only would the farmer have to kill and discard of the animal because it’s meat could no long be sold, they would also have to worry about potential contraction to their other animals which would continue to hurt the farmer in this cycle. Over time many vaccines and further precautions have been put in place to combat the spread and contraction of these zoonotic diseases to help lessen their spread and help save an immense amount of lives.
Germany has taken several measures to prevent the spread of animal viruses between both humans and other animals. In 2012, Germany had taken action by adopting The “General Administrative Regulation for Zoonoses in the Food Production Chain.” This works to regulate the surveillance of zoonoses and zoonotic pathogens, surveillance of antimicrobial resistance among zoonotic pathogens and exchange of information related to zoonotic diseases. Along with that the Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety and the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment draw up a Zoonoses Sampling Plan every year to identify the risks of zoonotic disease. This yearly plan contains specific standards about the zoonotic agents to be tested for, which animal populations need to be monitored, and what stages of the food chain need to be monitored. Germany also worked to adopt and establish the 2014 Animal Health Act which aims to prevent and control animal diseases with a focus on minimizing the risk of zoonotic diseases to human health. It outlines general duties of animal owners, such as the obligation to report dangerous diseases to the authorities. Much of Germany’s livestock is also affected by the spread of disease such as Bluetongue. This is a disease that greatly affects the livelihoods of animals, especially around Europe. Quickly this disease had action taken against it with vaccines being developed that Germany quickly accepted to lessen the outbreak.
Germany plans to keep its current policy on animal viruses after having seen great development on stopping zoonotic diseases after its policies were put in place. This doesn’t mean that Germany isn’t open to strengthening it’s policy as means to further improve the lives of livestock and citizens, or even helping other countries establish their own policy as means to fight back against spreading disease. Aside from the countries within the European Union, Germany finds a good ally in the United States of America as a means to help with this mission.

Topic: 2024-Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: Algeria
Delegate Name: Raksha Karunanithy

World Health Organization
The Spread of Animal Viruses
The People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria
Raksha Karunanithy
Forest Hills Eastern

The People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria acknowledges the increasing threat posed by the spread of animal viruses, specifically zoonotic diseases that could create global pandemics. Because of its diverse ecosystems which ranges from coastlines to deserts, Algeria faces a challenge in monitoring animal health and controlling the transmission of pathogens from these animals to humans, which is caused by climate change and human-animal interactions. Algeria’s agricultural practices, urban expansion, and animal displacement also contribute to the risk of zoonotic spillovers. Recent outbreaks like the avian influenza virus, highlight the immense need for stronger health systems and a coordinated international response. Algeria believes that combating these challenges through the One Health approach which joins human, animal, and environmental health to address the interconnected risks would be one of the most effective ways to reduce zoonotic virus transmissions.

Algeria has enforced veterinary surveillance systems and actively collaborates with international organizations like the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) to contribute to the global disease reporting network which enhances its ability to respond to virus outbreaks. The country also works with the African Union’s Africa CDC to help strengthen the monitoring of diseases and labs. The nation supports multiple efforts to combat climate change like reducing its greenhouse gas emissions by between 7 to 22 percent by 2030. This highlights Algeria’s alacrity to combat climate change in any way possible. They also stress the importance to enhance regional frameworks for disease control. Despite these efforts made by Algeria, limitations in resources and technology hinder its ability to perform widespread testing and vaccination campaigns. Studies have proven that zoonotic viruses are more prevalent in countries with less developed health systems which emphasizes the need for international investment in less developed nations, especially in Africa. Algeria’s climate policies, outlined in its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement, aim to reduce environmental factors that would increase outbreak risks, like deforestation and habitat loss.

To combat the spread of animal viruses, Algeria calls on the international community to improve surveillance systems, expand their funding for zoonotic research, and strengthen emergency preparedness that would include things like establishing regional stockpiles of vaccines for deployment in case of a sudden outbreak. Public education campaigns, and sustainable land use policies are incredibly important when it comes to reducing the risk of zoonotic outbreaks. Algeria reiterates its commitment to international cooperation and urges other countries to reciprocate the effort to prevent future outbreaks and pandemics to safeguard the health and well-being of everyone.

Topic: 2024-Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: France
Delegate Name: Ryland Ogrodowski

Committee: (WHO) World Health Organization
Topic: The Spread of Animal Viruses
Delegate: Ryland Ogrodowski
School: Riverview Jr/Sr High School
Country: France

One of the greatest healthcare issues affecting our world is the ongoing spread of animal viruses. The spread of these infectious diseases has caused millions of deaths and an immediate need for action to slow the spread of animal viruses. Some of the most common diseases are chickenpox, measles, influenza, HIV and herpes. Recently, one of the viruses that has increased by a rapid amount is the spread of avian influenza (Sun). After COVID-19, an outbreak occurred from 2018-2022 (Sun). Leading towards conducted, particularly fowl infections, human infections, and sequence alterations (Sun). Now it has also been detected that climate change is a major factor with the increase in infectious viruses (Carlson). By the year 2070 it has been determined that this spread of zoonotic viruses will be apparent if our effect on climate change continues negatively (Climate). Some of these diseases can be prevented through vaccination, but others are still being searched for a cure (Zoonoses). Now the WHO and WOAH (World Orginisation for Animal Health) are working diligently to slow the rapid spread of these viruses within our world due to vulnerability from COVID-19 and the ongoing issues of climate change.

Many of the countries in Europe including the country of France are dealing with many of these animal diseases. The last outbreak was in 2020-2021 (Multiple). Where many underwent the disease of avian influenza H5 viruses, most in France belonging to the H5N8 subtype genotype for the disease (Multiple). More than 1800 were bird influenced cases, and 800 were poultry caused throughout all of Europe (Multiple). To end this crisis, the Delegation of France took tracheal and cloacal swabs for each suspected case of HPAI in wild or domestic birds (Multiple). Tracking down the cause to be from birds in a Pet Store in Southern France (Multiple). In the end, finding the cause of this outbreak was linked to an increased virus in high-density duck farming (Multiple). After this event the avian outbreak viruses, France increased security and safety on monitoring the spread of influenza strands (Multiple). Noting that this impact on birds and poultry negatively affects the economy towards the country. Therefore, leading France to be a country willing to contribute whatever means necessary to take to end this spread to economically and healthcare wise keep countries safe.

After dealing with this ongoing spread the Delegation of France proposes various ideas on how we can track the spreading and maintain proper healthcare amongst civilians. First the Delegation of France already works with monitoring the spread of these viruses through swabs and comparing the swabs towards animals and their genotypes to the virus in different regions of the country. To determine what areas of the country have had their birds/poultry impacted by avian influenza. Therefore, the Delegation of France proposes the establishment of UN run facilities. Specifically run as a hospital, treatment center, and laboratory for zoonotic viruses. These facilities will be run and funded by the WHO to ensure equality in healthcare amongst all UN countries, including third world countries in need of higher healthcare services. As well as teaming up with organizations such as the Red Cross and specific zoonotic research organizations such as the National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza. This would allow funding towards these centers and equality within the facilities by being run under organizations. In these facilities there will be hospital areas for people undergoing viral infections caused by the spread of zoonotic viruses. Having medical professionals that volunteer to work within these buildings. There will be also a treatment center. This area will be providing the vaccinations necessary to combat these viruses. So, if an individual struggles to reach the healthcare they need

to receive vaccination for a zoonotic virus that has been cured, such as rabies, they can come to these centers provided and receive their vaccination there. This will also be done under doctors/nurses that volunteer. As well with having their vaccination history provided to their healthcare providers as vaccination history is an important document to look after. Lastly these establishments will have laboratories/research centers to ensure the safety and enforcement of tracking down causes of these viruses. As of now countries, including France, take swabs of infections and have them processed and if positive for a strand of zoonotic virus, then they are traced to the animal carrying that strand. In these hospitals there will be samples taken every two months from the common zoonotic animals of the region to keep and compare to the swabs taken for if an outbreak occurs. Then we can diligently trace where these viruses are emerging from and how they can be contained and stopped before further infection. This plan to establish these centers can be named the UNZCP (United Nations Zoonotic Centers Plan) combating these diseases through the research and healthcare provided. The centers can have also a once-a-year committee. Where they send a representative for their country and therefore the countries of the UN under these centers can share ideas and information to help other countries combat this issue together. Inevitably being able to slow and control the spread of zoonotic viruses.

Citations:

Carlson, C.J. “Climate Change Increases Cross-species Viral Transmission Risk.” Nature, 28 Apr. 2022, www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04788-w. Accessed 11 Nov. 2024.

“Climate Change Will Result in New Viruses and Risk of New Diseases, Says Study.” PBS, 28 Apr. 2022, www.pbs.org/newshour/science/climate-change-will-result-in-new-viruses-and-risk-of-new-diseases-says-study. Accessed 11 Nov. 2024.

“Multiple Independent Introductions of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5 Viruses during the 2020–2021 Epizootic in France.” National Library of Medicine, pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10092607/. Accessed 12 Nov. 2024.

Sun, Yanxia. “High Activity Levels of Avian Influenza Upwards 2018–2022: A Global Epidemiological Overview of Fowl and Human Infections.” Elseiver, 23 Jun. 2023, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352771423000319. Accessed 11 Nov. 2024.

“Zoonoses.” United Nations, 29 Jul. 2020, www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/zoonoses. Accessed 12 Nov. 2024.

Topic: 2024-Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: Republic of Korea
Delegate Name: Olivia Bryan

Committee: WHO (ECOSOC)
Topic: The Spread of Animal Viruses
Delegate: Olivia Bryan
School: Williamston High school
Country: The Republic of Korea
The spread of animal viruses is a problem more widespread than most would assume. Animal viruses are viral infectious agents that travel host to host infecting quickly. Some well known viruses include the avian(bird) flu, swine fever, and rabies. While the issue of animal viruses may not seem as prevalent in developed countries; they are still a problem that occurs not only in those developed countries but runs rampant in developing countries. In August of this year the bluetongue virus hit European livestock and is rapidly spreading across the continent. The virus was countered by three different vaccines but all were rendered ineffective. India has seen the largest rabies cases of all other countries due to stray animals and lack of vaccination. The United States recently reported an outbreak of the H5N1 bird influenza in mid-November of this year. Those cases just begin to touch the tip of the iceberg when it comes to addressing the worry of animal viruses.

The Republic of Korea, while maintaining status as one of the most viral non-occurrence countries, has seen a few small outbreaks in recent years. In 2023, South Korea saw small outbreaks of the HPAI and H5N1 viruses after a global increase in active cases.The infectious agent was quickly contained and the country saw no further spread. Also in 2023, a small outbreak of Lumpy Skin Disease occurred in Incheon South Korea. Lumpy Skin Disease, or LSD, is a virus transmitted from cattle to humans by biting insects. In cattle symptoms can range from swelling, to anorexia, to systemic illness. The Republic of Korea has taken many strategies over the years to eliminate the spread of animal viruses. Korea saw nearly 67 years free of Hand Foot and Mouth Disease before a small outbreak in 2000. Korea currently maintains a rabies non-occurrence status, having no outbreaks since 2013. Korea continues efforts to remain both HFM and Rabies free through mass vaccinations and effective animal control. The Republic of Korea is committed to investigate and attempt to control and contain any animal borne illnesses seen within its borders.

Korea fully plans to continue the effort set by the World Health Organization of zero human rabies deaths by 2030. Korea believes that this is a problem that needs to be solved worldwide and not just within its own borders. While Korea may have been significantly free of certain viruses, this does not mean there is not a danger for further spread. As seen with outbreaks inside the country, the threat of animal viruses and their spread is a serious concern. With continued research and discovery Korea hopes to eradicate as many known, and unknown, diseases as possible. Korea is willing to fully cooperate with the United Nations on this matter, and as well as hearing from other developed countries would like to hear from developing ones. Specifically Korea would like to know countries with larger outbreaks plans to control the viruses running rampant and endangering the globe.

Topic: 2024-Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: United Kingdom
Delegate Name: Julia Callahan

Committee: World Health Organization (WHO)
Topic: The Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: The United Kingdom (UK)
Delegate: Julia Callahan
School: East Grand Rapids High School

The spread of animal diseases to humans, also known as zoonosis, is the infection of bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi from animal to human. The means of transmission are distinguished by five routes: direct contact, inhalation of aerosols, ingestion, indirect transfer by fomites (equipment/footwear/vehicles), and vector transmission. There are multiple sources of animal diseases that can be passed along through large networks; domestic, agricultural, and wild animals can all be culprits of the spread, the disease typically traveling through open wounds, their mucous membranes, breeding, gestation, and their milk. The practically limitless amount of forms of contact and infection makes attention to the problem necessary, noting that zoonosis is most common in regions with high densities of livestock as well as areas with poor sanitation and high concentrations of ticks/mosquitos. Examples of animal-spread diseases include Rabies, Salmonella, Tularemia, Lyme disease, COVID-19, and Yellow Fever, amongst others. These viruses can range from mild to death; the variety in transmission vessels makes this issue imperative to address.

Conversation on Zoonotic diseases by the United Nations was highly prevalent at the peak of COVID-19 in 2020. UN Secretary-General António Guterres asserted, “To prevent future outbreaks, countries need to conserve wild habitats, promote sustainable agriculture, strengthen food safety standards, monitor and regulate food markets, invest in technology to identify risks, and curb the illegal wildlife trade.” Stating that the most important focuses for this topic revolve around conservation, sustainability, safety, and improved technology. The report, “Preventing the Next Pandemic: Zoonotic Diseases and How to Break the Chain of Transmission,” led by Delia Grace Randolph from the UN Environment Programme (UNEP), marks various plans of action to address the problem as a whole. Notable recommendations include strengthening the environmental dimensions of the One Health approach (a collaborative, multisectoral, transdisciplinary approach), leveraging innovations, re-governing food systems, sustainable use of wild resources, and Multilateral Environmental Agreements. The assembling of the UNEP’s intergovernmental negotiating committee (INC) is a pivotal result of the 14 resolutions passed in 2022 that called for more decisive actions for nature. It is evident that the causes of pandemics and biodiversity losses are the same: land-use change is one of the biggest drivers, as low-diversity habitats are the most significant breeding ground for the spread of disease. The United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) recognized One Health, alluding to its importance in tackling this issue. Organizations such as the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA), the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US CDC), and the One Health High-Level Expert Panel (OHHLEP) all work at targeting the emergence of health crises centered around zoonotic disease threats, actively trying to prevent zoonotic pandemics.

Though human cases of zoonotic diseases have been considered uncommon here in the United Kingdom, we still actively monitor and analyze any threats of zoonotic diseases, especially in agricultural settings. We monitor zoonotic disease through the Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), working on mitigation plans while tracking any possible outbreaks of diseases and viruses. A main course of study at APHA has been “reverse zoonosis”- the change of transmission from humans to animals- which has been extremely pivotal in the progression of COVID-19. Most of the research is centered on mosquito transmission, trying to prevent the spread of the West Nile virus as climate change makes the UK’s habitat susceptible to the disease. We have also been trying to proactively prevent the spread of the Rift Valley fever virus, a cause of hemorrhagic disease in sheep/cattle. The UK has adopted a “Biological security strategy” to ensure the biosecurity of the United Nations. COVID-19 was an example of an attack on public health and the economy; as climate change, biodiversity loss, and land use change progressed globally, it was alarmingly clear there was a need for proactive action. The UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), an executive agency of the Department of Health and Social Care, has been pivotal in protecting humans from biological threats like zoonotic diseases.

Our strategy for zoonotic disease prevention extends to other risks, including increased antimicrobial resistance, deliberate biological attacks by a state or non-state actor, and accidental release of a pathogen. It is focused on four pillars: understanding, prevention, detection, and responses. These pillars are to be implemented through developing a biothreat radar and a national bio-surveillance network, establishing a new UK biosecurity leadership council, developing new UK-based microbial forensics tools and capabilities, formalizing the leadership structures that oversee our biological security, and establishing a biological security task force in the Cabinet Office to coordinate UK-wide efforts on biological security. The Centre for Long-Term Resilience (CLTR) think tank and Cambridge University’s Centre for the Study of Existential Risk (CSER) have assisted in implementing this plan. Our initiative bears similar strategies to the US’s national biodefense strategy and implementation plan, acknowledging our shared views on this issue and tactics for approaching this issue. We would love to work closely with the United States. We have committed £1.5bn a year to this initiative and encourage states to commit funds to the issue when possible, recognizing the zoonotic disease threat as seen from COVID-19. Also, we would like member states to undertake modeling measures such as our Border Target Operating Model (BTOM) in their own countries, ensuring the safety, security, sanitation, and phytosanitary of all imports. Overall, the UK has many initiatives it would like to see adopted and recognized by the UN and its member states. Now is not the time to be daft; we cannot leg it when it comes to this issue, and instead, we must collaborate on this pressing problem plaguing our world with disease, economic turmoil, and, most importantly, the lives of our people—cheers to WHO and the resolutions to come over these crucial and cracking days of negotiation and collaboration.

Topic: 2024-Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: Senegal
Delegate Name: Molly Delp

Country: Senegal
Committee: WHO
Topic: The Spread of Animal Viruses
Delegate: Molly Delp
School: Williamston High School

The spread of animal viruses is a very serious issue that leads to an estimated 2.7 million deaths per year. It is also estimated that about 60% of human infections have originated from an animal, and this percentage is only getting bigger. Zoonotic diseases are caused by harmful germs like bacteria, parasites, and fungi. These viruses spread from animals to people by humans coming into direct contact with saliva, blood, urine, feces, and other bodily fluids of an infected animal. They can also spread by indirect contact, or from people eating contaminated food. The spread of animal viruses is a very large issue in developing nations, where the response to control many infectious diseases are reactive instead of proactive due to most preventive measures being very expensive. The United Nations Environment Programme has released many reports to help prevent future outbreaks including the report, Preventing the Next Pandemic: Zoonotic diseases and how to break the chain of transmission. There has also been a proposed UN convention on Animal Health and Protection (UNCAHP) but it has not yet been adopted.
Senegal takes the issue of animal viruses very seriously, mainly because zoonotic diseases are a very high risk in Senegal due to the proximity and frequency of interactions between humans and animals. Previously, Senegal has faced the Ebola Virus Disease (EVD), and their preparedness and response to that outbreak helped prevent the 2014 EVD outbreak in West Africa from spreading to Senegal. In some of their preparedness and response actions, the WHO dispatched three senior epidemiologists to undertake urgent contact tracing. They monitored all contacts daily and those with symptoms were immediately tested, and as a result of this rapid response, there were no further transmissions. The government of Senegal has recognized the importance of a One Health approach to prevent and respond to future zoonotic disease outbreaks, which works at the local, regional, national, and global levels with the goal of achieving optimal health outcomes recognizing the interconnection between people, animals, plants, and their shared environment. In addition, human and animal health stakeholders and their partners identified six priority zoonotic diseases that they agreed upon to guide investments and prioritization in addressing infectious disease threats.
Senegal would propose to resolve this issue by continuing to focus on implementing a One Health approach to health outcomes and zoonotic diseases. Senegal wishes to decrease the amount of outbreaks and deaths from zoonotic diseases and is looking to work with other nations at improving this health aspect. Senegal is looking to work with other countries facing similar issues to work together to help prevent these diseases from spreading. Senegal expects to find allies in countries like the U.S., France, and countries in the African Union. In addition, the UN could work to ratify conventions and treaties to help prevent future zoonotic outbreaks, as there is currently a lack of treaties that address this problem that many countries are facing.

Topic: 2024-Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: Indonesia
Delegate Name: Claire Yuan

Committee: ECOSOC
Topic: The Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: Indonesia
School: Portage Central High School

The global spread of animal viruses, especially zoonotic diseases transmitted from animals to humans, threatens public health and the environment. Wildlife trade and human activities like deforestation have increased the chances of these diseases, with outbreaks like COVID-19 demonstrating their severity. These viruses harm not only human populations but also ecosystems and communities that rely on animals for their livelihoods. The Republic of Indonesia is committed to tackling this issue by strengthening conservation efforts, improving disease monitoring, and working with other nations to prevent future outbreaks.
The Republic of Indonesia recognizes the interconnectedness between human and animal health and is dedicated to addressing the root causes of zoonotic disease transmission. Pangolins, considered the most trafficked mammal in the world, are known carriers of coronaviruses that can potentially transmit to humans. To address this issue, Indonesia has strengthened enforcement measures under its Wildlife Law of 1990 by increasing penalties for traffickers and collaborating with organizations like TRAFFIC and the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) to monitor markets and trade routes. For example, in 2021, Indonesian authorities seized over 36 tons of pangolin scales destined for export, representing a significant step in disrupting this illegal network.
Deforestation in Indonesia, primarily driven by palm oil plantations, has also contributed to increased human-wildlife interactions. Between 2000 and 2020, Indonesia lost approximately 28 million hectares of forest, creating ideal conditions for zoonotic diseases to spread. One notable example is the Nipah virus, which is linked to bat populations that encroach on agricultural lands after losing their natural habitats. To address this, Indonesia has initiated reforestation projects like the National Movement for Forest and Land Rehabilitation (GERHAN), which aims to restore over 2 million hectares of degraded land by 2030. These efforts not only reduce the risk of zoonotic disease outbreaks but also support biodiversity and the livelihoods of forest-dependent communities.
Indonesia has taken significant steps to address zoonotic diseases through stricter enforcement against wildlife trafficking, reforestation initiatives like GERHAN, and enhanced disease surveillance systems under the Global Health Security Agenda. Collaborations with organizations like the FAO and ASEAN have improved outbreak detection and regional data sharing, as seen in the containment of avian influenza cases in 2020. Additionally, Indonesia’s ongoing investments in community education aim to reduce reliance on illegal wildlife trade by providing sustainable alternatives for local livelihoods. These efforts show Indonesia’s commitment to balancing public health, environmental protection, and economic development. The Republic of Indonesia calls on member states to adopt similar approaches, emphasizing global cooperation to combat wildlife trade, protect natural habitats, and strengthen health systems. The global community can prevent future outbreaks and build a safer, more resilient world with unified international efforts.

Topic: 2024-Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: Ethiopia
Delegate Name: Samaira Agarwal

Committee: ECOSOC
Topic: The Spread of Animal Virus
Country Ethiopia
School: Portage Central High School
Animal Virus is Any infectious disease that is naturally transmitted from animal to human. The spread of animal viruses in Ethiopia poses significant challenges to both public health and agricultural productivity, with far-reaching implications for food security and economic stability. Ethiopia’s diverse livestock population, including cattle, sheep, goats, and camels, plays a crucial role in the livelihoods of millions. However, the close interactions between livestock and humans, coupled with limited veterinary infrastructure and surveillance, create conditions conducive to the transmission of zoonotic diseases. Addressing these issues is essential for protecting both Ethiopia’s agricultural economy and the health of its communities.
The international community has made strides in addressing animal viruses and zoonotic diseases through initiatives such as the World Organization for Animal Health’s (WOAH) Global Animal Disease Information System (EMPRES-i), which has improved disease surveillance globally, including in East Africa. The WHO-OIE-FAO Tripartite Collaboration has emphasized a “One Health” approach, integrating human, animal, and environmental health. The Global Framework for the Progressive Control of Transboundary Animal Diseases (GF-TADs) has provided technical support and capacity-building for regions like Africa, while international partnerships have advanced vaccine development for diseases such as Rift Valley Fever. Despite these efforts, implementation in Ethiopia is constrained by resource limitations, fragmented coordination, and underdeveloped infrastructure.
Ethiopia has taken proactive steps to combat animal viruses through national strategies and policies. The Livestock Master Plan (LMP) seeks to modernize the livestock sector by improving veterinary services, enhancing disease control mechanisms, and boosting productivity. The Animal Disease Prevention and Control Strategy focuses on surveillance, rapid response, and vaccination campaigns for diseases like FMD and RVF. Additionally, Ethiopia collaborates with regional organizations such as the African Union Interafrican Bureau for Animal Resources (AU-IBAR) to strengthen veterinary capacity. However, persistent challenges, including underfunding, low vaccination coverage, and insufficient diagnostic infrastructure, undermine the effectiveness of these initiatives.
To address these challenges, Ethiopia proposes a comprehensive set of solutions under the One Health framework. First, Ethiopia calls for international support to build veterinary capacity, including training for veterinarians and technicians and improving access to diagnostic tools in rural areas. Second, strengthening disease surveillance systems is essential to enable early detection and reporting, which can be bolstered by cross-border collaboration with neighboring countries. Third, Ethiopia seeks to promote vaccine development and distribution by partnering with international organizations to scale up vaccine production for diseases such as FMD and RVF while subsidizing vaccine costs to ensure affordability for smallholder farmers. Additionally, public awareness campaigns are vital to educate farmers about biosecurity measures and safe handling practices for livestock and animal. Finally, Ethiopia emphasizes the need for increased international funding and collaboration, including technical and financial assistance from organizations such as WHO, WOAH, and the African Development Bank (AfDB), as well as public-private partnerships to foster investments in the livestock sector.Ethiopia reaffirms its commitment to combating animal viruses through strengthened national policies, robust international cooperation, and a unified One Health approach. The delegation urges Member States and organizations to recognize the critical link between animal health, human health, and sustainable development, especially for vulnerable nations. Through collaborative action, we can build resilient systems to prevent future outbreaks, safeguard public health, and secure livelihoods for millions of people.

Topic: 2024-Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: Mexico
Delegate Name: Dattasai Bobba

Committee: ECOSOC
Topic: The Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: Mexico
School: Portage Central High School

Animal Viruses are defined as viruses that affect animals. In the context of Mexico, prominent animal viruses include the avian influenza, rabies, and vector borne diseases such as malaria and dengue. Most of these viruses are relatively small in their impact, but the recent avian influenza (or bird flu) outbreak and the lives it’s taken has caused concern to increase. Birds infected with the bird flu are also at risk of flying to nearby countries (notably the US) and transmitting the disease to citizens there, as has already happened. The disease has spread to the states of Puebla, Tiaxcala, Jalisco, Guanajuato, and Aguascalientes. The risk to the general public is considered to be low, but the impact of the bird flu on poultry production has prompted the Mexican government to depopulate millions of birds and vaccinate millions more.

Mexico has joined the North American Plan for Animal and Pandemic Influenza treaty alongside Canada and the United states in an effort to prepare for potential outbreaks of animal influenza among the three member countries. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN has also been involved in keeping track of the recent bird flu outbreak in Mexico. The World Health Organization has also been very involved in recording and responding to this same pandemic. WHO also validated Mexico as the first country to eliminate rabies mediated by dogs.

Mexico passed the Federal Animal Health law in 2007, which laid the groundwork for diagnosing, researching, and treating animal viruses. In the 1900s, Mexico worked jointly with the US to eradicate foot and mouth disease, which primarily affected livestock and thereby altered the trade relationship between the two countries as preventing these infected livestock from crossing the border would have cost billions of dollars. Mexico has established Norma Oficial laws that control the standards in response to these diseases as well.

The best course of action for Mexico to deal with the spread of animal viruses would be to continue what it has done in the past: cooperate with other countries. Mexico should alert other nations when it finds cases of animal viruses within its border, then work to try and isolate those cases and keep them from spreading across the country and over national borders. After containing a virus, it would be most prudent to enlist other countries and organizations like WHO to research the virus and try to develop a vaccine or other effective treatment for it.

Works Cited
California Department of Food and Agriculture. “Avian Influenza En Español.” CDFA, www.cdfa.ca.gov/ahfss/animal_health/avian_influenza-hpai_updates.html#:~:text=The%20outbreak%20has%20spread%20to,the%20beginning%20of%20the%20outbreak. Accessed 24 Nov. 2024.
Clifford, John R., et al. “North American Plan For Animal and Pandemic Influenza.”
“Foot-and-Mouth Disease and a Collaborative Response from the U.S. and Mexico.” Foot-and-Mouth Disease and a Collaborative Response from the U.S. and Mexico | National Agricultural Library, www.nal.usda.gov/collections/stories/foot-and-mouth-disease. Accessed 24 Nov. 2024.
“Mexico.” Animal Law Legal Center, www.animallaw.info/intro/mexico#:~:text=The%20Federal%20Law%20of%20Animal%20Health%20(2007).,to%20livestock%2C%20among%20other%20things. Accessed 24 Nov. 2024.
Puebla-Rodríguez, Paola, et al. “Rabies Virus in White-Nosed Coatis (Nasua Narica) in Mexico: What Do We Know so Far?” Frontiers in Veterinary Science, vol. 10, 9 May 2023, doi:10.3389/fvets.2023.1090222.

Topic: 2024-Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: Pakistan
Delegate Name: Alexander Haas

Committee: ECOSOC
Topic: 2024 – The Spread of Animal Viruses
Country: Pakistan
School: Portage Central
Delegate Name: Alexander Haas

Animal viruses, also called zoonoses, are diseases that can be transferred from animals to humans. The nation of Pakistan recognizes the importance and presence of zoonotic cases and in partnership with the World Health Organization (WHO) Pakistan has committed to addressing zoonotic cases as a priority basis (2). Around 7-10% of all farmers in Pakistan encounter zoonosis and in Pakistan, diseases like tuberculosis, influenza, and other tick spread diseases are commonly documented (1).
In the past decades Pakistan’s population has had large rises in zoonotic cases and other unknown infections. This rise in zoonoses and other infections is related to Pakistan’s large antibiotic resistances caused by misuse and abuse of antibiotics. In Pakistan over 70% of patients are prescribed antibiotics. In effort to reduce resistances and prescriptions of antibiotics Pakistan has released a National Strategic Framework to decrease the spread of zoonoses and other bacterial pathogens (1).
The main objectives in the National Strategic Framework are as follows. Improve awareness and understanding of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) through effective communication, education and training. Strengthen the knowledge and evidence base through surveillance and research. Reduce the incidence of infection through effective sanitation, hygiene and infection prevention measures. Optimize the use of antimicrobial medicines in human and animal health. And finally, develop the economic case for sustainable investment that takes account of the needs of all countries, and increase investment in new medicines, diagnostic tools, vaccines and other interventions (1). These objectives shall be achieved by: establishing and supporting “One-Health” coalitions, awareness of zoonoses will be brought into communities, and potable water will be provided at local and federal levels.

Citations
https://www.nih.org.pk/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/national-strategic-framework-AMR.pdf
https://www.emro.who.int/pak/programmes/antimicrobial-resistance.html

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